Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayconcerninghonestyinthesocietyto1)describethepictures,2)illustratepresentsituationandgivepossiblereasons,and3)suggestcountermeasures.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatly.

Several years into a campaign to get kids to eat better and exercise more, child obesity rates have appeared to stabilize, and might be poised for a reversal. But a study published Monday in the journal PNAS suggests that among adolescents, the【C1】______signs are limited to those from better-educated, more【C2】______families. Among teens from poorer, less well-educated families, obesity has【C3】______to rise. That class-gap was not【C4】______in younger children. But as children neared【C5】______, the class differences became increasingly obvious. 【C6】______between rich and poor in obesity rates are not new, and they are only one of many health gaps that make poor patients sicker and more likely to die【C7】______than richer ones. But if the public health message on obesity "has not diffused【C8】______across the population," this gap could 【C9】______efforts to stem a tidal wave of【C10】______obesity-related diseases in the years ahead. Researchers from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government found that【C11】______activity may account largely for the【C12】______trend in obesity between rich and poor. If public health experts are to prevent childhood obesity and【C13】______drive down future obesity among adults, they'll have to figure out【C14】______less advantaged kids don't get as much exercise, the authors of the latest study say. Yes, lack of 【C15】______centers, playgrounds, and streets and sidewalks that【C16】______walking, biking and playing are important, they wrote. But, they added, "this is not the whole story." Among children with parents who【C17】______high on the socioeconomic scale, participation in high school sports and clubs has increased. But among their【C18】______from families of lower educational 【C19】______and income, such participation has【C20】______.

Canada' s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs. They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs. 【C1】______. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. 【C2】______. But "national" doesn't have to mean that "National" could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province— negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. 【C3】______. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They(particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn 't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. 【C4】______. Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs." 【C5】______. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. [A]Quebec' s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 percent! [B]Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies." [C]What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. [D]The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues. [E]According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. [F]So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. [G]Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

Until I took Dr. Offutt" s class in DeMatha High School, I was an underachieving student, but I left that class【C1】______ never to underachieve again. He not only taught me to think, he convinced me, 【C2】______by example as words that it was my moral 【C3】______ to do so and to serve others. 【C4】______of us could know how our relationship would 【C5】______ over the years. When I came back to DeMatha to teach English, I worked for Dr. Offutt, the department chair. My discussions with him were like graduate seminars in adolesent【C6】______, classroom management and school leadership. After several years, I was【C7】______department chair, and our relationship【C8】______again. I thought that it might be【C9】______chairing the department, since all of my【C10】______English teachers were 【C11】______ there, but Dr. Offutt supported me 【C12】______ . He knew when to give me advice【C13】______curriculum, texts and personnel, and when to let me【C14】______ my own course. In 1997, I need his 【C15】______about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.【C16】______he had asked me to stay at DeMatha, I might have.【C17】______ , he encouraged me to seize the opportunity. Five years ago, I became the principal of DeMatha.【C18】______, Dr. Offutt was there for me, letting me know that I could【C19】______him. I"ve learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible【C20】______of lessons to teach.

With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China【C1】______a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the【C2】______. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly 【C3】______the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India" s population will【C4】______China" s around the year 2028【C5】______about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won"t be the【C6】______of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India.【C7】______ India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala"s population is virtually【C8】______. The reason is no mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, 【C9】______about 40% in the entire nation. The difference【C10】______the emphasis put on health programs【C11】______birth control by the state authorities, 【C12】______in 1957 became India"s first elected Communist【C13】______ . And an educational tradition and matrilineal customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get 【C14】______good schooling. While one in three Indian women is【C15】______, 90% of those in Kerala can read and write. Higher literacy rates【C16】______family planning. "Unlike our parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have【C17】______of them," says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the village of Kudamaloor. She has limited herself 【C18】______ three children—one below the national【C19】______of four. That kind of restraint will keep Kerala from putting added【C20】______on world food supplies.

For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn"t be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, "would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.

The Earth' s daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock,【B1】______, is actually about twenty-five hours. That' s 【B2】______ scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no【B3】______of day or night. Sleep researchers have 【B4】______ other surprising discoveries as well. We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleeping, 【B5】______ eating and breathing, is a fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 【B6】______ as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of【B7】______into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept【B8】______for three to ten days, has 【B9】______ only one certain finding: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and that' s about all; it causes no lasting ill【B10】______. Too much sleep, however, may be【B11】______for you. These findings【B12】______some long-held views of sleep, and they【B13】______questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In【B14】______, scientists don't know just why sleep is necessary.. Some scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than【B15】______actual need, Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 【B16】______ thing for them to do: it keeps them【B17】______and hidden from predators; it's a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in【B18】______and had little reason to question the reason or need for【B19】______. But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic【B20】______in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.

Suppose you are Li Ming. During the week long holiday, you joined a package tour organized by a travel agency to the city of Beijing. But when you got there, you found the services provided for you rather disappointing. Then you decided to writer a letter to the General Manager to 1) state your purpose of writing 2) complain about the services 3) and make some suggestions. You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the ad dress.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

You are going to read a text about choice, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A—F for each numbered subheading (41—45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. I strongly agree with the contention that absence of choice is a rare circumstance, primarily because this contention accords with common sense and our everyday experience as human beings. Besides, the reverse claim-that we do not have free choice-serves to undermine the notions of moral accountability and human equality, which are critical to the survival of any democratic society. (41) The role of free will of humans in choice Common sense dictates that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare. The only possible exceptions would involve extreme and rare circumstances such as solitary imprisonment or a severe mental or physical deficiency—any of which might potentially strip a person of his or her ability to make conscious choices. Yet, even under these circumstances, a person still retains choices about voluntary bodily functions and movement. Thus, the complete absence of choice would seem to be possible only in a comatose state or in death. (42) The nature of absence of choice People often claim that life"s circumstances leave them with "no choice". One might feel trapped in a job or a marriage. Under financial duress a person might claim that he or she has "no choice" but to declare bankruptcy, take a demeaning job, or even lie or steal to obtain money. The fundamental problem with these sorts of claims is that the claimants are only considering those choices that are not viable or attractive. That is, people in situations such as these have an infinite number of choices; it"s just that many of the choices are unappealing, even self-defeating. (43) Choice is beyond our control Besides, the contention that we are almost invariably free to choose is far more appealing from a sociopolitical standpoint than the opposite claim. A complete tack of choice implies that every person"s fate is determined, and that we all lack free will. According to the philosophical school of "strict determinism", every event, including human actions and Choices, that occurs is physically necessary given the laws of nature and events that preceded that event or choice. In other words, the "choices" that seem part of the essence of our being are actually beyond our control. (44) The logical result of strict determinism and of the new "scientific determinism" However, the logical result of strict determinism and of the new "scientific determinism" is that we are not morally accountable for our actions and choices, even those that harm other individuals or society. Moreover, throughout history monarchs and dictators have embraced determinism, at least ostensibly, to bolster their claim that certain individuals are preordained to assume positions of authority or to rise to the top levels of the socioeconomic infrastructure. Finally, the notion of scientific determinism opens the door for genetic engineering, which poses a potential threat to equality in socioeconomic opportunity, and could lead to the development of a so-called "master race". Admittedly, these disturbing implications neither prove nor disprove the determinists" claims. (45) Insistence of tree will I would concede that science might eventually disprove the very notion of free will. However, until that time I"ll trust my strong intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans and, accordingly, that humans are responsible for their own choices and actions.A. For example, almost every person who claims to be trapped in a job is simply choosing to retain a certain measure of financial security. The choice to forego this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequences.B. Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day on a continual basis.C. However, the dilemma seams to be unavoidable which gives people a lot of painfully experience with it.D. In sum, despite the fact that we all experience occasional feelings of being trapped and having no choice, the statement is fundamentally correct.E. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to the determinists" position that as physical beings our actions are determined by physical forces beyond our control. New research suggests that these physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.F. Assuming that neither free will nor determinism has been proven to be the correct position, the former is to be preferred by any humanist and in any democratic society.

StudythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayconcerningtheprevalentuseofTVadsbyproducersto1)describethegraph,2)analyzethereasonsofthisphenomenon,and3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatly.

Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he"d done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so? Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to analyze the smoking habits of twins. Her results, published in the Pharmacogenomics Journal, suggest that an individual"s degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced. The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that contains details of some 7,000 pairs of adult twins (aged between 15 and 70) and 28,000 pairs of childhood twins. Such databases are prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the adult fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register. The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function, To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior. Dr. Vink found four markers which seemed to be associated with smoking. They were on chromosomes 3, 6, 10 and 14, suggesting that at least four genes are involved. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programs to be customized. Results such as Dr. Vink"s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain"s problem may eventually become a thing of the past.

To Buy or to Rent? A. Title: To Buy or to Rent? B. Word limit: 160-200 words (not including the given opening sentence) C. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "Today, the rocketing housing price has made it a huge burden for lots of people to possess a house." OUTLINE: 1. A general description of the present situation 2. People"s different views 3. My opinion

Opinion polls are now beginning to show that whoever is to blame, and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to threat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has Been the only period of human history in which most people"s work has taken the form of jobs. (46) The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought max have to be reversed. This seems a daunting(令人气馁的)thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has no meant economic freedom. (47) Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and the 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people"s homes. (48) Later t as transport improved, first by rail and then by boat, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people"s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. (49) As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded; a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. (50) The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.

It might take only the touch of peach fuzz to make an autistic child howl in pain. The odour of the fruit could be so overpowering that he gags. For reasons that are not well understood, people with autism do not integrate all of their senses in ways that help them understand properly what they are experiencing. By the age of three, the signs of autism—infrequent eye contact, over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to the environment, difficulty mixing with others are in full force. There is no cure; intense behavioural therapies serve only to lessen the symptoms. The origins of autism are obscure. But a paper in Brain, a specialist journal, casts some light. A team headed by Marcel Just, of Carnegie Mellon University, and Nancy Minshew, of the University of Pittsburgh, has found evidence of how the brains of people with autism function differently from those without the disorder. Using a brain-scanning technique called functional magnetic-resonance imaging(FMRI), Dr. Just, Dr. Minshew and their team compared the brain activity of young adults who had "high functioning" autism (in which an autist"s IQ score is normal) with that of non-autistic participants. The experiment was designed to examine two regions of the brain known to be associated with language—Broca"s area and Wernicke"s area—when the participants were reading. Three differences emerged. First, Wernicke"s area, the part responsible for understanding individual words, was more active in autists than non-autists. Second, Broca"s area—where the components of language are integrated to produce meaning—was less active. Third, the activity of the two areas was less synchronised. This research has led Dr. Just to offer an explanation for autism, lie calls it "underconnectivity theory". It depends on a recent body of work which suggests that the brain"s white matter (the wiring that connects the main Bodies of the nerve ceils, or grey matter, together) is less dense and less abundant in the brain of an autistic person than in that of a non-autist. Dr. Just suggests that abnormal white matter causes the grey matter to adapt to the resulting lack of communication. This hones some regions to levels of superior ability, while others fall by the wayside. The team chose to examine Broca"s and Wernieke"s areas because language-based experiments are easy to conduct. But if the underconnectivity theory applies to the rest of the brain, too, it would be less of a mystery why some people with autism are hypersensitive to their environments, and others are able to do certain tasks, such as arithmetic, so well. And if it is true that underconnectivity is indeed the main problem, then treatments might be developed to stimulate the growth of the white-matter wiring.

(46) The English language is being destroyed by a "deadly virus of management-speak" which has infected the mouths and minds of politicians like Tony Blair and George W. Bush, a leading UK journalist said recently. The British Prime Minister and his ally the U.S. President are mangling the language, destroying its meaning by avoiding the use of verbs, twisting nouns into verbs, and endlessly repeating phrases until they become "zombified". "It"s deeply depressing," says John Humphrys, one of Britain"s leading political journalists and the author of a new book "Lost for Words". Humphys" book laments the growth of "clichéd, dumbed-down, inflated and bogus management-speak" which he says now passes for English. (47) In particular he criticizes political leaders for being sucked into using meaningless phrases and unimaginative words to disguise policies or protect themselves from responsibility. Humphrys has been a journalist for 45 years and in his current post as a presenter on BBC radio"s news and current affairs program "Today," he regularly interviews world leaders. "The whole essence of a good lively democracy is that one has good lively argument," he told reporters in an interview. "But this kind of language kills real debate." (48) "And nobody is prepared to stand up and say: "what does that mean?" Because the assumption is made that if you don"t know what it means then there is something wrong with you." (49) Humphrys says the original wrongdoers in the destruction of English are "business leaders who are trying to sell their own particular theories and have invented their own ridiculous phrases and vocabulary to accompany those theories." But for him the more sinister development is that such language has taken root in political discourse. Humphrys picks on Bush—who once famously used the word "misunderestimate"—and pokes fun at him as someone who "often speaks as though English were his second language." (50) He also labels the U.S. leader a "master of the language of political manipulation" and accuses him of sweeping aside all the nuances of notions like freedom, truth and democracy. And instead he fires the words out like "dum-dum bullets." Blair, too, is singled out as a king of language corruption. Humphrys notes Blair"s apparent fear of verbs and mocks in his speeches, which are peppered with verbless phrases like "new challenges, new ideas," or "for our young people, a brighter future" and "the age of achievement, at home and abroad." By using this technique, Humphrys says, Blair is simply evading responsibility.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. If you think you can make the planet better by clever shopping, think again. You might make it worse. You probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalization by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, it"s not that easy. (41)______. People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics. Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends on what you mean by "environmentally friendly". Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. (42)______. Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertiliser, are far less intensive. So producing the world"s current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn"t be much room left for the rainforest. Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers" incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction, (43)______. Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise "food miles" and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain"s food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i.e., miles travelled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer"s market, so more local food could mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuff What"s more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. (44)______. And the local-food movement"s aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point. (45)______. The problems lie in the means, not the ends. The best thing about the spread of the ethical-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a signal that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration that governments are not doing enough to preserve the environment, reform world trade or encourage development.A. The aims of much of the ethical-food movement—to protect the environment, to encourage development and to redress the distortions in global trade—are admirable.B. By maintaining the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices—thus achieving, for most farmers, exactly the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do.C. Proper free trade would be by far the best way to help poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retailers would then have an incentive to source locally if it saved energy.D. There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethical" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food.E. But following the "green revolution" of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiliser has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation.F. And since only a small fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer—most goes to the retailer-the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.G. Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because fanning in New Zealand is less energy-intensive.

To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing". One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother' s hip replacement, a father' s bypass operation, a baby' s vaccinations, and even a pet' s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments , as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.

In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had【C1】______that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that【C2】______variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the【C3】______are not solely fixed by the genes. 【C4】______, the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly【C5】______ instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best【C6】______the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly【C7】______they hatch, ducklings fix【C8】______any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are【C9】______for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably【C10】______, even ones that have a considerable base【C11】______by genetics. Even among the social insects something like imprinting【C12】______influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely【C13】______instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally【C14】______very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or 【C15】______fail to nurture the young. She believes that these females were the youngest or the【C16】______child of a mother. In such circumstances, they did not have the opportunity to observe how their own mother 【C17】______for her young. Certainly adolescent chimps who are still with their mothers when other young are born take much interest in the rearing of their young brother or sister. They have an excellent opportunity to learn, and the social ties that are created between mother and young【C18】______Goodall to describe the social unit as a family. The mother offspring tie is beyond【C19】______; there is some evidence to【C20】______that ties also continue between siblings of the same sex, that is "brother-brother" and "sister-sister".

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened【C1】______As was discussed before, it was not【C2】______the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic【C3】______, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the【C4】______of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution【C5】______up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading【C6】______through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures【C7】______the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in【C8】______. It is important to do so. It is generally recognized,【C9】______, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,【C10】______by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,【C11】______its impact on the media was not immediately【C12】______. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as【C13】______, with display becoming sharper and storage【C14】______increasing. They were thought of, like people,【C15】______generations, with the distance between generations much【C16】______. It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the【C17】______within which we now live. The communications revolution has【C18】______both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been【C19】______views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed【C20】______"harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.