BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

Thinking about nuclear terrorism. The realistic threats settle into two broad categories. (46) The less likely but far more ruinous is an actual nuclear explosion, a great hole blown in the heart of New York or Washington, followed by a toxic fog of radiation. This could be produced by a black-market nuclear warhead procured from an existing arsenal(军工厂), which might be in Russia, Pakistan or other countries or areas. Or the explosive could be a homemade device, lower in yield than a factory nuke(核武器) but still creating great suffering. (47) The second category is a radiological attack, contaminating a public place with radioactive material by packing it with conventional explosives in a "dirty bomb" by dispersing it into the air or water or by destroying a nuclear facility. By comparison with the task of creating nuclear fission, some of these schemes would be almost childishly simple, although the consequences would be less horrifying. Nothing is really new about these perils. The means to inflict nuclear harm on America have been available to rascals for a long time. Serious studies of the threat of nuclear terror dated back to the 1970"s. (48) American programs to keep Russian nuclear ingredients from falling into murderous hands were hatched soon after the Soviet Union disintegrated a decade ago. When terrorists get around to trying their first nuclear assault, as you can be sure they will, there will be plenty of people entitled to say I told you so. (49) All Sept. 11 did was to turn a theoretical possibility into a felt danger. All it did was to supply a credible east of characters who hate us so much that they would thrill to the prospect of actually doing it, and, most important in rethinking the probabilities, would be happy to die in the effort. All it did was to give our nightmares legs. And of the many nightmares animated by the attacks, this is the one with pride of place in our experience and literature—and, we know from his own lips, in Osama bin Laden"s(奥萨马.本.拉登)aspirations. In February, Tom Ridge, the Bush administration"s homeland security chief, visited The Times for a conversation, and at the end someone asked, given all the things he had to worry about—hijacked airliners, anthrax(炭疽热)in the mail, smallpox, germs in crop-dusters—what did he worry about most? He cupped his hands prayerfully and pressed his fingertips to his lips. "Nuclear", he said simply. My assignment here was to stare at that fear and the inventory of the possibilities. How afraid should we be, and what of, exactly? I"ll tell you at the outset, this was not one of those exercises in which weighing the fears and assigning them probabilities laid them to rest. I"m not evacuating Manhattan, but neither am I sleeping quite as soundly. (50) As I was writing this one Saturday in April, the floor began to rumble and my desk lamp shook precariously(不稳定的,充满危险的). Although I grew up on the San Andreas Fault, the fact that New York was experiencing an earthquake was only my second thought.

Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England.【B1】______, the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others【B2】______to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish,【B3】______the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed【B4】______being classified as "English". Even in England there are many【B5】______in regional character and speech. The chief【B6】______is between southern England and northern England. South of a 【B7】______ going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, 【B8】______ there are local variations. Further north regional speech is usually "【B9】______" than that of southern Britain. Northerners are【B10】______to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more【B11】______. They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them【B12】______. Northerners generally have hearty【B13】______: the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous【B14】______at meal times. In accent and character the people of the Midlands【B15】______a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman. In Scotland the sound【B16】______by the letter "R" is generally a strong sound, and "R" is often pronounced in words in which it would be【B17】______in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people,【B18】______inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently【B19】______as being more "fiery" than the English. They are【B20】______a race that is quite distinct from the English.

Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1)_____ people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo and Linne"s hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2)_____ the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered (3)_____ hair. Modern (4)_____ are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Man"s lofty (5)_____, and the chimpanzee is now referred to (6)_____ Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7)_____ that chimps are humans" nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8)_____, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9)_____ it is here that the (10)_____ must originate. One half of the puzzle has been (11)_____ for several years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this week"s Nature (12)_____ the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13)_____ answers to age-old questions (14)_____, the publication of the chimp genome may be something of an (15)_____. There are no immediately obvious genes-present in one, but not the other-that account for such characteristic human (16)_____ as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17)_____ there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes (18)_____ by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analyssis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19)_____ any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (20)_____.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

"I"ve never met a human worth cloning", says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A & M University. "It"s a stupid endeavor." That"s an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man"s best friend is one of the mysteries of modem science. Westhusin"s experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy"s DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you"re dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. "Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous", he says. Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly, the sheep, was cloned in 1997, Westhusin"s phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy"s mysterious owner, who wishes him remain unknown to protect his privacy. He"s plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy"s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy"s owner and the A&M team say they are "both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy". The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin"s work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. "Why would you ever want to clone humans", Westhusin asks, "when we"re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?"

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Is that what the American viewing public is getting? Perhaps 10% of prime-time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television movies rich in human values, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.B. Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become the in thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.C. Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereign free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and love—the supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.D. The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. In the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC"s abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality; so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country"s entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censor-ship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.E. It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight.F. That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America"s entertainment.G. Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educator, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation"s entertainment.Order: G is the first paragraph and F is the last.

Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyit,and3)giveyourcomment.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

The Students" Union of your department is planning an English Evening. You are asked to invite one of your foreign teachers to join it. Write a letter to him which should cover the following points: 1. express the purpose of writing this letter; 2. state the time and place of the English Evening; 3. ask him to prepare a performance; 4. express your sincere appreciation.

After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person. Write a letter of thanks: 1) mentioning what happened in the accident, 2) telling the person about your recovery, and 3) expressing your thanks. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

Blues is a genre of Afro-American folk and popular song. It is generally 12 bars long, falling into three phrases of four bars each (one phrase for each line of text). The most typical chord pattern for these phrases is based on the first, fourth, and fifth notes of the scale: phrase 1-III; phrase 2-IV II; phrase 3-VV (or V) II. Each phrase of sung text is normally followed by instrumental improvisation, creating a call-and-response pattern. Blues music uses a scale in which the third, fifth, and seventh notes are freely "bent" or microtonally flattened in comparison with the standard major scale. Blues tends to deal with the hardships of life and the sadness of love. Blues singing, rooted in various forms of black American slave song, was widespread in the southern U.S. by the late 19th century. "Archaic" and "country" blues differed widely in their lyric and musical form; singers typically accompanied themselves on guitar or harmonica. Later singers in this style include Blind Lemon Jefferson and Leadbelly. In 1912, with the publication of "Memphis Blues" by W.C. Handy, blues entered the range of popular song. Classic "city" blues evolved in the 1920s and 1930s in the singing of Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, the others. Lyric and musical forms became largely standardized, and singers often worked with jazz band or piano. Adapted to solo piano, blues gave rise to boogie-woogie piano playing. Blues and jazz overlapped, sometimes almost indistinguishably, and blues was considered a nurturing form for early jazz, but blues also developed independently. In the 1940s singers such as T-Bone Walker and Louis Jordan performed with big bands or with ensembles based on electric guitar, acoustic string bass, drums, and saxophones; the electric organ also came into use about this time. After 1950 B.B. King, Ray Charles, and others used improved electric guitars and louder, electric basses; brass instruments often replaced saxophones.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

You have a neighbor who regularly cooks food on a very smoky outdoor barbecue. The smoke blows directly into your home. You have complained to your neighbor, but he refuses to clean the barbecue. Write to the local police and explain your problem. Your writing should include the following items: 1) explain what is wrong; 2) give details; 3) ask for help to fix the problem. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Hong" instead. You do not need to write the address.

The view from the top of the luxurious Morgan Centre down onto Beijing"s Olympic Green is breath-taking, There, far below, lies the stunning" bird nest" Olympic Stadium. Right next to it is the equally mesmerizing National Aquatics Center, known as the Water Cube. The Aquatics Center poses one critical question: where will all the water to fill this bold but massive architectural masterpiece" and to supply the Games" come from? One can drive a hundred miles in any direction from Beijing and never cross a healthy river. Heading north to Shanxi province, one passes river after river that has dried up. And in 80 percent of those Shanxi rivers that are still flowing, water quality is" unfit for human contact" or for agricultural or industrial use. As you drive south across Hebei and Henan provinces, the situation is no better. Reaching the famed Marco Polo Bridge over the Yongding River, we crossed our first parched(干裂的) riverbed. From there to the Yellow River, we traversed many legendary rivers that show as blue lines on the map; all of them are now almost bone dry. All that remains to memorialize these watercourses are highway bridges, left behind like vestigial organs. The Yellow River itself, once known as" China"s Sorrow" because of its natural tendency to flood, killing millions, has in Henan been reduced to a modest-size channel. At its lower reaches in Shandong, it is not uncommon for the river to cease flowing into the Bohai Sea altogether. What is the answer for the 250 million thirsty people who live on the North China Plain? Drought has forced farmers to turn to groundwater. But over extraction has caused water tables to fall by as much as 10 feet a year. Desperate officials have taken to making substantial investments in" precipitation-inducement(引导水分凝结) technologies", or cloud seeding. Using aircraft, meteorological balloons and even rockets and artillery shells, they"ve been attempting to shoot passing clouds full of rainmaking chemicals. The China Meteorological Administration reports that hundreds of aircraft and thousands of rockets and shells are used each year in the effort. Such campaigns have been only modestly successful and have created tensions between different localities, each claiming that clouds are being" intercepted" upwind by the other and their precious moisture stolen! Then there is the monumental South-North Water Transfer Project. But some environmentalists fear that shifting the increasingly polluted water of the Yangtze northward will also introduce a whole host of new toxic pollutants to the breadbasket of China. No one knows what the consequences of all these Promethean(独创的) efforts will be. In the truly magnificent facilities being built for the Olympics, one can see a dear manifestation of this understandable urge to restore Chinese greatness. The question is whether China"s limited natural-resource base can sustain the magnitude of such an ambition. With water, the country is confronting the edge of one very inflexible environmental envelope. Beijing"s glorious Water Cube is a symbol both of China"s remarkable accomplishments, and its all-too-pressing limits.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley"s Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the "global labour arbitrage" is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centres that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition. The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3. 4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies. Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages. Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates has fallen by 6% since 2000, a bigger decline than in average wages. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardised skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C. , confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.

At noon on May 4th the carbon-dioxide concentration in the atmosphere around the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii hit 400 parts per million (ppm). The average for the day was 399.73 and researchers at the observatory expect this figure, too, to exceed 400 in the next few days. The last time such values prevailed on Earth was in the Pliocene epoch (上新世) 4m years ago, when jungles covered northern Canada. There have already been a few readings above 400 ppm elsewhere—those taken over the Arctic Ocean in May 2012, for example—but they were exceptional. Mauna Loa is the benchmark (标准) for CO2 measurement because Hawaii is so far from large concentrations of humanity. The Arctic, by contrast, gets a lot of polluted air from Europe and North America. The concentration of CO2 peaks in May, falls until October as plant growth in the northern hemisphere's summer absorbs the gas, and then goes up again during winter and spring. This year the average reading for the whole month will probably also reach 400 ppm, according to Pieter Tans, who is in charge of monitoring at Mauna Loa, and the seasonally adjusted annual figure will reach 400 ppm in the spring of 2014 or 2015. Mauna Loa's readings are one of the world's longest-running measurement series. The first, made in March 1958, was 315 ppm. That means they have risen by a quarter in 55 years. In the early 1960s they were going up by 0.7 ppm a year. The rate of increase is now 2.1 ppm—three times as fast—reflecting the relentless rise in green-house-gas emissions. As a rule of thumb, CO2 concentrations will have to be restricted to about 450 ppm if global warming is to be kept below 2 degrees. Because CO2 stays in the atmosphere for decades, artificial emissions of the gas would have to be cut immediately, and then fall to zero by 2075, in order to achieve 450 ppm. There seems no chance of that. Emissions are still going up. At current rates, the Mauna Loa reading will rise above 450 ppm in 2037.

In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.

Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The Internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the discursive characteristics of the era before the mass media. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries. Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends. And technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. The Internet lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets. In principles, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable. Although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the Internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B