In 1915 Einstein made a trip to Gottingen to give some lectures at the invitation of the mathematical physicist David Hilbert. He was particularly eager—too eager, it would turn 【B1】______ to explain all the intricacies of relativity to him. The visit was a triumph, and he said to a friend excitedly: "I was able to【B2】______Hilbert of the general theory of relativity." 【B3】______all of Einstein' s personal turmoil at the time, a new scientific anxiety was about to 【B4】______. He was struggling to find the right equations that would 【B5】______ his new concept of gravity, 【B6】______ that would define how objects move【B7】______space and how space is curved by objects. By the end of the summer, he【B8】______the mathematical approach he had been【B9】______for almost three years was flawed. And now there was a【B10】______pressure. Einstein discovered to his【B11】______that Hilbert had taken what he had lectures and was racing to come up【B12】______the correct equations first. It was an enormously complex task. Although Einstein was the better physicist. Hilbert was the better mathematician. So in October 1915 Einstein【B13】______himself into a month-long-frantic endeavor in【B14】______he returned to an earlier mathematical strategy and wrestled with equations, proofs, corrections and updates that he【B15】______to give as lectures to Berlin's Prussian Academy of Sciences on four【B16】______Thursdays. His first lecture was delivered on Nov. 4,1915, and it explained his new approach,【B17】______he admitted he did not yet have the precise mathematical formulation of it. Einstein also took time off from【B18】______revising his equations to engage in an awkward fandango with his competitor Hilbert. Worried【B19】______being scooped, he sent Hilbert a copy of his Nov. 4 lecture. "I am 【B20】______ to know whether you will take kindly to this new solution," Einstein noted with a touch of defensiveness.

People"s financial history has a strong impact on their taste for risk. Looking at surveys of American household【C1】______from 1960 to 2007, Ulrike Malmendier of the University of California at Berkeley and his cooperator found that people who【C2】______high returns on the stock market【C3】______in life were, years later, likelier to report a higher tolerance for risk, to own shares and to invest a bigger slice of their【C4】______in shares. But【C5】______to economic turmoil appears to suppress people"s appetite for risk【C6】______of their personal financial losses. That is the【C7】______of a paper by Samuli Knupfer of London Business School and two co-authors. In the early 1990s a severe recession caused Finland"s GDP to【C8】______by 10% and unemployment to【C9】______from 3% to 16%. Using detailed data on tax, unemployment and military conscription (draft), the authors were able to【C10】______the investment choices of those【C11】______by Finland"s "Great Depression". Controlling for age, education, gender and【C12】______status, they found that those in occupations, industries and regions hit harder by unemployment were【C13】______likely to own stocks a decade later. Individuals" personal misfortunes, however, could explain at most half of the【C14】______in stock ownership, the authors reckon. They【C15】______the remainder to "changes in beliefs and preferences" that are not easily measured. This seems【C16】______with a growing body of research that links a low tolerance of risk to 【C17】______emotional trauma (a severe shock). Studies have found, for example, that natural【C18】______such as the tsunami (a large destructive wave) that hit South-East Asia in 2004 and military【C19】______such as the Korean war can render their victims more【C20】______for years.

Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own (1)_____ and cure. Culture shock is (2)_____ by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one (3)_____ in which we orient ourselves to the (4)_____ of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to (5)_____ purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statement seriously and when not. These cues, (6)_____ may be words, gestures, facial (7)_____ customs, or norms, are (8)_____ by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a (9)_____ of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us (10)_____ for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, (11)_____ of which we do not carry on the (12)_____ of conscious awareness. Now when an individual (13)_____ a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or (14)_____ of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been (15)_____ under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and (16)_____. People react to the frustration in much the (17)_____ way. First they reject the environment which causes the (18)_____. "The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad." When foreigners in a strange land get together to (19)_____ about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are (20)_____ from culture shock.

When a disease of epidemic proportions threatens the public, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of affliction and find ways to combat. Vaccination is one of the effective ways to protect the (1)_____ population of a region or country which may be (2)_____ grave risk. The process of vaccination allows the patient"s body to (3)_____ immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it (4)_____ naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead (5)_____ of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, (6)_____ his body"s immune system can learn to fight the invader (7)_____. Information (8)_____ how to penetrate the disease"s defenses is (9)_____ to all elements of the patient"s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that (10)_____ the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to (11)_____ with it, having already done so before. There are, however, dangers (12)_____ in the process. (13)_____, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves (14)_____ much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system (15)_____, and, therefore, the patient"s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, (16)_____ to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly (17)_____ the whole Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. (18)_____ l in 10,000 people who receive the vaccine (19)_____ the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Consequently, the process, which is truly a (20)_____, may indeed hide some hidden curses.Notes:proportions (pl.)规模；程度；大小affliction (疾病)痛苦vaccination n. 接种疫苗eradicate v. 根除,消灭

Nice guys knew it, now two studies have confirmed it: bad boys get the most girls. The finding may help explain why a nasty suite of anti-social personality traits known as the "dark triad" persists in the human population, despite their potentially grave cultural costs. The traits are the self-obsession of narcissism; the impulsive, thrill-seekingand unfeeling behavior of psychopaths; and the deceitful and exploitative nature of Machiavellianism. At their extreme, these traits would be highly detrimental for life in traditional human societies. People with these personalities risk being shunned by others and shut out of relationships, leaving them without a mate, hungry and vulnerable to predators. But being just slightly evil could have an upside: a prolific sex life, says Peter Jonason at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces. "We have some evidence that the three traits are really the same thing and may represent a successful evolutionary strategy." Jonason and his colleagues subjected 200 college students to personality tests designed to rank them for each of the dark triad traits. They also asked about their attitudes to sexual relationships and about their sex lives, including how many partners they"d had and whether they were seeking brief affairs. The study found that those who scored higher on the dark triad personality traits tended to have more partners and more desire for short-term relationships. But the correlation only held in males. James Bond epitomizes this set of traits, Jonason says. "He"s clearly disagreeable, very extroverted and likes trying new things—killing people, new women" Just as Bond seduces woman after woman, people with dark triad traits may be more successful with a quantity style or shotgun approach to reproduction, even if they don"t stick around for parenting. "The strategy seems to have worked. We still have these traits," Jonason says. This observation seems to hold across cultures. David Schmitt of Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, presented preliminary results at the same meeting from a survey of more than 35,000 people in 57 countries. He found a similar link between the dark triad and reproductive success in men. "It is universal across cultures for high dark triad scorers to be more active in short-term mating," Schmitt says. "They are more likely to try and poach other people"s partners for a brief affair." Matthew Keller of the University of Colorado in Boulder remarks: "They still have to explain why it hasn"t spread to everyone? There must be some cost of the traits." One possibility, both Keller and Jonason suggest, is that the strategy is most successful when dark triad personalities are rare. Otherwise, others would become more wary and guarded.

Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould:1)describethedrawingbriefly;2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithexamples.YoushoudwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

After clashes between riot police and protesters, workers at the Keihin Hotel in Tokyo were forcibly ejected on January 25th. They had been fired in October when the hotel went bankrupt, but decided to keep it running—an example of the lengths to which people will go to keep their jobs in Japan, where unemployment is suddenly rising at an alarming rate. Over 150,000 people are expected to lose their jobs between October and March. Hisashi Yamada of the Japan Research Institute expects 1.5 million job losses by the end of next year, lifting the unemployment rate from 4% last year to over 6%. Though low by international standards, yet that is exceptionally high in Japan. Hardest hit will be "non-regular" workers—those who work part-time, as day-laborers, for a fixed duration, or under agency contracts. "Regular" workers enjoy benefits such as housing, bonuses, training and(usually)lifetime employment, but non-regular workers earn as little as 40% of the pay for the same work, and do not receive training, pensions or unemployment insurance. In the past 20 years their numbers have grown to one-third of all workers. For years most Japanese ignored their predicament . But now their problems have erupted into plain sight. In January around 500 recently fired, homeless people set up a tent village in Hibiya Park—a highly visible spot in the centre of Tokyo. Politicians and television news crews flocked to the scene. The embarrassed city government eventually found accommodation for the park"s homeless in unused city-owned buildings, though it put them up for only a week. The problem is that Japan lacks a social safety net, says Makoto Yuasa, the organizer of the Hibiya tent village, who dropped out of a PhD program at Tokyo University to help homeless people. Because families or companies traditionally looked after people, the state did not have to. Moreover, there is a stigma in Japan if an unemployed person asks for help: "If you don"t work, you don"t deserve to eat", the saying goes. Yet there are signs of change. The main political parties recognize the need to establish better support and training for non-regular workers. And there is even a new government program to help unemployed foreign workers, such as Brazilians who worked at car factories, so that they do not leave Japan if they are laid off. With a shrinking population and workforce, losing skilled hands would only compound the country"s woes when the economy eventually recovers.

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If American investors have learned any lesson in the last 25 years, it is to buy shares on the dips. The slide in 2000—2002 may have been longer and deeper than they were used to but normal service was eventually resumed, driving the Dow Jones Industrial Average to a record high on October 1st. Among American financial commentators, it is almost universally accepted that shares always rise over the long run. And one ought to expect shares (which are risky) to deliver a higher return than risk free assets such as government bonds. Nevertheless, investors ought also to remember the world"s second largest economy, Japan. Its most popular stock-market average, the Nikkei 225, peaked at 38,915 on the last trading day of the 1980s; this week, nearly 18 years later, it is still only around 17,000, less than half its peak. Buying on the dips did not work either. Professionals of the London Business School examined the record of 16 stock markets which were in continuous operation over the course of the 20th century. In itself, this selection showed survivorship bias by excluding the likes of Russia and China. The academies found that only three other countries could match the American record of having no 20-year periods with negative real returns. Other investors were far less lucky. Japanese, French, German and Spanish investors all suffered instances where they had to wait 50—60 years to earn a positive real return. It was no good following the famous advice to "put the shares in a drawer and forget about them"; the furniture would not have lasted that long. Besides survivorship bias, there is another problem with the belief that stock markets must always go up. Investors will keep buying until prices reach stratospheric(稳定的) levels. That clearly happened in Japan in the late 1980s, and after seven years, it is still not much more than half its peak level. A significant proportion of the return from equities in the second half of the 20th century came from a re-rating of shares; investors were willing to pay a higher multiple for profits. But re-rating cannot continue forever. If investors want a simple parallel with share prices, they need only mm to the American housing market. Back in 2005 an economic adviser to the president said", we"ve never had a decline in housing prices on a nationwide basis. What I think is more likely is that house prices will slow, maybe stabilize". Lots of people took the same view and were willing to borrow (and lend) on a vast scale on the grounds that higher house prices would always bail them out. They are now counting their losses. Investors in equities should beware of over-committing themselves on the basis of a similar belief Just ask the Japanese.

Until I took Dr. Offutt' s class in DeMatha High School, I was an underachieving student, but I left that class 【B1】______ never to underachieve again. He not only taught me to think, he convinced me,【B2】______by example as words that it was my moral【B3】______to do so and to serve others. 【B4】______of us could know how our relationship would【B5】______over the years. When I came back to DeMatha to teach English, I worked for Dr. Offutt, the department chair. My discussions with him were like graduate seminars in adolesent 【B6】______, classroom management and school leadership. After several years, I was 【B7】______ department chair, and our relationship 【B8】______ again. I thought that it might be 【B9】______ chairing the department, since all of my【B10】______English teachers were 【B11】______ there, but Dr. Offutt supported me【B12】______. He knew when to give me advice 【B13】______ curriculum, texts and personnel, and when to let me 【B14】______ my own course. In 1997, I need his【B15】______about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.【B16】______he had asked me to stay at DeMatha, I might have. 【B17】______, he encouraged me to seize the opportunity. Five years ago, I became the principal of DeMatha.【B18】______, Dr. Offutt was there for me, letting me know that I could【B19】______him. I've learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible【B20】______of lessons to teach.

Some things are doomed to remain imperfect, the United Nations among them. De spite noble aspirations, the organization that more than any other embodies the collective will and wisdom of an imperfect world was created, in the words of one former secretary general, not to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell. Is it failing in that task? Alarmed at the bitter dispute over the war in Iraq, and at growing threats—from the devastation of AIDS and the danger of failing states to the prospect of terrorists armed with weapons of mass destruction—that the UN"s founding powers hadn"t even had night mares about, last year Kofi Annan, the current secretary-general, asked a group of eminent folk to put on their thinking caps. Their report on how the UN might in future better contribute to international peace and security—mobilising its own and the world"s re sources to prevent crises where possible and to deal with them more resolutely and effectively where necessary—is due for delivery in two weeks" time. Yet the thoughtful debate such proposals deserve risks getting lost in the poisonous war of words between UN-baiters and UN-boosters, and in the fisticuffs over what governments seem to care about most: who will get any extra seats that may be up for grabs on the Security Council. The might-is-always-righter brigade, who brush aside the UN as irrelevant in today"s world, are small in number but can seem troublingly influential. They are also dangerously shortsighted. Like other big powers, and plenty of smaller ones, America fosters the UN when it needs it, and sometimes circumvents it when it doesn"t. But wiser heads recognize that being the world"s most powerful country and top gun has its problems. With global interests and global reach, America is most often called on to right the world"s wrongs. It should have been interest in a rules-based system which keeps that burden to a minimum and finds ways for others, including the UN, to share it. What is more, as China, India, Japan and others put on economic and military muscle, having agreed rules for all to play by as much as possible makes strategic sense too. Yet the not-without-UN-approval school can be equally off the mark. For the system of international rules, treaties and laws is still a hodge-podge. Some, like the UN charter itself, are deemed universal, though they may at time be hotly disputed and sometimes ignored. Others, such as the prohibitions against proliferation of nuclear, chemical or bio logical weapons, are accepted by many, but not all. Some disputes can be settled in court—boundary disputes by the International Court of Justice, for example, accusations of war crimes or genocide by the International Criminal Court—but only where governments give the nod. For the rest, the UN Security Council is where most serious disputes end up. And there trouble can start. The council is not the moral conscience of the world. It is a collection of states pursuing divergent interests, albeit—one hopes—with a sense of responsibility. Where it can agree, consensus lends legitimacy to action. But should action always stop where consensus ends? There was nothing high-minded about Russia"s refusal to countenance intervention in Kosovo in 1999 to end the Serb army"s ethnic cleansing there; it was simply protecting a friend. Might, concluded NATO governments in acting without council approval, is not always wrong. Over Iraq, it is debatable what did more damage: America"s failure to win support from the council before going to war anyway, or the hypocrisy that had allowed Iraq to flout all previous council resolutions with impunity.

"The impulse to excess among young Britons remains as powerful as ever, but the force that used to keep the impulse in check has all but disappeared," claimed a newspaper. Legislation that made it easier to get hold of a drink was "an Act for the increase of drunkenness and immorality", asserted a politician. The first statement comes from 2005, the second from 1830. On both occasions, the object of scorn was a parliamentary bill that promised to sweep away "antiquated" licensing laws. As liberal regulations came into force this week, Britons on both sides of the debate unwittingly followed a 19th-century script. Reformers then, as now, took a benign view of human nature. Make booze cheaper and more readily available, said the liberalisers, and drinkers would develop sensible, continental European style ways. Nonsense, retorted the critics. Habits are hard to changer if Britons can drink easily, they will drink more. Worryingly for modern advocates of liberalisation, earlier doomsayers turned out to be right. Between 1820 and 1840, consumption of malt (which is used to make beer) increased by more than 50%. Worse, Britons developed a keener taste for what Thomas Carlyle called "liquid madness"—gin and other spirits. The backlash was fierce. Critics pointed to widespread debauchery in the more disreputable sections of the working class. They were particularly worried about the people who, in a later age, came to be known as "ladettes". An acute fear, says Virginia Berridge, who studies temperance at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, was that women would pass on their sinful ways to their children. In the 19th century, temperance organisations set up their own newspapers to educate the public about the consequences of excess. That, at least, has changed: these days, the mainstream media rail against the demon drink all by themselves.

Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the information age and heralded an explosion of consumer electronics products in the last 50 years, from personal computers to cellphones, died Monday in Dallas. He was 81. His death, after a brief battle with cancer, was announced yesterday by Texas Instruments, the Dallas-based electronics company where he worked for a quarter century. (46) The integrated circuit that Mr. Kilby designed shortly after arriving at Texas Instruments in 1958 served as the basis for modern microelectronics, transforming a technology that permitted the simultaneous manufacturing of a mere handful of transistors(晶体管) into a chip industry that routinely places billions of Lilliputian(微小的) switches in the area of a fingernail. His achievement—the integration—yielded a thin chip of crystal connecting previously separate components like transistors, resistors and capacitors within a single device. For that creation, commonly called the microchip, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. (47) During his career at Texas Instruments he claimed more than 60 patents and was also one of the inventors of the hand-held calculator and the thermal printer. But it was Mr. Kilby"s invention of the integrated circuit that most broadly shaped the electronic era. "It"s hard to find a place where the integrated circuit doesn"t affect your life today," Richard K. Templeton, Texas Instruments" president and chief executive officer, said in an interview yesterday. "That"s how broad its impact is." It is an impact, Mr. Kilby said, that was largely unexpected. (48) "We expected to reduce the cost of electronics, but I don"t think anybody was thinking in terms of factors of a million," he said in an undated interview cited by Texas Instruments. (49) The remarkable acceleration of the manufacturing process based on the integrated circuit was later described by Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of the Intel Corporation, whose partner, Robert N. Noyee, invented another version of the integrated circuit just months after Mr. Kilby. In 1965, three years after the first commercial integrated circuits came to market, Dr. Moore observed that the number of transistors on a circuit was doubling at regular intervals and would do so far into the future. (50) The observation, which came to be known as Moore"s law, became the defining attribute of the chip-making industry, centered in what is now known as Silicon Valley, where Intel was based, rather than in Dallas.

【C1】______. In the 18th and 19th centuries, industrialization, literacy, and urbanization brought about new techniques and formats in American mass communication. But our mass media developed largely as profitable menus of news, education, and influence. They remain so today. 【C2】______. In that respect, American mass media have three major social functions: 1. To share information with the public about the important and relevant events and problems. 2. To teach people about matters considered necessary or useful. 3. To build support for ideas and activities. Professor Wilbur Schramm, a leading researcher and scholar of mass communication, has called these the watcher, teacher, and forum functions of mass communication. In the first function, media personnel seek out, observe, and report situations which are considered important enough to share. This public communication information function most commonly takes the form of news reports and is carried out primarily by journalists. In their education function, the media provide people with material about society's traditions, norms, and prevailing attitudes. In teaching these things, the media help keep stability in a society—acting, in effect, as an agent of social control. The media also provide messages of persuasion—that is, content designed to promote current values (the status quo) or to transform new ideas into social change. Some scholars of mass communication have added entertainment as a fourth major function of the American mass media. With new technology, mass communication became more rapidly available-, and with changing lifestyle, more Americans had more leisure time for mass communication.【C3】______ 【C4】______. The media have been used for information, persuasion, education, and entertainment because each of those functions has been profitable under certain conditions. The major functions of the media have persisted largely because media owners can make money by using the media for those purposes. That, we feel, will continue to be the case so long as people want to be informed, advised, and taught. 【C5】______. Media institutions demand a great many indulgences from American society. So it is entirely proper that they be called to account when they fail to deliver in return.[A] The functions of mass communication, then, are those tasks which the media traditionally and routinely perform.[B] Mass media are one of the most profitable industries in America.[C] From its earliest stages, mass communication succeeded because some persons found it rewarding to inform, teach, and persuade, and because others were willing to be informed, taught, or persuaded. [D] Since the media are social institutions we may object to instances where, for the sake of sheer profit, they give up—or bastardize—their important functions of informing, teaching, and persuading. [E] A media institute may give up its functions for the sake of sheer profit.[F] Making money is sometimes listed as a separate function of mass media. We do not consider it separate at all. [G] Some mass media entrepreneurs found that providing enjoyment to people can be very profitable indeed.

As the bankster phenomenon has so eloquently illustrated, Homo sapiens is exquisitely sensitive to injustice.【F1】 Many people grudgingly tolerated the astronomical incomes of financial traders, and even the cos-mological ones of banks' chief executives, when they thought those salaries were earned by honest labour. Now, so many examples to the contrary have emerged that toleration has vanished. 【F2】 Surprisingly, however, the psychological underpinnings of a sense of injustice—in particular, what triggers willingness to punish an offender, even at a cost to the punisher—have not been well established. But a recent experiment by Nichola Raihani of University College, London, and Katherine McAuliffe of Harvard, just published in Biology Letters, attempts to disentangle the matter. Dr. Raihani and Ms. McAuliffe tested two competing hypotheses. One is that the desire to punish is simple revenge for an offence. The other is that it is related to the offence' s consequences—specifically, whether or not the offender is left better off than the victim. Until recently, the temptation would have been to advertise for undergraduate volunteers for such a project. Instead, Dr. Raihani and Ms. McAuliffe decided to follow a new fashion in psychology and recruit their human guinea pigs through a system called Mechanical Turk. This arrangement, run by Amazon, a large internet firm, pays people registered with it (known as Turkers) small sums of money to do jobs for others.【F3】 That allowed the two researchers not only to gather many more volunteers (560) than would have been possible from the average student body, but also to spread the profile of those volunteers beyond the halls of academe and beyond the age of 21. 【F4】 On the face of things, this result suggests that what really gets people' s goat is not so much having money taken, but having it taken in a way that makes the taker better off than the victim. That will clearly bear further investigation, for example by looking at the case where the first player begins the game better off than the second.【F5】 It is intriguing, though, that even such trivial sums of money can provoke thoughts ofrevenge. In light of this, the fate awaiting those astronomically paid bankers could be a particularly nasty one.

He is very practical.

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada , Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant' s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn' t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of "fast fashion". In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H her example can' t be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.

Recent legal research indicated that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages of justice. It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as (1)_____ as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the (2)_____ of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence. The Law Commission recently published an educational paper, "Total Recall? The Reliability of Witness (3)_____", as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held (4)_____ about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is (5)_____ change, it should not be underestimated. In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events, and judges and juries (6)_____ its reliability. The paper points out that memory is complex, and the reliability of any person"s recall must be assessed (7)_____. Both common sense and research say memory (8)_____ over time. The accuracy of recall and recognition are (9)_____ their best immediately (10)_____ encoding the information, declining at first rapidly, then gradually. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere (11)_____ the original memory, which reduces (12)_____. The paper says (13)_____ interviews or media reports can create such (14)_____. "People are particularly susceptible to having their memories (15)_____ when the passage of time allows the original memory to (16)_____, and will be most susceptible if they repeat the (17)_____ as fact." Witnesses may see or read information after the event, then (18)_____ it to produce something (19)_____ than what was experienced, significantly reducing the reliability of their memory of an event or offender, "Further, witnesses may strongly believe in their memories, even though aspects of those memories are (20)_____ false."

You have had a bad cold and are in hospital. Write a letter to your teacher Ms. Wang asking for a leave and explaining why you will be absent from class for the next two days. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

ExpensiveKindergartenEducationWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.