Write on the following topic: Why Do People Like to Try Their Luck on Lottery? 1. 现在不少人热衷于彩票。 2. 试举例说明其原因。 You should write about 160-200 words neatly.

Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessay.Intheessayyoushould1.describethecartoonbriefly,2.explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3.giveyourcomments.Youshouldwritewithin160-200wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.

At present, much attention is being attached to the environmental protection. Write a letter to advocate car-pooling. And in your letter, you should at least state the aim of your writing and the advantage(s) of car-pooling. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444～1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli"s work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli"s work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes). The primary reason for Botticelli"s unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticelli"s unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any ease, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli"s work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli"s personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli"s work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines—features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves—rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home"s emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli"s achievements.

Alcohol may taste sweeter if you were exposed to it before birth, suggests a study in rats. The findings may shed new light【C1】______why human studies have previously【C2】______fetal alcohol exposure to increased alcohol【C3】______later in life, and to a【C4】______age at which a person【C5】______starts drinking alcohol. Alcohol's taste is a(n) 【C6】______of sweet and bitter components. To【C7】______whether prenatal alcohol exposure could【C8】______the perception of these components, Steven Youngentob at the State University of New York in Syracuse and John Glendinning at Columbia University in New York【C9】______how eagerly rats consumed alcohol, sweet water【C10】______bitter water. They found that young rats whose mothers had consumed alcohol during pregnancy【C11】______alcohol and consumed more of the bitter water than the【C12】______of mothers that didn't consume alcohol. Rats that had been exposed to alcohol before birth also seemed to be more【C13】______to the smell of alcohol. Prenatal exposure seems to reduce the【C14】______bitterness of alcohol, making it seem【C15】______, says Youngentob. Both of these differences seemed to【C16】______once the rats reached adulthood—but【C17】______they hadn't tasted alcohol during their youth. If prena-tally exposed rats did consume alcohol in their youth, these preferences seemed to become【C18】______for life. "The take-home message is to keep kids away from【C19】______for as long as possible—【C20】______if they have had prenatal exposure," says Youngentob.

【F1】 Most people know that awkward feeling when you shuffle into an elevator with other people and try not to make eye contact. 【F2】 But new research suggests it may be down to a subconscious power struggle being played out as you make your way up or down. A study found that people decide where they stand based on a micro social hierarchy, established within seconds of entering the lift. Rebekah Rousi, a Ph.D. student in cognitive science, conducted an ethnographic study of elevator behaviour in two of the tallest office buildings in Adelaide, Australia.【F3】 As part of her research, she took a total of 30 lift rides in the two buildings, and discovered there was an established order to where people tended stand. In a blog for Ethnography Matters, she writes that more senior men seemed to direct themselves towards the back of the elevator cabins. She said, "In front of them were younger men, and in front of them were women of all ages." She also noticed there was a difference in where people directed their gaze half way through the ride.【F4】 "Men watched the monitors, looked in the side mirrors(in one building)to see themselves, and in the door mirrors(of the other building)to also watch others. Women would watch the monitors and avoid eye contact with other users(unless in conversation)and the mirrors." She writes. 【F5】 The doctorate student concluded it could be that people who are shyer stand toward the front, where they can"t see other passengers, whereas bolder people stand in the back, where they have a view of everyone else.

WorldCommercialFishingStudythetwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.Youshould1)describethepictures,2)deducethedrawer"spurposeinthepictures,and3)suggestyourcounter-measures.

Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is interesting for a number of masons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals" understanding, research on serf recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of serf-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children. The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of serf-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, "Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril." Then the researchers devised a further test of serf-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts in touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and do have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance.

The discovery last week of possible evidence of life on Mars has electrified debate over whether the universe is a barren void or a nursery pregnant with life. Scientists who have come stunningly close to repeating genesis, or the origin of life, in a test tube, say the building blocks for life exist everywhere. The challenge is putting them together. (46) "The origin of life is a relatively easy concept and there"s a wide variety of conditions under which it will take place," said late Stanley Miller, a professor at the University of California and a pioneer in the field. "Perhaps the remarkable thing is that even though Mars is not a favorable environment, the origin of life took place." Astronomers have found that the same gases present in our solar system are present throughout the universe. (47) Efforts to make microscopic life from these basic elements on Earth suggests the chance of life arising under similar circumstances is the same everywhere, say chemists, biologists and other experts. "It seems fairly likely that life similar to ours, if there is water available "" would evolve in other environments in our galaxy or our universe," said James Ferris, a leading researcher and editor of the journal "Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere." Underlying much of the research is the question. Was the development of life on Earth unique, or did the universe"s chemical elements naturally evolve into life? (48) The answer appears to be that at least the chemical reactions that set the stage for early life would be similar everywhere, but resultant living organisms would differ because of the genetic mutations in evolution. "If you"ve got the same starting materials and the same conditions, you"re going to get the a me compounds, that"s for sure," Miller said. "The real question is whether or not there are chance elements in the formation of life." (49) In a 1953 experiment, Miller mixed basic gases approximating the Earth"s early atmosphere with an electric charge inside a glass chamber and produced amino acids, a primitive building block of life. He then suggested that life was a natural evolution. It seemed that science was on the verge of conjuring up creations in the laboratory, but the next 43 years were to present unexpected challenges. (50) "Making the amino acids made it seem like the rest of the steps would be very easy; it"s turned out to be more difficult than I thought it would be," Miller said in an interview.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

In 1929 John D. Rockefeller decided it was time to sell shares when even a shoe-shine boy offered him a share tip. During the past week The Economist"s economics editor has been advised by a taxi driver, a plumber and a hairdresser that "you can"t go wrong" investing in housing—the more you own the better. Is this a sign that it is time to get out? At the very least, as house prices around the world climb to ever loftier heights, and more and more people jump on to the buy-to-let ladder, it is time to expose some of the fallacies regularly trotted out by so many self-appointed housing experts. One common error is that house prices must continue to rise because of a limited supply of land. For instance, it is argued that "house prices will always rise in London because lots of people want to live here". But this confuses the level of prices with their rate of change. Home prices are bound to be higher in big cities because of land scarcity, but this does not guarantee that urban house prices will keep rising indefinitely-just look at Tokyo"s huge price-drops since 1990. And, though it is true that a fixed supply of homes may push up house prices if the population is rising, this would imply a steady rise in prices, not the 20% annual jumps of recent years. A second flawed argument is that low interest rates make buying a home cheaper, and so push up demand and prices. Lower interest rates may have allowed some people, who otherwise could not have afforded a mortgage, to buy a home. But many borrowers who think mortgages are cheaper are suffering from money illusion. Interest rates are not very low in real, inflation-adjusted terms. Initial interest payments may seem low in relation to income, but because inflation is also low it will not erode the real burden of debt as swiftly as it once did. So in later years mortgage payments will be much larger in real terms. To argue that low nominal interest rates make buying a home cheaper is like arguing that a car loan paid off over four years is cheaper than one repaid over two years. Fallacy number three is a favourite claim of Alan Greenspan, chairman of America"s Federal Reserve. This is that price bubbles are less likely in housing than in the stockmarket because higher transaction costs discourage speculation. In fact, several studies have shown that both in theory and in practice bubbles are more likely in housing than in shares. A study by the IMF finds that a sharp rise in house prices is far more likely to be followed by a bust than is a share-price boom.

TV is so often a parent's good Mend, keeping kids happily occupied so the grownups can cook dinner, answer the phone, or take a shower. But【C1】______that electronic babysitter is not an educational【C2】______According to a recent research, babies who watch TV are more likely to have【C3】______cognitive development and language at 14 months,【C4】______if they're watching programs【C5】______for adults and older children. It's surprising that TV-watching made a【C6】______at such a tender age. This new study【C7】______259 lower-income families in New York, most of whom spoke Spanish as their【C8】______language at home. Other studies examining higher-income families have come to the【C9】______conclusion: TV watching not only isn't educational, but it seems to【C10】______babies' development. Babies who watched 60 minutes of TV daily had developmental【C11】______one-third lower at 14 months than babies who weren't watching that much TV. The【C12】______may be due to the fact that when kids and parents are watching TV, they're【C13】______talking, playing, and interactions that are【C14】______to learning and development. But what about "【C15】______" TV, like Sesame Street? The researchers didn't find any pluses or minuses when【C16】______to non-educational programs designed for small children, like Sponge-Bob SquarePants.【C17】______research by some of the same scientists has found that parents whose children watch non-educational TV programs like SpongeBob SquarePants spend【C18】______time reading to their children or teaching them. The latest study of educational TV programs like Sesame Street adds more【C19】______to a recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics that babies under age【C20】______watch no TV at all.

Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describe,thedrawings,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatly.

Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California"s advice. Enough of the implications are discemable,even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California"s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, going through a suspect"s purse. The court has ruled that police don"t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one"s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee"s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing," meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution"s prohibition on unreasonable searches. As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn"t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom. But the justices should not swallow California"s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution"s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

The target is wrong; for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

For the past five years, Dr. Stephen Post has been funding research projects that test how altruism(selflessness), compassion, and giving affect people"s lives and well-being. As head of the Institute for Research on Unlimited Love(IRUL), at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, he has sponsored more than 50 studies by scientists from 54 major universities. In a wide range of disciplines—from public health to human development to neuroscience, sociology, and evolutionary biology—the studies have demonstrated that love and caring expressed in doing good for others lead people to have healthier, happier, and even longer lives. IRUL research is part of a significant shift under way within key scientific disciplines from focusing just on the deficit or disease model of human nature to studying the positive, virtuous, and thriving aspects. In the process, the research is broadening the understanding of what contributes to health and longevity. Even some in evolutionary biology, a field long known for proclaiming "the selfish gene," are on board. "A lot of my colleagues view it very positively," says David Sloan Wilson, a prominent evolutionary biologist famous for his work on "group selection." Dr. Wilson has studied how altruistic teenagers fare within differing social environments—situations where they thrive and others where they are under great stress—as well as group altruism. He praises the institute for identifying and supporting "a neglected set of subjects" for research. Research on people diagnosed with various illnesses—whether it be HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, or alcoholism-revealed that those patients involved in counseling or otherwise serving others show greater improvement in their own health. Volunteerism studies have demonstrated such positive results that some people have called for doctors to prescribe volunteer activities. Post emphasizes, however, that it"s not just the activity itself, but the feelings behind the acts that benefit those taking part. Numerous studies on the brain have provided images that confirm the "helper"s high" —the warm glow that people feel from helping activities. But Post doesn"t conclude that it"s the selfish pursuit of that high that spurs people to be givers. "It"s not just from the chemicals. There is this neurological activity in the human body," he says, "but I think there is a spiritual presence that enlivens and elevates this kind of natural substrate." The institute will then turn very practical, Post says, taking all that has been learned about love and seeing "how it can be applied in interventions to make the world a better place."

When a disease of epidemic proportions threatens the public, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of affliction and find ways to combat. Vaccination is one of the effective ways to protect the (1)_____ population of a region or country which may be (2)_____ grave risk. The process of vaccination allows the patient"s body to (3)_____ immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it (4)_____ naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead (5)_____ of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, (6)_____ his body"s immune system can learn to fight the invader (7)_____. Information (8)_____ how to penetrate the disease"s defenses is (9)_____ to all elements of the patient"s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that (10)_____ the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to (11)_____ with it, having already done so before. There are, however, dangers (12)_____ in the process. (13)_____, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves (14)_____ much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system (15)_____, and, therefore, the patient"s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, (16)_____ to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly (17)_____ the whole Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. (18)_____ 1 in 10,000 people who receive the vaccine (19)_____ the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Consequently, the process, which is truly a (20)_____, may indeed hide some hidden curses.Notes:proportions(pl.)规模；程度；大小。affliction(疾病)痛苦。vaccination n.接种疫苗。eradicate v.根除，消灭。

BSection III Writing/B