Internet advertising is booming. The industry has gone from $9.6 billion in revenue in 2001 to $27 billion this year, according to Piper Jaffray, an investment bank. And it is still early days. The internet accounts for only 5% of total spending on advertising, but that figure is expected to reach at least 20% in the next few years. The single largest category within this flourishing industry, accounting for nearly half of all spending, is "pay-per-click" advertising, which is used by firms both large and small to promote their wares. The benefits of the pay-per-click approach over traditional advertising (television, radio, print and billboards) are obvious. Since advertisers pay only to reach the small subset who actually respond to an advertisement, the quality of the leads generated is very high, and advertisers are prepared to pay accordingly. The price: per click varies from $0.10 to as much as $30, depending on the keyword, though the average is around $0.50. Google made most of its $6.1 billion in revenue last year from pay-per-click advertising. But as pay-per-click advertising has grown into a huge industry, concern has mounted over so-called "click fraud"—bogus clicks that do not come from genuinely interested customers. It takes two main forms. If you click repeatedly on the advertisements on your own website, or get other people or machines to do so on your behalf, you can generate a stream of bogus commissions. Click fraud can also be used by one company against another: clicking on a rival firm"s advertisements can saddle it with a huge bill. Bogus clicks are thought to account for around 10% of all click traffic, though nobody knows for sure. A few months ago Mr. Gross pioneered an alternative to the pay-per-click model. In February, Snap, a search engine backed by Mr. Gross, launched "pay-per-action" (PPA), a new model in which advertisers pay only if a click on an ad is followed by an action such as a purchase or a download. Might this put an end to click fraud? Don"t bet on it, says Mike Zeman at Starcom, an advertising agency. Payper-action will be a niche, he predicts, since converting a click into an action depends on a variety of factors such as the ease of use of the advertiser"s website. Google and its peers will be reluctant to be so dependent on factors outside their control. But Mr. Tobaccowala thinks pay-per-action could become a real alternative to pay-per-click. As bigger companies spend more on internet advertising; they will demand more accountability and a wider range of options, he says. At the very least, that means clamping down on click fraud; but it also presents an opportunity for entrepreneurs to invent new models that are less vulnerable to abuse.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age. (46) With the rapid spread of the Internet since the early 1990s, and the relentless technological innovations generated through it, the information era is truly upon us, profoundly influencing and changing not only our lifestyle, but also the way we work, do business, think and communicate with others. (47) The unprecedented success of the Valley is a testimony to the concerted international endeavors and contributions by people from diverse cultural and racial backgrounds, made possible by the favorable political, economic and intellectual climate prevailing , as well as the farsighted policies of the US government. Many countries have, or are in the process of creating, their own "Silicon Valley". So far, none has as yet threatened the preeminence of the US prototype. What makes Silicon Valley such a Unique entity? There are several crucial factors. (48) First and foremost, it has the largest concentration of brilliant computer professionals and the best supporting services in the world, and easy access to world-class research institutions, like Stanford University, which continually nurtures would-be that the industry needs in order to move forward. Without these advantages, the Valley would be a different place. Secondly, it actively encourages, or even exalts, risk taking. Hence, failure holds no terror and there is no shame attached to a failed effort. On the contrary, they will try even harder next time round. Such never-say-die approach is the sine qua non for the ultimate triumph in entrepreneurship and technological breakthrough. (49) A third decisive factor is the vital role of venture capitalists who willingly support promising start-ups with urgently needed initial capital to get them started. Some would even give failed entrepreneurs a second chance if convinced that a fresh concept might lead to ultimate success. (50) Of equal importance, bright young people and middle level professionals are keen to work for a new venture at substantially reduced remuneration, as it offers more scope for entrepreneurship and job satisfaction than the established companies. There is also a pride of achievement if their efforts contribute to its fruition. Intellectual challenges aside, it is a common practice for start-ups to offer generous share options to employees in order to attract the right talent into their folds. This is a powerful incentive to motivate the staff to do their utmost and to share in the company"s prosperity if it reaches its goal Many regard this as the foundation of a successful enterprise.

Kimiyuki Suda should be a perfect customer for Japan's car-makers. He's a young, successful executive at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has plenty of disposable【B1】______. He used to own Toyota' s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses 【B2】______ subways and trains. "It' s not inconvenient at all," he says. 【B3】______, "having a car is so 20th century." Suda reflects a worrisome【B4】______in Japan; the automobile is losing its emotional appeal,【B5】______among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic devices.【B6】______mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is 【B7】______. Last year sales fell 6.7 percent, 7.6 percent 【B8】______ you don't count the mini-car market. There have been 【B9】______ one-year drops in other nations: sales in Germany fell 9 percent in 2007【B10】______a tax increase. But experts say Japan is【B11】______in that sales have been decreasing steadily【B12】______time. Since 1990, yearly new-car sales have fallen from 7.8 million to 5.4 million units in 2007. Alarmed by this state of【B13】______, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)【B14】______a comprehensive study of the market in 2006. It found that a【B15】______wealth gap, demographic changes and【B16】______lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their【B17】______longer, replace their cars with smaller ones【B18】______give up car ownership altogether. JAMA【B19】______a further sales decline of 1.2 percent this year. Some experts believe that if the trend continues for much longer, further consolidation in the automotive sector is【B20】______.

Application Write an application of about 100 words based on the following situation: You wish to join the dance club of your university, because you like dancing and you are good at some kinds of dance. Now write a letter of application to the club. Do not sign your own name at the end of the application. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Everything seemed to have become a weapon of war. Our enemies had (1)_____ the most familiar objects (2)_____ us, turned shaving kits into holsters and airplanes (3)_____ missiles and soccer coaches and newlyweds into involuntary suicide bombers. So it was (4)_____ the President and his generals to plot the response. That is because we are (5)_____ one enemy but two: one unseen, the other inside. Terror on this scale (6)_____ to wreck the way we live our lives make us flinch when a siren sounds, (7)_____ when a door slams and think twice before deciding (8)_____ we really have to take a plane. If we falter, they win, (9)_____ they never plant another bomb. So after the early helplessness, what can I do? I"ve already given blood-people started to realize that (10)_____ they could do was exactly, as precisely as possible, (11)_____ they would have done if all this (12)_____. That was the spirit (13)_____ in New York and Washington and all across the country, faith and fear and resolve in a tight braid. Because the killers who hate us did the (14)_____, nothing is unthinkable now. A plume of grill smoke venting from a Manhattan steak house (15)_____ the evacuation of midtown office towers. After the Pentagon (16)_____, generals called their families and told them (17)_____ the water, it could be poisoned. Sales of guns and gas masks spiked. The National Football League (18)_____ its games for the first time ever; bomb scares emptied 90 sites on Thursday in New York City (19)_____. People wore sneakers with their suits (20)_____ they had to fly fast down the stairs.

Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according to a new study on population published recently. The current approach which【C1】______on younger people and on skills for employment not 【C2】______ to meet the challenges of demographic change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is 【C3】______ spent on the oldest third of the population. The 【C4】______include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in 【C5】______, that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are【C6】______state pension age. " 【C7】______needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources【C8】______young people cannot meet the new【C9】______," says the report" s author, Professor Stephen McNair. The major【C10】______of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25. 【C11】______ people are changing their jobs, 【C12】______, partners and lifestyles more often than【C13】______, they need opportunities to learn at every age. 【C14】______some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later. People need opportunities to make a "midlife review" to【C15】______to the later stages of employed life, and to plan for the transition【C16】______retirement which may now happen 【C17】______at any point from 50 to over 90, says McNair. And there should be more money【C18】______to support people in establishing a【C19】______of identity and finding constructive【C20】______for the "third age", the 20 or more years they will spend in healthy retired life.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Last year French drivers killed fewer than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely to the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation"s highways since 2003, which experts reckon saved 3,000 lives last year. (41)______. So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses as the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But last year"s London bombings, in which video cameras played a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spur a sea change. (42)______. In a British poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were ready to give up some civil liberties to improve security. Europe"s politicians are now less concerned with privacy than with appearing to be soft on terror ism. In December, lawmakers in Brussels passed Europe wide legislation that permits police to investigate through cell-phone and Internet data. They are requiring cell-phone companies to retain calling information, such as the time of calls, to whom they were made and the location of the cell-phone holder; should a terrorist attack take place, cops want to be able to track callers before and after the event. Telecoms will be required to retain this information for between six months and two years. (43)______. The information could allow authorities to identify perpetrators after the fact, as in London, or show part of an attack taking place, as in Madrid. The law also opens up mobile-phone and Internet records, as well as previously confidential customer travel and shipping information, to scrutiny by authorities tracking suspicious individuals. And it requires cybercafé computer users to provide an ID document whose number is recorded and linked to the computer used and time of day. Even Amsterdam, a city legendary for its liberal attitudes, is spending millions to increase video surveillance of public transport. Cameras now watch places like the E1Tawheed mosque. Italy spends $275 million a year on telephone intercepts and conducts an astounding 172 judicial intercepts or wiretaps per 100,000 inhabitants. (44)______. Aside from the privacy implications, some security experts warn that all this new information may overwhelm cops. Computer programs that flag suspicious data still require human intervention. What"s the next step in this surveillance culture? (45)______. Fighting terror is one rationale for the system, but on a day-to-day basis it will come in most handy as a way of checking that drivers are insured and have no outstanding violations or warrants. That points out one potential problem Studies have shown that surveillance is good for preventing assaults on taxi drivers and other petty incidents, but has little effect on major crime. If this proves to be the case with terrorism, Europeans may one day grow tired of being watched.A. By the end of the year, British authorities will begin sending license-plate information from thousands of roadside cameras to a new central database, as well as to police and M.I.6.B. Europeans used to worry that to install cameras in the public areas may destroy individual privacy.C. A month after the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for "anti-terror" purposes.D. Success, of course, breeds success: the government plans to install 500 more radar devices this year.E. Terrorism nowadays becomes a common concern throughout the European continent and more and more countries are involved in taking actions.F. Not everyone is happy with all these watchful eyes.G. France, which was a target of radical Muslim terrorism well before 9.11, adopted a tough anti terror law in December that clears the way for authorities to install thousands of video cameras in transport hubs, religious centers (mostly mosques), workplaces and public spaces.

In an old factory building in lower Manhattan a fintech startup is seeking answers to a question that has tormented teachers and students for decades; what is the value of a given course, teacher or institution? Climb Credit, with just two dozen employees, provides student loans. The programmes it finances bring returns far higher than can be expected from even highly rated universities. Climb does not claim to nurture billionaires, nor to care much about any of the intangible benefits of education. 【B1】______ The average size of its loans is $10,000 and it normally finances programmes of less than a year. The subjects range from coding to web design, from underwater welding to programming robots for carmakers (which has the highest rate of return). Some students have scant formal education; others advanced degrees. The rate of return they get is calculated as the uplift in earnings after the course of study, minus its cost (which includes that of servicing the loan, and takes account of the absence of earnings during the course). Climb's results so far are hardly conclusive. It has released only the number of loan applications: just 10,000 since its founding in 2014. Many institutions it works with do not offer the four-year and two-year courses eligible for federal funding, which account for 19m students. 【B2】______ Past efforts to rank education providers based on the financial return they offer have struggled. The data are often drawn from patchy surveys. It is hard to compare different courses over different time spans. Climb tracks every loan it makes, along with data such as subject area, teacher, institution, job offers and salaries. Its interest rates average 9% a year, roughly double the government rate, and can be as high as 15%. It shuns some fields, such as acting or modelling, altogether, if there is no evidence that a course delivers a return. 【B3】______ Climb's credit offering covers 70 institutions; another 150 are being vetted. As many as 3,000 may eventually qualify. Climb's attraction is obvious: an expanded student base. But many will balk at the tough provisions Climb imposes. Students must be given a drop-out period, when they can leave without any loan obligation. (A review of data on conventional student loans suggested that those most likely to default had begun classes, taken on debt and then quit the course before they had acquired any new skills.) If a student does default, the school is usually responsible for more than 20% of the unpaid debt. 【B4】______ In conventional student loans, interest and principal accumulate silently. 【B5】______Climb students start making tiny payments as soon as they take out a loan (refunded if they drop out fast). Climb hopes to make its success-rate data public, to help both students and lenders. It already makes good use of its network of education providers: it has hired three former students from institutions within it.[A] Another twist on the traditional lending model is that Climb has managed to wring from the schools it's working with an agreement that reduces the amount of loans a student has to pay back if they aren't able to find a job.[B] Instead, its market for now is among the 5m studying in more focused programmes.[C] On graduation, the monthly repayment bill comes as a shock.[D] Rather, it focuses on sharp, quantifiable increases in earnings.[E] So far, the firm's approach has worked; its default rates are in the low single digits.[F] That gives it an incentive to pick students carefully and train them well.[G] Borrowers repay ClimbCredit based on the increase of their earnings minus the costs associated with servicing the loan.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

The cellphone, a device we have lived with for more than a decade, offers a good example of a popular technology"s unforeseen side effects. More than one billion are (1)_____ use around the world, and when asked, their (2)_____ say they love their phones for the safety and convenience (3)_____ provide. People also report that they are (4)_____ in their use of their phones. One opinion survey (5)_____ that "98 percent of Americans say they move away from (6)_____ when talking on a wireless phone in public" (7)_____ "86 percent say they "never" or "rarely" speak (8)_____ wireless phones" when conducting (9)_____ with clerks or bank tellers. Clearly, there exists a (10)_____ between our reported cellphone behavior and our actual behavior. Cellphone users that is to say, most of us are (11)_____ instigators and victims of this form of conversational panhandling, and it (12)_____ a cumulatively negative effect on social space. As the sociologist Erving Guttmann observed in another (13)_____, there is something deeply disturbing about people who are" (14)_____ contact" in social situations because they are blatantly refusing to (15)_____ to the norms of their immediate environment. Placing a cellphone call in public instantly transforms the strangers around you (16)_____ unwilling listeners who must cede to your use of the public (17)_____. a decidedly undemocratic effect for so democratic a technology. Listeners don"t always passively (18)_____ this situation: in recent years, people have been pepper-sprayed in movie theaters, (19)_____ from concert halls and deliberately rammed with cars as a result of (20)_____ behavior on their cellphones.

You got sick just two weeks before the final examination and were sent to hospital. One doctor treated you very well and you recovered soon. Write a letter of appreciation to the doctor (Ms. Green). You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Anyone paying attention to the debate over Social Security has heard a litany of dates. There"s 2018, when the program is expected to start taking in less in taxes than it pays out in benefits. And there"s 2042 (or 2052 by some estimates), when its trust fund is supposed to run out of money. (41)______. For years, the government has collected more in Social Security taxes than it needed to pay current benefits. Those excess collections are credited to the Social Security Trust Fund, ostensibly to pay future retirees. But there is no actual money in the fund. Instead, the government spends the money for other purposes and issues the fund IOUs. In 2009, the shell game begins to end. The amount by which Social Security taxes exceed benefits starts to shrink. (42)______. The problem could have been avoided, and it still could be reduced. If the rest of the budget was in good shape—and particularly if the government had stayed on the path it was on five years ago of buying down the national debt—lawmakers could simply re-borrow the money to pay benefits, They could have a leisurely debate over what, if anything, else to do. (43)______. This raises a question: If the biggest immediate problem of Social Security is that it will soon make the deficit worse, wouldn"t it be better to address the underlying deficit? In other words—as the Bush administration embarks on a 60-day, 60-stop tour to promote Social Security overhaul—are we really debating the right problem? (44)______. The money that bas been borrowed, or is projected to be borrowed, in President Bush"s two terms alone would come close to solving Social Security"s solvency problems for at least the next 75 years. The Office of Management and Budget projects cumulative borrowing of $2.6 trillion. The Social Security Administration estimates that $3.7 trillion would shore up the program until at least 2080. (45)______. Exploding Medicare and Medicaid costs, the loss of revenue because of the recent tax cuts and likely changes in the alternative minimum tax (AMT) present a bleak outlook over the next 10 years. Making the Bush tax cuts permanent and fixing the AMT could lead to deficits of about $650 billion to $750 billion by the middle of the next decade.A. By 2018—sooner, if private accounts are created—the flow reverses. Instead of spending a surplus, the government will need to begin paying off its IOUs. Absent large tax hikes or spending cuts, already astronomical deficits will skyrocket.B. The bottom line is that Washington, through profligate borrowing and policies that lock in red ink for years to come, is passing the burden to future generations. And the problem is getting worse.C. But the most important date will arrive sooner—in 2009. That"s when the cost of paying benefits to the first wave of retiring baby boomers will begin exposing the accounting gimmickry that is the true driver of the Social Security "crisis". To the extent a crisis exists, it is not really about Social Security. It is about decades of irresponsible budgeting that threatens future retirees.D. As bad as the current record deficits look ($427 billion this year alone), they likely will get worse in the next decade as the result of fiscal time bombs hard-wired into government spending and tax plans.E. Left unchecked, chronic deficits will more than offset any good that comes out of Social Security reform. Deficits make the government more beholden to its creditors, many of them foreign. As the national debt surges, so does the portion of the budget dedicated to paying interest on that debt.F. But that is not an option given the dire budgetary situation. Social Security will soon become a drain on a government already under tremendous fiscal stress. It"s the difference between having a zero balance on your credit card and being at your credit limit. If you"re maxed out, you lose the flexibility to take on new debt to deal with an expense.G. This is not to say Social Security reform—with or without the private accounts proposed by Bush—is not worthwhile. But it is only one of many necessary steps to put the nation on a sound fiscal footing and ensure that future generations will have a reasonably comfortable retirement.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. America"s liberal and conservative elites disagree about everything under the sun. from the role of God in the constitution to John Bolton"s table manners. Yet on one issue they are as one: the country is going to hell in a hand-basket. (41)______. For liberals, Americans are suffering from epidemics of "traumas" and "syndromes". The left has always worried about the effects of rapacious capitalism on the American psyche. Listen to Mary Pipher, a bestselling clinical psychologist, on girls: "Just as planes and ships disappear mysteriously into the Bermuda Triangle, so do the selves of girls go down in droves. They crash and burn" Or compare William Pollak, a Harvard psychologist, on boys: "Our nation is home to millions of boys who are cast out to sea in separate lifeboats, and feel that they are drowning in isolation, depression, loneliness and despair". Half an hour listening to "Oprah" or browsing in a bookshop could produce a dozen equally depressing theses, expressed in equally dismal metaphors, about every, sort of American. (42)______. This literature is built on one huge assumption: that Americans are a fragile bunch. Forget about the flinty Pilgrims who built a hyperpower out of a wilderness. Today"s Americans are so vulnerable they need to be shielded from competition. In their excellent new book, "One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-Reliance" (St. Martin"s Press). Christina Hoff Sommers and Sally Satel of the American Enterprise Institute, detail the rise of an ever-proliferating profession of grief counselors, trauma therapists, syndrome specialists, stress-reducers and assorted degree-bearing charlatans. (43)______. This book has naturally garnered favourable reviews from fellow conservatives. Yet the right is equally prey to its own variety of crisis-mongering. Conservatives blame sin, rather than syndromes, and cultural decline, rather than economic dislocation. But many share the left"s sense of human vulnerability, and a surprising number have a weakness for psychobabble. It is no accident that the most powerful man in the Christian right. James Dobson, the head of Focus on the Family, is both a child psychologist and a veritable fountain of social" science statistics. (44)______. For conservatives, the family is being battered by pop culture, gay rights and feminism. Rebecca Hagelin of the Heritage Foundation argues that, thanks in pan to the ubiquity of the porn culture, America has gone "stark raving mad" (to use the subtitle of her new book). Gloomy conservative groups issue toe-curling warnings about the "inexorable grip of homosexual lust" and "feminism"s love affair with abortion, and lesbianism". (45)______. Is this really true? Take a look at most of the recent cultural indicators, and it is hard to know where to start with the good news. The proportion of black children living with married parents is increasing. The proportion of women with infants in the. workforce (the women that is, not the infants) is declining, meaning that more mothers are staying at home. Both teenage pregnancy rates and teenage abortion rates have declined by about a third over the past 15 years. For all the talk of "hooking up", a growing proportion of schoolchildren are waiting to have sex until they are older. The good news is not confined to sex. Child poverty is down substantially from its high in 1993(whatever happened to the "disastrous consequences" of welfare reform?) So is juvenile crime. Alcohol and drug use are lower. The idea that young America is tossing about on a sea of misery hardly tallies with academic evidence, which shows 73% of teenagers to be "hopeful and optimistic, in thinking about the future" (a Horatio Alger study in 2002-03), a mere 7.5% of college students feeling frequently depressed (UCLA 2003) and the teen-suicide rate down by a quarter (the Centres for Disease Control. 2004).A. The literature assumes that Americans are vulnerable.B. The conservatives" opinions of Americans" psychological problemsC. The conservatives think that Americans are fragile.D. The liberals" opinions about the American psycheE. The conservatives regard the social problems as the cause of the American"s psychological problems.F. The recent data indicates that Americans have an improvement in many social problems.

For many years, smokers have been admonished to take the initiative and quit: chew nicotine gum, use a nicotine patch, take a prescription medication that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if they focus on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people may help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit. The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003, studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends. It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smokers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking effect—smokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. "It's not like one little star turning off at a time," he said. "Whole constellations are blinking off at once." As cluster after cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the margins of society, isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections. "Smokers used to be the center of the party," Dr. Fowler said, "but now they've become wallflowers." "We've known smoking was bad for your physical health," he said. "But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away." "There is an essential public health message," said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. "Obviously, people have to take responsibility for their behavior," Mr. Suzman said. But a social environment, he added, "can just overpower free will." With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Schroeder of the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, "a risk of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smoking—persons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both."

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points)A. The golden wedding-ring was put on her fingerB. The foreign groom and the local brideC. Angels, children escorting the brideD. Wedding hallE. Temple and atheistic groomF. Town hall, a happy bride and groom Ornamenting the two fingers is only the first step of the "long march". Angel was never as overloaded as today, running from here to there, busy ordering invitation cards and wedding clothes, booking church and restaurant, checking availability of the photographer, the pastor and the official in the town hall, looking for a new home. She was happy and excited. However this long wedding preparation process loaded down with trivial details, gave me a big headache. In France, more and more French cohabit instead of marrying. However, when they decide to marry, they still take their wedding ceremony seriously and usually follow the never changing three traditional chapters. (41)______. The third chapter is the wedding breakfast followed by a dance. (The first and the second chapter are the civil wedding and the church wedding). After the church wedding, the newly-weds normally invite their parents and friends to take part in a sumptuous meal and dance in the evening. After champagne flutes are raised all around, the dancing starts. The newly-weds take the lead, dancing lightly and finish the evening by tiredly tripping in to their bridal chamber and thus terminate the last chapter of the French marriage. (42)______. I grew up in the last seventies and early eighties, the "simple wedding" advocated by the Chinese government had been ingrained in my mind. One day finally I could not help revealing my wish for a simple wedding: "Darling, your wedding plans are far too long and over-elaborate. Let"s simplify them and reduce three chapters to only one. It"s enough to get married in the town hall!...No! Marriage is the most important event in my life. I want to make it grand and unforgettable." Angel refused to concede. However I really wanted to escape the church wedding. "Honey, I wasn"t baptized and being an atheist, I am not allowed to go to church. A church wedding is a burden for an atheist like me, and the church wedding for an atheist is also against church rules!" I presented my views vehemently, believing I had the best excuse in the world. "My dear, marriage is a sacred affair; we must go to the church. You are only aware of one aspect of a thing, but ignorant of another. I am a Protestant; there are no strict canons and mumbo-jumbos in Protestantism. If one of the two is Protestant, they are still allowed to marry in a Protestant church." I was rendered speechless. (43)______. The sacred moment arrived. The foreign groom and the local bride, surrounded by her family members, arrived at the marriage hall. "Do you take this woman as your wife?" "Yes!" A myriad of thoughts welled up in my mind: "I"d quit my highly-coveted job in China and gone through innumerable trials and tribulations to come to Europe to join my Chinese lover, but I was jilted. Now I"d found an oasis of love, but far from my homeland. The girl with me today, though from a different cultural background, with a different way of thinking and behaving, is simple, pure and kind hearted like an angel. I"d suffered from the wandering life in Europe. But after suffering comes happiness. In a few minutes she will proclaim the end of my wandering and homeless life." Full of deep feeling I gazed at this western beauty, shining with dazzling splendor and held her hand tight in mine. (44)______. "Do you take this man as your husband?" Brimming with tears, choking with sobs, Angel nodded her approval. Being a traditional French girl, she"d never expected that she would have fallen into the temptation of the "good but cheap Chinese merchandise" before her and would have crossed the frontier between Chinese and French cultures to marry a man with an exotic accent and a flat nose! (45)______. The church was resounding with the wedding sonata, angel and I walked up to the pastor to the beat of the music. Hand in hand, heart with heart, full of tender affection, we gave all the right answers to his questions. The golden wedding-ring on her left finger and paired up with her engagement ring on the right ring finger, both complementing each other"s radiance and beauty. Angel, now with two rings, became a real "valuable" bride. She slipped my finger with a simple ring onto my finger, and at the same time capturing my wandering heart. That evening, I, the foreign groom, with my Erru, two-stringed Chinese violin, together with Angel, the local bride, with her violin, successfully performed the most beautiful concerto of cross border marriage. "That spring is coming, the earth is smiling..." the hall was resounding to the strains of Strauss" joyful waltz while we were tripping away in a dance. At the climax of the music we swirled so quickly that both of us felt ourselves swoon in the glamour of our cross border marriage.

Everybody doesn't believe that rumor.

A Letter of Acknowledgement Write a letter of acknowledgement of about 100 words based on the following situation: You are taking charge of the recruitment of the Dance Association in your university, and you just received an application letter from a freshman Wendy. Now write her a letter of acknowledgement and tell her to wait for your reply next week. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Is the United States a melting pot? In other words, have immigrants to the USA merged with the native Americans and (1)_____ to be Germans, Japanese, Poles, Irish, etc? It has been (2)_____ a "pot of stew" might be a more suitable word than "melting pot", (3)_____ in a stew the meat and vegetables keep their own characteristics, but (4)_____ to the spices and the (5)_____ it is cooked, the stew has a distinctive flavor of its own. The implications of "melting pot" (6)_____ American social workers and language teachers, many of (7)_____ feel that racial and national groups should be encouraged to (8)_____ their customs, traditions and languages. At the same time it is agreed that all Americans, (9)_____ their origins, must learn to speak English clearly and fluently, and they must learn to (10)_____ themselves to the American way of life. However, there are ethnic groups who still (11)_____ together, who speak their own languages and have preserved many of their old customs. There are Hispanic (12)_____, e.g. Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, most of whom still speak Spanish as their (13)_____ language. There are the American Indians and (14)_____ Asian groups, all of whom speak their own languages. Then there are the 20 million blacks, who, (15)_____ they speak English, for the most part live separately. Many blacks are beginning to (16)_____ their roots right back to the African tribes (17)_____ which their ancestors were torn in the days of slavery and some of them are (18)_____ themselves more and more with Africa. Some black leaders (19)_____, reminding them that their culture and their language are not African. They are American. But many blacks are (20)_____ bitter against white culture to feel American.

Since October 1, it has been illegal for any business to discriminate against disabled people, either during the recruitment process or at work, and disability rights campaigners says that employers must make better use of new technology to help them fulfill their new obligations. Amendments to the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) require all Businesses, not just those with more than 15 employees as previously, to make "reasonable adjustments" to workplaces to accommodate the disabled. Such adjustments include buying new equipment or modifying existing systems so that disabled people can use them. But many employers are failing to investigate potentially useful changes or upgrades to systems. They are also failing to claim generous access to work grants from the government, designed to cover the cost of adapting or re-equipping a workplace, extra training or hiring human assistants like sign language interpreters. Ruth Loehl, a senior ICT development officer at the Royal National Institute for the Blind, says: "The technology is there and the funding is there. But many employers and employees don"t know what"s available. It"s patchy across the country. "Access to Work grants can cover up to 100 percent of the cost of new or adapted equipment, says Ms. Loehl. "You shouldn"t have to pay any more to employ a blind person." Lynne Nelson, employment coordinator for the Royal National Institute for the Deaf agrees: "Technology is very much underused. Employers are not aware of what"s available and they"re more reactive than proactive." Complying with the act could be as easy as rearranging an office so that the light is better for a deaf person to lip-read. At the other end of the scale, it could mean investing in a cutting edge messaging system which combines computers and phones, converting text messages into voice messages for blind or partially sighted employees and incorporating voice recognition software for people unable to use a conventional keyboard and mouse. Changing font sizes and shapes and using different background colours can all help to make computer-screen displays more legible and accessible for visually impaired users. Screen magnifier programmes are available to enlarge text. Screen reader software will read out the content of email boxes or websites. Commercial websites now incorporate alt. tags, phrases or sentences which describe images on sites to blind and partially sighted users through screen readers. But some sites still carry images described simply as "corporate logo" or "image". A survey by the Disability Rights Commission earlier this year found that 81 percent of websites were inaccessible or difficult to use, often because of badly worded alt. tags or because the software was blocking attempts to change fonts or colours.