It was just a footnote compared with the more infectious disaster that killed millions more people in 1918, but the 1957 influenza pandemic that sickened some 25 to 30 percent of the American population was a medical watershed for the clues that it offered about how a new strain of influenza could spread. Americans first got a whiff of the so-called Asian flu when Maurice Hilleman, aphysician at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., read about an unusually large number of people-some 250,000—who had come down with flu-like symptoms in Hong Kong. Concerned, he immediately requested samples from American servicemen in Asia and within days had his answer. The genetic structure of this strain was like nothing immunologists had ever seen before. When the virus finally hit America: "It went like a house on fire," recallsD.A Henderson, then the chief of the United States Epidemic Intelligence Service. Worsened by school openings that fall, the flu spread so rapidly from a few counties in Louisiana that just eight weeks later it had heavily infected more than half the counties in nearly all 50 states. Although it wasn"t particularly potent, the 1957 strain killed about 80,000 Americans. The victims were predominantly the very old and the very young, although the infection occasionally killed otherwise healthy adults as well. Pharmaceutical companies worked furiously to produce a vaccine, ultimately distributing some 40 million doses. But "they were just a little bit too late," says Arnold Monto, an influenza specialist at the University of Michigan. "They only had significant doses available when the pandemic was peaking." Earlier, scarcities raised questions about who deserved the vaccine first.A set of official rules gave priority to military personnel and necessary civic workers, but that didn"t stop members of the San Francisco 49ers football team from getting vaccinated before police and firemen. Despite some manufacturing improvements, experts say the same shortages could occur with a pandemic today. And that concern has caused preparedness officials to plan for community interventions such as school closings and isolation of sick people. But Henderson says, "It won"t work. And you don"t need a better example than "57. When you go from just a few scattered outbreaks in the end of August to the whole country infected in eight weeks, at a time when people didn"t travel as much as they do today and cities were not as densely populated, what do you think we"re going to see today?" Better, he says, to have good vaccines and to ensure that the medical system can handle the extra load.

For more than 40 years, a controlling insight in my educational philosophy has been the recognition that no one has ever been—no one can be—educated in school or college. (46) That would be the case if our schools and colleges were at their very best, which they certainly are not, and even if the students were among the best and the brightest as well as conscientious in the application of their powers. The reason is simply that youth itself—immaturity—is an unconquerable obstacle to becoming educated. Schooling is for the young. Education comes later, usually much later. (47) The very best thing for our schools to do is to prepare the young for continued learning in later life by giving them the skills of learning and the love of it. Our schools and colleges are not doing that now, but that is what they should be doing. (48) To speak of an educated young person or of a wise young person, rich in the understanding of basic ideas and issues is as much a contradiction in terms as to speak of a round square. The young can be prepared for education in the years to come, but only mature men and women can become educated, beginning the process of their 40s and 50s and reaching some amount of genuine insight, sound judgment and practical wisdom after they have turned 60. This is what no high school or college graduates know or can understand. As a matter of fact, most of their teachers do not seem to know it. (49) In their obsession with covering ground and in the way in which they test or examine their students, they certainly do not act as if they understood that they were only preparing their students for education in later life rather than trying to complete it within the realms of their institutions. There is, of course, some truth in the ancient insight that awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom. But, remember, it is just the beginning. From there on one has to do something about it. (50) And to do it intelligently one must know something of its muses and cures—why adults need education and what, if anything, they can do about it.

GreenhouseFlowersCan'tStandtheWindandRainStudythedrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.Youshould1)describethedrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.

Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law". Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.【F1】 Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different. Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.【F2】 All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions. 【F3】 This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal ethical and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law. In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law.【F4】 Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside: its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by any organized institution; consequently there never developed an overt trial of strength.【F5】 There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.

My Space and other Web sites have unleashed a potent new phenomenon of social networking in cyberspace,【1】at the same time, a growing body of evidence is suggesting that traditional social【2】play a surprisingly powerful and under-recognized role in influencing how people behave. The latest research comes from Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. James H. Fowler, at the University of California at San Diego. The【3】reported last summer that obesity appeared to【4】from one person to another【5】social networks, almost like a virus or a fad. In a follow-up to that provocative research, the team has produced【6】findings about another major health【7】: smoking. In a study published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, the team found that a person"s decision to【8】the habit is strongly affected by【9】other people in their social network quit—even people they do not know. And, surprisingly, entire networks of smokers appear to quit virtually【10】. For【11】of their studies, they【12】of detailed records kept between 1971 and 2003 about 5,124 people who participated in the landmark Framingham Heart Study. Because many of the subjects had ties to the Boston suburb of Framingham, Mass. , many of the participants were【13】somehow—through spouses, neighbors, friends, co-workers—enabling the researchers to study a network that【14】12,067 people. Taken together, these studies are【15】a growing recognition that many behaviors are【16】by social networks in【17】that have not been fully understood. And【18】may be possible, the researchers say, to harness the power of these networks for many【19】, such as encouraging safe sex, getting more people to exercise or even【20】crime.

Some people are friendly drunks, whereas others are hostile, potentially posing a danger to themselves and others. The difference may【C1】______in their ability to foresee the consequences of their actions, according to a recent study-Brad Bushman, a psychologist at Ohio State University, and his colleagues asked nearly 500 volunteers to play a simple game. The subjects, an even mix of women and men, believed they were【C2】______against an opponent to press a button as quickly as possible. In【C3】______, they were simply using a computer program that randomly decided【C4】______they had won or lost When they lost, they【C5】______a shock. When the "opponent" lost, the participant gave the shock and chose how long and【C6】______it should be. 【C7】______playing, the participants completed a survey designed to【C8】______their general concern for the【C9】______consequences of their actions. Half the participants then received enough alcohol mixed with orange juice to make them legally【C10】______, and the other half received a drink with a very【C11】______amount of alcohol in it Subjects who expressed little interest in consequences were more likely to【C12】______longer, stronger shocks. In the【C13】______group, they were slightly more aggressive than people who【C14】______about consequences. When drunk,【C15】______, their aggressiveness was off the charts. "They are【C16】______the most aggressive people in the study," Bushman says. The good news is that this【C17】______can be changed. Michael McKloskey, a psychologist at Temple University, explains that if【C18】______people can learn to see the【C19】______more realistically, they"re able to stay calmer and develop a sense of【C20】______over their consequences.

萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成 ——2004年英译汉及详解 The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.【F1】 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.【F2】 We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful.【F3】 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Na-tive American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.【F4】 Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

Suggestions for Improving Library"s Service Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from 379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they"re turning everything off, that sort of thing. (46) If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying, "Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account." These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be part of the normal behavior of a good machine. If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible. I wonder whether this can be true. (47) After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe. (48) A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse. They can do anything "we can do, and more besides. It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about this. (49) When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and stand listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking. And the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, choking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters. On the other hand, the evidences of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all around, in every mail. (50) As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities. Mistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure like root nodules. If we were not pro vided with the art of being wrong, we could never get anything useful done. We think our way along by choosing between right and wrong alternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones. We get along in life this way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

An Affidavit of Support Write an affidavit of about 100 words based on the following situation: Your younger sister is going to the United States for further education. Now write an affidavit of support for her to state that you will financially support her. Do not sign your own name at the end of the affidavit. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Starting with his review of Skinner"s Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate(天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1)_____ instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2)_____. This linguistic approach (3)_____ the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se(本身), but (4)_____ rules that enable a speaker to (5)_____ an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6)_____ single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7)_____ with the particular thing signified, but (8)_____ all members of a general class. This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9)_____ into existing psychological frameworks and (10)_____ a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles "intrinsic(原有的) to the mind" that provide invariant structures (11)_____ perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12)_____ all of these processes; thus its study (13)_____ our theories of knowledge in general. Basic to this model of language is the notion that a child"s learning of language is a kind of theory (14)_____. It"s thought to be accomplished (15)_____ explicit instruction, (16)_____ of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17)_____ or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18)_____, the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19)_____ power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20)_____ it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.

Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five- star general.

At the moment, there are two reliable ways to make electricity from sunlight.【F1】 You can use a panel of solar cells to create the current directly, by liberating electrons from a semiconducting material such as silicon. Or you can concentrate the sun's rays using mirrors, boil water with them, and employ the steam to drive a generator. Both work. But both are expensive. Gang Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhifeng Ren of Boston College therefore propose, in a paper in Nature Materials, an alternative. They suggest that a phenomenon called the thermoelectric effect might be used instead—and they have built a prototype to show that the idea is practical. In their view, three things are needed to create a workable solar-thermoelectric device. The first is to make sure that most of the sunlight which falls on it is absorbed, rather than being reflected. The second is to choose a thermoelectric material which conducts heat badly(so that different parts remain at different temperatures)but electricity well.【F2】 The third is to be certain that the temperature gradient which that badly conducting material creates is not frittered away by poor design. The two researchers overcame these challenges through clever engineering. The first they dealt with by coating the top of the device with oxides of hafnium, molybdenum and titanium, in layers about 100 nanometres thick.【F3】 These layers acted like the anti-reflective coatings on spectacle lenses and caused almost all the sunlight falling on the device to be absorbed. The second desideratum, of low thermal and high electrical conductivity, was achieved by dividing the bismuth telluride into pellets a few nanometres across.【F4】 That does not affect their electrical conductivity, but nanoscale particles like this are known to scatter and obstruct the passage of heat through imperfectly understood quantum-mechanical processes. The third objective, efficient design, involved sandwiching the nanostructured bismuth telluride between two copper plates and then enclosing the upper plate(the one coated with the light-absorbing oxides)and the bismuth telluride in a vacuum. The copper plates conducted heat rapidly to and from the bismuth telluride, thus maintaining the temperature difference. The vacuum stopped the apparatus losing heat by convection. The upshot was a device that converts 4.6% of incident sunlight into electricity.【F5】 That is not great compared with the 20% and more achieved by a silicon-based solar cell, the 40% managed by a solar-thermal turbine, or even the 18-20% of one of the new generation of cheap and cheerful thin-film solar cells. But it is enough, Dr Chen reckons, for the process to be worth considering for mass production.

He is not humorous at all.

It's not just lonely at the top; it can be "disengaging" too. Many of the most unhappy, unproductive and potentially【B1】______employees can be found in the executive suite. These top dogs may put in the 【B2】______, but not the heart. They are common to most companies and number 【B3】______ the thousands. That may come as a surprise to the rank and file. 【B4】______ , one of the first rules of success is to do what you enjoy. It's taken for【B5】______that top executives have found the magic, 【B6】______ surely they would have flamed out【B7】______short of the summit. But if executives are so【B8】______to their jobs, why would a 2002 Starwood Hotels & Resorts survey find that among 401 executives who play golf, 10% have called 【B9】______ sick to play a round? While it may make sense that lower-ranking workers are less likely to be engaged, many high-ranking executives are in the same 【B10】______. For example, 49% of top executives are engaged, vs. 43% of managers and 32% of non-managers. Striking is【B11】______ 9 % of top executives, nearly one in 10, are【B12】______disengaged. These executives are beyond the point of even going through the【B13】______. It can【B14】______the entire company, because companies with disengaged executives are likely to have disengaged employees【B15】______. Most people probably assume that big paychecks are enough【B16】______. But raises and pay scales don't matter much【B17】______way, according to several studies. It shows no 【B18】______ between CEO pay and engagement, or even CEO pay and company 【B19】______. Big paychecks may even make executives feel【B20】______in their jobs, because they can't try something else without sacrificing a small fortune.

Familiar as it may seem, gravity remains a mystery to modern physics. Despite several decades of trying, scientists have failed to fit Einstein"s general theory of relativity, which describes how gravity holds big objects together, with the quantum mechanics(an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory)he pioneered, which describes the tiny fundamental particles of which matter consists and the forces by which they interact Recent discoveries have highlighted further problems. Many physicists are therefore entertaining the idea that Einstein"s ideas about gravity must be wrong or at least incomplete. Showing exactly how and where the great man erred is the task of the scientists who gathered at the "Rethinking Gravity" conference at the University of Arizona in Tucson this week. One way to test general relativity is to examine ever more closely the assumptions on which it rests, such as the equivalence principle: that gravity accelerates all objects at the same rate, regardless of their mass or composition. This principle was famously demonstrated by Galileo Galilei some 400 years ago when he simultaneously dropped cannon and musket balls, and balls made of gold, silver and wood, from the Tower of Pisa. Each appeared to hit the ground at the same time. A more precise test requires a taller tower. In effect, researchers are sending balls all the way to the moon and back. Tom Murphy, of the University of California, San Diego, and his colleagues fire laser beams from the deserts of New Mexico at reflectors placed on the moon by American and Russian spacecraft in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They use a telescope to capture the small fraction of the light that returns. Because the speed of light is known, they can calculate the distance between the Earth and the moon from the time taken for light to pass through it. According to general relativity, because the Earth and the moon orbit the sun, they should "fall" towards it at the same rate, in the same way as Galileo"s balls fell to the ground. By repeatedly measuring the distance between them, scientists can calculate the orbits of the Earth and the moon around the sun relative to each other. If the equivalence principle were violated, the moon"s orbit around the Earth would not appear straight, either towards or away from the sun. So far, Dr Murphy told the conference, these experiments have merely confirmed the equivalence principle to one part in 10 trillion. Dr Murphy and his colleagues hope that even more precise measurements could ultimately show general relativity to be only approximately correct. This would usher in a new revolution in physics.

LoveHimorHisMoney?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

On Campus Marriage A. Title: On Campus Marriage B. Word limit: 160~200 words (not including the given opening sentence) C. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "Sensitive as it might be, campus marriage has gained more support in recent years with the improvement of civil right consciousness in China." OUTLINE: 1. The current situation of campus marriage 2. People"s different views on it 3. My opinion

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Although it does not look appealing, in reality these people have good lives. Their jobs do not pay a fortune but they love them and their lives are stress-free. And no one would guess that they make so little because they live much Better than many of their friends who make a lot more. So if you want more money you have to count your pennies; there is no other way than to spend wisely.B. When it comes to money management you need to think long term. Money management is not only how you manage your money right now; it is how you will make sure your income and wealth will increase over time. In order to make more money, most Americans take the easiest route: get a second job. This is easy; it will give more money immediately, but it may come at a very high cost.C. Look at the case of Melissa and her husband. They own a nice home, beautifully decorated in a nice neighborhood, they have regular cars in good condition (though with more than 100K miles on each car), they dress well and travel to exotic destinations once a year. How do they do it? They live wisely. They do not buy a new ear just because people say that after 100K miles a ear is good for nothing. Their cars look good and run well bemuse they take care of them. They are not planning on buying a new car anytime soon. This is a huge expense that they do not want to take; they own their cars right now and they do not want additional debt.D. If you have children, it may come at the cost of precious time with them or your family. If you are single and have no children, it may cost you peace and time for relaxation. But beyond that, it may cost you long term: not being able to pursue bigger dreams.E. You can save money in many ways including buying less, or buying cheaper, or even buying smarter. People who seem to have money for everything and still do not carry credit card debt should be admired.F. Money and career wise you have to be smart and not take the shortest path, but the best, high-value path. Beside what you do for a living, the money you save has to be invested well so that you have good returns. One of the best investments you can have is a home (unless you need to rent since you will be in a specific location only for a very short time). To pay rent is to literally put money down the drain. The home you buy has to be such that you can make profit in a few years so that you can buy a bigger home or a similar home and save the rest.G. In other words, if you devote your time to learn a new skill or start your own business, this will not give you money immediately, but in the long term it will give more money and personal satisfaction than a stupid second job.Order: B is the first paragraph and A is the last.