More people than ever before are embarking on their own enterprise adventure and starting their own business. Nearly 400,000 companies were established last year, or 35 percent more than in 2002. But official statistics also show that more businesses than ever are failing. Last year, a record 40,000 businesses were declared insolvent. With so many businesses failing it is important if you are thinking of starting a business to plan and prepare properly. This will also increase the chances of securing finance. "One of the key parts of starting a business is ensuring that the original idea is developed into a fully viable product or service," Judith Rutherford, the chief executive of Business Link for London, says. "Establishing whether there is a market for the product or service is the next step. This should include a thorough examination of potential competitors and customers," she says. "It may also be worth commissioning some market research." If the research demonstrates there is a viable Business to be had, then the next step is to develop a detailed business plan. As well as details of the product and market, this should also include a budget plan and cash flow forecast. Approaching a qualified accountant can also help. A professional looking plan with credible figures will make it easier to attract finance. But John Rendall, the head of business banking at HSBC warns against falling into the trap of creating a business plan designed solely with the objective of securing funding. "A good business plan should demonstrate some critical thinking about your business, help you clarify what you want to achieve and how you are going to achieve it. It should also help you mark progress, set goals and be in better shape to deal with the challenges any new business is likely to face," Mr. Rendall says. "This approach is far more likely to impress than something solely designed to justify borrowing." Mr. Rendall also advises businesses not to underestimate how much they need to borrow. "Don"t be tempted to underplay the debt you require just to please your bank," he says. "A bank is just as likely to consider a larger sum if it is persuaded of the growth potential of your business." A good business plan should also include contingency plans that outline responses to unforeseen circumstances—positive as well as negative. For example, what would be the financial impact of changed economic circumstances? What changes could be made to respond? It is always worth getting comments from friends or colleagues who can bring a more detached perspective. It could also be worth taking the time to investigate whether your business qualifies for any grants. Grants are available from a variety of sources including the Government and its various departments and agencies, the European Union and some charitable organizations. If you are under the age of 30, it would be worth visiting the Prince"s Trust website, which last year helped more than 4,300 young people start-up in business. More details on how to find grants, raise finance and improve financial management can be found on Times Online"s Grant and Finance guide.

We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchical ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt. I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of gram mar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective. This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not certain, but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may "learn the hard way" that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others" "theories" or pat terns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are "tested;" we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time. Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we don"t have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either. We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own mistakes. We do not have all the moral answers; nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers. Neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate. If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the illness, we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context.

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and【C1】______worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term "reading" 【C2】______ meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of 【C3】______that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n) 【C4】______to others. Examination of factors related to the 【C5】______development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in【C6】______. The last century saw a steady gradual increase in【C7】______, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners 【C8】______, and thus there was some【C9】______in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a【C10】______activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would 【C11】______distraction to other readers. Towards the end of the century there was still【C12】______argument over whether books should be used for information or treated【C13】______, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way【C14】______weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, 【C15】______ its advantages, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was 【C16】______ by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a【C17】______ readership on the other. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, 【C18】______not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly 【C19】______what the term "reading"【C20】______.

She found it difficult to get along with him.

Despite your best intentions and efforts, it is【B1】______: At some point in your life, you will be wrong. 【B2】_______ can be hard to digest, so sometimes we double down rather than 【B3】_______ them. Our confirmation bias kicks in, causing us to 【B4】_______ out evidence to prove what we already believe. The car you 【B5】_______ off has a small dent in its bumper, 【B6】_______ obviously means that it is the other driver' s fault. Psychologists call this cognitive dissonance—the stress we experience when we hold two 【B7】_______ beliefs, opinions or attitudes. For example, you might believe you are a kind and【B8】______person, so when you rudely cut someone off, you experience 【B9】_______ . To【B10】______with it, you deny your mistake and insist the other driver【B11】______have seen you, or you had the right of way even if you didn' t. When we apologize for being wrong, we have to accept this dissonance, and that is【B12】______. On the other hand, research has shown that it can feel good to stick【B13】______our guns. One study found that people who refused to apologize felt more in control than those who did not refuse. Feeling【B14】______may be an attractive short-term benefit,【B15】______there are long-term consequences. Refusing to apologize could potentially【B16】______the trust on which a relationship is based. So how exactly do you change your behavior and learn to【B17】______your mistakes? The first step is to learn to recognize your usual justification and【B18】______. Mr. Okimoto said it also helped to remember that people were often more【B19】______than you might think. On the flip side, if it is undeniably clear that you are in the wrong, refusing to apologize【B20】______low self-confidence.

You are supposed to write for the undergraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for the local history museum. You should conclude the bask qualification of application and the other information you think relative. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Undergraduate Association" instead.

Human males living with their moms may not expect to have much luck hooking up this Valentine's Day.【C1】______among the northern Muriqui monkeys, males that spend the most time around their mothers seem to get a(n) 【C2】______boost when mating time rolls around. The findings,【C3】______in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, suggest that females in some【C4】______may have evolved to play a critical role in their sons' reproductive【C5】______. Karen Strier, the paper's lead author and a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says the paper "【C6】______" the socalled grandmother hypothesis, a【C7】______in which human females evolved to live past their prime reproductive years to spend more time【C8】______offspring. The research team observed and【C9】______genetic data from a group of 67 wild monkeys living in a protected reserve in Brazil's Atlantic Forest: infants, mothers and possible fathers. They found that six out of the thirteen【C10】______males they studied spent more time around their mothers than would be expected by chance. These same six monkeys, on【C11】______, reproduced the greatest number of【C12】______. The investigators are still trying to【C13】______why. "It's not until we see moms intervening and helping their sons out," Strier says. "Maybe【C14】______sitting near their moms, they get to see when females are【C15】______active, or maybe they just get more familiar with other【C16】______." The findings can【C17】______with future conservation efforts for the critically【C18】______animals. Strier says, "the【C19】______thing we would want to do is【C20】______a male out of the group where it was born."

A woman with a twin brother has fewer children. Twin brothers can leave quite an impression. The mere presence of a boy in the same womb as his sister causes her to develop bigger teeth than she otherwise would. Girls with twin brothers perform better on spatial-ability tests. They have better ball skills than most females and are more likely to be short-sighted. Now it seems that sharing the womb also has a harmful effect on the sexual reproduction of women with a twin brother. Virpi Lummaa of the University of Sheffield, in Britain, and her colleagues made the claim after studying detailed data from several generations of church records from many parishes in Finland. They report that women with a twin brother were 15% less likely to get married than were women with a twin sister. Those with a male twin also had a 25% lower chance of giving birth even though they lived just as long as those with a female twin. When the researchers considered only married women, those with a twin brother on average had two fewer children during their lifetimes than did women with a twin sister. And finally—to rule out any influence of sharing a house as well as a womb—Dr Lummaa checked the results were the same for women whose twin brothers died before they were three months old. The researchers reported their findings in this week"s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As with the teeth, the supposed cause of untypical female biology is early exposure to testosterone. This hormone is made by a male fetus"s developing testes from about seven weeks after conception and is thought to diffuse, thus influencing his sister"s growth. But the exact mechanism by which a twin brother lowers his sister"s chances of reproductive success is unclear. Dr Lummaa"s results also suggest that, if a woman wishes to maximize the chances of passing on her genes, she would do better to avoid producing pairs of twins consisting of one boy and one girl and go for a single-sex combination instead. Mothers included in the study who produced opposite-sex twins had 19% fewer grandchildren than did mothers who gave birth to same-sex twins. Evolutionary theory thus predicts that there should be fewer pairs of girl-and-boy non-identical twins than single-sex pairs of non-identical twins. Whether that is so requires another set of figures. Finnish church records, helpful as they are, do not distinguish non-identical same-sex twins from identical ones. In the eyes of God, unlike those of natural selection, twin girls are created equal.

The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don't mix as easily as I assumed in high school.

In their quest to build profitable and more far-reaching digital audiences, publishers in the US and Europe have turned to the world's largest【C1】______network for help. Nine media organisations, 【C2】______the BBC through its youth-oriented Newsbeat service, the Guardian and the New York Times, have【C3】______a deal with Facebook to publish some of their【C4】______directly through the social network rather than【C5】______hosting it on their own sites as part of a trial. The【C6】______comes as increasing numbers of readers rely on the social network as the main site【C7】______which they receive news. Facebook wants not only to【C8】______users to news sites【C9】_______to be the place where they stay and consume it, too. Facebook already【C10】______nearly 20 per cent of the Guardian's web traffic, excluding visits to its own apps, and about 15 per cent of【C11】______to the New York Times site. The Facebook deal follows complaints by some【C12】______that internet groups such as Google and Face-book【C13】______their own online businesses. Rupert Murdoch's News Corp, 【C14】______, a critic of Google and Face-book, is not participating. Others have【C15】______concern that Facebook would have too much power【C16】______which stories appear and where they are placed. Facebook said the【C17】______would give publishers "control over their stories, brand experience and profit opportunities", including【C18】______to some user data. Online sharing of news articles has already【C19】______some readers away from publishers'【C20】______pages towards social media sites.

Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Just as 2001 was coming to an end, the USA TODAY-CNN-Gallup Poll(盖洛普民意测验) asked Americans if they were satisfied with the way things are going in the country. Surprisingly, 70 percent said yes. (41)______. What makes the number even more remarkable is that the 70 percent satisfaction index (指数) is among the highest the Gallup Poll has measured in the nearly 30 years it has been asking the question. Moreover, the satisfaction rate has usually been lowest in times of economic difficulty. For example, in June 1992, with the economy in recession, just 14 percent said they were satisfied with the way things were going in the country. This time around, while most Americans are concerned about the economy and the accompanying threat of job losses, they"re not letting the uncertainty get them down. (42)______. (43)______. Some analysts suggest that it is merely whistling past the graveyard. But other analysts say it is more a reflection of the indomitable(不屈不挠) and generous American spirit that showed itself so dramatically in the aftermath(不幸后果) of Sept. 11 (9.11). Rather than pull down the shades and hide under the bed in the face of further terrorism threats and the grim realization that the united States is not as invulnerable as most once thought, Americans poured into the streets and came together in a unity of purpose and resolve not seen since World War II. They rallied around the president and strongly supported the use of military force to combat terrorism. (44)______. Are 70 percent of the American people really satisfied with the way things are going in the country right now? (45)______. Yet, there is something running through the Am0rican psyche that causes it to refuse to give in to despair. Call it naive. Call it foolish. Call it whistling past the graveyard. Whatever it is, it"s good to see. With spirit like that, we can be sure that this too will pass.A. At the same time, Americans showed their compassion not only in their generous contributions to funds to aid the thousands of families of victims of the attacks, but also in their support for sending humanitarian aid to the people in war-torn Afghanistan and their insistence that women there be given equal rights With men.B. Three of 4 say they expect the economy to be better a year from now.C. Americans are not frightened by terrorism, but showed a particular mood or an emotional state characterized by vigor and animation.D. So how can we explain this unexpected expression of optimism that appears to be sweeping through the population?E. Probably not. Terrorism threats are still with us. Unemployment is up to 5.8 percent.F. Terrorism is unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the, intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.G. Think about it. Less than four months after the most devastating foreign attack in the nation"s history, and with an economy still in recession, one might think most Americans would be in a sour mood and unlikely to think positively about much of anything. Yet, 7 of 10 expressed an upbeat outlook.

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

Parents and students are now relying less on taking out loans and more on grants, scholarships and their own income and savings, according to a new report from Sallie Mae. "Over the last few years they're considering cost more.【C1】______applying for bank loans, they're making【C2】______decisions to save on their college【C3】______," says Sarah Ducich, an author of the report. The large private lender, in conjunction with Ipsos Public Affairs,【C4】______in its seventh annual report that more than half of the cost of college is【C5】______by grants and scholarships, as well as parent income and savings. The average family also【C6】______less on parent and student loans, which【C7】______for 7 percent and 15 percent of the cost,【C8】______. "But one of the most【C9】______findings of the report," Ducich says, "is that【C10】______soaring tuition and fees, families'【C11】______in the value of college has remained strong." Nearly all of the 1,600 parents and students【C12】______said they believed that college is an【C13】______in the future, nearly 90 percent said it's needed for a(n) 【C14】______occupation and about 86 percent said they would be【C15】______to stretch financially to pay for college. And although more than two-thirds of families said they planned on borrowing, at least as a last【C16】______. many are increasingly looking for【C17】______to cut costs. Nearly all families reported taking at least one step to make college more【C18】______and on average families took five steps. Seven in 10 said they chose a(n) 【C19】______college to pay in-state tuition and more than half said they lived at home or with【C20】______.

A Letter of Application for Study Write a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation: You want to apply for admission to Washington University, but you can"t get all your materials ready before the stated deadline. Write a letter with your application materials to explain and to earn a chance for yourself. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Saudi Arabia, the oil industry"s swing producer, has become its flip-flopper. In February, it persuaded OPEC to cut its total production quotas by 1m barrels per day (bpd), to 23.5m, as a precaution against an oil-price crash this spring. That fear has since been replaced by its opposite. The price of West Texas crude hit $40 last week, its highest since the eve of the first Iraq war, prompting concerns that higher oil prices could sap the vigour of America"s recovery and compound the frailty of Europe"s. On Monday May 10th, Ali al-Naimi, Saudi Arabia"s energy minister, called on OPEC to raise quotas, by at least 1.5m bpd, at its next meeting on June 3rd. Thus far, the high oil price has been largely a consequence of good things, such as a strengthening world economy, rather than a cause of bad things, such as faster inflation or slower growth. China"s burgeoning economy guzzled about 6m bpd in the first quarter of this year, 15% more than a year ago, according to Goldman Sachs. Demand was also strong in the rest of Asia, excluding Japan, growing by 5.2% to 8.1m bpd. As the year progresses, the seasonal rhythms of America"s drivers will dictate prices, at least of the lighter, sweeter crudes. Americans take to the roads en masse in the summer, and speculators are driving up the oil price now in anticipation of peak demand in a few months" time. Until recently, the rise in the dollar price of oil was offset outside America and China by the fall in the dollar itself. But the currency has regained some ground in recent weeks, and the oil price has continued to rise. Even so, talk of another oil-price shock is premature. The price of oil, adjusted for inflation, is only half what it was in December 1979, and the United States now uses half as much energy per dollar of output as it did in the early 1970s. But if oil cannot shock the world economy quite as it used to, it can still give it "a good kick", warns Goldman Sachs. If average oil prices for the year come in 10% higher than it forecast, it reckons CDP growth in the Group of Seven (CT) rich nations will be reduced by 0.3%, or $70 billion. The Americans are certainly taking the issue seriously. John Snow, their treasury secretary, called OPEC"s February decision "regrettable", and the rise in prices since then "not helpful". Washington pays close heed to the man at the petrol pump, who has seen the average price of a gallon of unleaded petrol rise by 39 cents in the past year. And the Saudis, some mutter, pay close heed to Washington. Besides, the high oil price may have filled Saudi coffers, but it has also affronted Saudi pride. Mr. al-Naimi thinks the high price is due to fears that supply might be disrupted in the future. These fears, he says, are "unwarranted". But the hulking machinery in the Arabian desert that keeps oil flowing round the world presents an inviting target to terrorists should they tire of bombing embassies and nightclubs. On May 1st, gunmen killed six people in a Saudi office of ABB Lummus Global, an American oil contractor. Such incidents add to the risk premium factored into the oil price, a premium that the Saudis take as a vote of no confidence in their kingdom and its ability to guarantee the supply of oil in the face of terrorist threats.

Among the class of new CEOs at struggling European technology giants, none will be more intriguing to watch in 2003 than Deutsche Telekom"s Kai-Uwe Ricke. He shares almost nothing with his flashy and argumentative predecessor from Sony, Ron Sommer, who had always remained something of an outsider in the notoriously political company. The son of a former Telekom chief, Ricke is a born insider. He inherits huge problems, including a huge debt load from years of splurging, a slow-growth business and a hierarchical company culture dating from when Telekom was an arm of the post office, a monolith with more staff than the German Army. For all Sommer"s talk about the New Economy, he built on the old tradition, controlling the company through a team of feared lieutenants. Sommer hired Ricke away from a competitor in 1998 to run the fast-growing conglomerate"s mobile-phone business. He soon came to see him as a potential successor and promoted him to chief operating officer in 2001. Ricke is emblematic of the next generation of European tech leaders. The challenge they face is to fix mistakes made during the boom years without discarding the enthusiasm and vision that accompanied them. Since taking over in November, Ricke has gotten rid of Sommer"s gang and put the heads of the company"s four main business divisions on Telekom"s management board. By loosening the grip of the CEO"s office on a company with 256,000 employees, he hopes to set the stage for a cultural revolution at Telekom. "I want a new leadership style," he told his top executives on Dec. 12, during a 10-hour sit-down in the "fishbowl", a round, glass-lined meeting room at the Bonn headquarters. "I want to encourage open and controversial discussion, but then I expect swift and speedy decisions." Ricke doesn"t have a lot of time. Telekom reported a loss of C 20.6 billion in the third quarter, the largest ever for a German company. Its stock price has fallen 90 percent from its peak in March 2000. Other, more experienced executives turned down offers to take the job, often because of political meddling in the company, of which the German government still owns about 43 percent. Some disillusioned investors see Ricke as part of the problem. "He shares responsibility for the mistakes of the past, so I have little hope that much will change," says Frank Heise, a fund manager at Union Investment in Frankfurt.

A Thank-you Letter for Hospitality Write a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation: Last weekend you went to Brian"s home and enjoyed hospitality from his family. Now write a letter to thank him. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

A fundamental problem for understanding the evolution of human language has been the lack of significant parallels among nonhuman primates. Several studies found that nonhuman primates do not have a vocal tract. However, such points have been challenged by recent research, suggesting that nonhuman primates may after all be valuable models for understanding the evolution of speech and language. The main animal model for vocal learning has been birdsong acquisition. However, there are crucial differences between birdsong acquisition and human language learning. And given some severe limitations, for example, birds have two vocal organs and do not have the flexible supralaryn-geal structures that facilitate speech, of birdsong as a model of speech, there is value in seeking other appropriate parallels among mammals. Recent studies on macaques and baboons have shown that the vocal tracts of these monkeys can produce a full range of human-like vowels. Turn-taking is a key to fluent human conversation and has been thought to be unique to humans. One study found that captive chimpanzees increasingly share resources when resources are diminished. Collaborative turn-taking for food has been seen in other primates. These recent studies show that there is value in looking for the evolutionary origins of speech and language in nonhuman primates. Human speech and language are highly complex systems with multiple components. Thus, to fully explain language origins, researchers must seek multiple models that represent both diverging and converging evolutionary processes. There may also be differences among primate species in the developmental processes that parallel human language acquisition. However, no studies have yet described vowel-like sounds in these monkeys, so marmosets and tamarins may be useful primarily for developmental studies. It is probable that early humans faced evolutionary pressures that differed from those encountered by other primates and that have made our complex communication system adaptive. Language may have been important for coordinating activities in large cooperative groups. If individuals can thrive without complex vocal signaling, there would be little motivation to push the communication further. Different sensory and motor systems may be important. We tend to evaluate language through a vocal / auditory system, whereas research on apes is beginning to illustrate the complexity of gestural communication. Nonhuman primates do not talk, but we should not expect them to. Each species has its own adaptations for communication. Nevertheless, there is much about language evolution that we can learn from nonhuman primates, provided that we study a variety of species and consider the multiple components of speech and language.

For most of us, work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as Well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner; that because work is intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredoms and frustrations by concentrating their hopes on the other part of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide will continue to play a. vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative. Inequality at work and in work still is one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We can not hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the inequality at work. Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society. The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. They are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and the others" working lives. Most important of all, they have the opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, work is a boring, monotonous, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable for themselves by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simple part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.