She is very patient towards her husband, which her husband seldom is to her.

In 1879, Richard Henry Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian School, a remarkable 40-year chapter in this country"s failed social policy regarding Native Americans. Pratt"s faith could be simply described as: "Kill the Indian, Save the Man!" to eradicate any manifestations of their native culture. When four decades of forcible education ended in 1918, it wasn"t clear what Pratt"s experiment had killed and what it had saved. But there was one indisputably notable legacy—the Carlisle football team. In the early 20th century, the Carlisle Indians ascended to the pinnacle(顶点) of the collegiate game. In those years, it began to engage all the Ivy football powers on the gridiron(运动场). And from 1911 to 1913, including the season in which the legendary Jim Thorpe returned from the Olympics to score 25 touchdowns, Carlisle had a 38-3 record, including a 27-6 rout of West Point. Washington Post sportswriter Sally Jenkins has produced a fascinating new book, "The Real All Americans": The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation (Doubleday. $24.95), that examines the Carlisle legend in wonderful detail. At the turn of the century, football was exploding on the college scene, particularly at the Ivy elites, where the sons of the gentry could prepare for the rigors of leadership on the gridiron. They preferred their football brutal. Conversely, the Carlisle team was undermanned and seriously undersized. But Carlisle was blessed with gifted athletes and a wizard of a coach, Pop Warner. Because Carlisle couldn"t match the brute force of its rivals, Warner created an entirely new brand of football, relying on speed, deception and guile. In that 1903 Harvard game, Carlisle used the hidden ball trick to score on the second-half kickoff. While the return man pretended to cradle the ball, another player had it tucked into a pocket sewn inside the back of his jersey and ran unmolested 103 yards for a touchdown. Carlisle developed new blocking techniques that compensated for its size disadvantage: the spiral throw that put the long pass, with its premium(优势) on speed, into the offense and a repertoire of fakes; reverses and misdirection that remain a central part of the game. It took brains to concoct the schemes and intelligence to execute them. These innovations did not go unrecognized. After Carlisle trounced Army in 1912, The New York Times hailed the conquerors from Carlisle for playing "the most perfect brand of football ever seen in America". Still, today this country celebrates football like no other sport. Jenkins does a marvelous job of making an intimate connection between our beloved, modern game and the unlikely team that, a century ago, helped make it what it is today.

Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture. To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quirk-fix solution that will not alleviate the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing do you a 1950s-style construction program. The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by, treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of this advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic. Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a "smart corridor", is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement. Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communications linked to properly equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours. Not all traffic experts, l however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock. Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem. "Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently," explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the Worldwatch Institute. "It doesn"t deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can"t be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message. They start thinking. Yes, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that"s been solved now because we have an advanced high-tech system in place. Larson agrees and adds, Smart highways is just one of the tools that we will use to deal with our traffic problems. It"s not the solution itself, just part of the package. There are different strategies." Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway. It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.

Teach for America (TFA) was founded by Wendy Kopp in 1990. It is a non-profit organisation that recruits top-notch graduates from elite institutions and gets them to teach for two years in struggling state schools in poor areas. I had thought the programme was about getting more high-quality teachers — but that, it appears, is a secondary benefit. "This is about enlisting the energy of our country"s future leaders in its long-term educational needs, and eliminating inequity, " Wendy explains. It"s great if "corps members", as TFA calls its active teachers, stay in the classroom — and many do, and rise quickly through the ranks. But the "alums", as she calls those who have finished their two-year teaching, who don"t stay in schools often go on to lead in other fields, meaning that increasing numbers of influential people in all walks of life learn that it is possible to teach successfully in low-income communities, and just what it takes. "It means you realise that we can solve this problem. " As she continues to talk I realise that TFA is — in the best possible sense — a cult. It has its own language ("corps members", "alums"), recruits are instilled ("We tell them that it can be done, that we know of hundreds, thousands, of teachers attaining tremendous success"), go through an ordeal ("Everyone hits the wall in week three in the classroom"), emerge transformed by privileged knowledge ("Once you know what we know — that kids in poor urban areas can excel — you can accomplish different things") and can never leave (alumni form a growing, and influential, network). I have not seen the same zeal when talking to those on the equivalent programme in England, Teach First. , in which the missionary-style language imported from America had to be toned down, because it just didn"t suit the restrained English style. But could that fervour be necessary for its success? Chester, an alum, takes me to visit three TFA corps members at a middle school in the Bronx. They are impressive young people, and their zeal is evident. Two intend to stay in teaching; both want to open charter schools. One, a Hispanic woman, is working out with a friend how to educate migrant Hispanic labourers in Texas; the other would like to open a "green" charter, but in the meantime he has accepted a job with the KIPP charter group in Newark, New Jersey. All three are tired. Their classrooms are not much like the rest of the school where they work, and their heroic efforts are only supported by Chester and each other, not by their co-workers. "The first year was unbelievably bad, " one tells me. "So many years with low expectations meant a lot of resistance from the kids. Eventually they saw the power and the growth they were capable of. "

Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofchallenge.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge.Youshouldneatlywrite160—200words.

After watching my mother deal with our family of five, I can"t understand why her answer to the question, "What do you do?" is always, "Oh, I"m just a housewife." JUST a housewife? Anyone who spends most of her time in meal preparation and clean-up, washing and drying clothes, keeping the house clean, leading a scout troop, playing taxi driver to us kids when it"s time for school, music lessons or the dentist, doing volunteer work for her favorite charity, and making sure that all our family needs are met is not JUST a housewife, She"s the real Wonder Woman. Why is it that so many mothers like mine think of themselves as second-class or something similar? Where has this notion come from? Have we males made them feel this way? Has our society made "going to work" outside the home seem more important than what a house wife must face each day? I would be very curious to see what would happen if a housewife went on strike. Dishes would pile up. Food in the house would run out. No meals would appear on the table. There would be no clean clothes when needed. High boots would be required just to make it through the house scattered with garbage. Walking and bus riding would increase. Those scout troops would have to break up. Charities would suffer. I doubt if the man of the house would be able to take over. Oh, he might start out with the attitude that he can do just as good a job, but how long would that last? Not long, once he had to come home each night after work to more household duties. There would be no more coming home to a prepared meal; he"d have to fix it himself. The kids would all be screaming for something to eat, clean clothes and more bus fare money. Once he quieted the kids, he"d have to clean the house, go shopping, make sure that kids got a bath, and fix lunches for the next day. Once the kids were down for the night, he might be able to crawl into an unmade bed and, try to read the morning newspaper. No, I don"t think many males are going to volunteer for the job. I know I don"t want it. So, thanks, mom! I"ll do what I can to create a national holiday for housewives. It could be appropriately called Wonder Woman Day.

After World War II the glorification of an ever-larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country"s radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP. The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan"s educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country"s universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments. The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.Notes:heretic 异教徒sanitary 卫生的for the most part 基本上receptacle 储存地

[A]Asmightbeexpected,countermeasurestosniffoutsuchdeceptionarebeingdeveloped.NuanceCommunications,amakerofvoice-activatedsoftware,isworkingonalgorithmsthatdetecttinyskipsinfrequencyatthepointswhereslicesofspeecharestucktogether.Adobe,bestknownasthemakerofPhotoshop,animage-editingsoftwaresuite,saysthatitmayencodedigitalwatermarksintospeechfabricatedbyavoice-cloningfeaturecalledVoCoitisdeveloping.Suchwizardrymayhelpcomputersflagupsuspiciousspeech.Evenso,itiseasytoimaginethemayhemthatmightbecreatedinaworldwhichmakesiteasytoputauthentic-soundingwordsintothemouthsofadversaries—betheycolleaguesorheadsofstate.[B]Untilrecently,voicecloning—orvoicebanking,asitwasthenknown—wasabespokeindustrywhichservedthoseatriskoflosingthepowerofspeechtocancerorsurgery.Creatingasyntheticcopyofavoicewasalengthyandpriceyprocess.Itmeantrecordingmanyphrases,eachspokenmanytimes,withdifferentemotionalemphasesandindifferentcontexts(statement,question,commandandsoforth),inordertocoverallpossiblepronunciations.[C]Moretroubling,anyvoice—includingthatofastranger—canbeclonedifdecentrecordingsareavailableonYouTubeorelsewhere.ResearchersattheUniversityofAlabama,Birmingham,ledbyNiteshSaxena,wereabletouseFestvoxtoclonevoicesbasedononlyfiveminutesofspeechretrievedonline.Whentestedagainstvoice-biometricssoftwarelikethatusedbymanybankstoblockunauthorisedaccesstoaccounts,morethan80%ofthefakevoicestrickedthecomputer.AlanBlack,oneofFestvox'sdevelopers,reckonssystemsthatrelyonvoice-IDsoftwarearenow"deeply,fundamentallyinsecure".[D]NextyearVivoTextplanstoreleaseanappthatletsusersselecttheemphasis,speedandlevelofhappinessorsadnesswithwhichindividualwordsandphrasesareproduced.MrSilbertreferstotheemotivequalityofthehumanvoiceas"theultimateinstrument".Yetthispoweralsotroubleshim.VivoTextlicensesitssoftwaretoHasbro,anAmericantoymakerkeentosellincreasinglyinteractiveplaythings.Hasbroisaware,MrSilbertnotes,thatwithoutsafeguardsaprankstermight,forexample,typecursesonhismother'ssmartphoneinordertoseeayoungersiblingburstintotearsonhearingthemspokenbyatoyusingmum'svoice.[E]Notanymore.Softwareexiststhatcanstoresliversofrecordedspeechamerefivemillisecondslong,eachannotatedwithaprecisepitch.Thesecanbeshuffledtogethertomakenewwords,andtweakedindividuallysothattheyfitharmoniouslyintotheirnewsonichomes.Thisismuchcheaperthanconventionalvoicebanking,andpermitsnovelusestobedeveloped.[F]Utter160orsoFrenchorEnglishphrasesintoaphoneappdevelopedbyCandyVoice,anewParisiancompany,andtheapp'ssoftwarewillreassembletinyslicesofthosesoundstoenunciate,inaplausiblesimulacrumofyourowndulcettones,whatevertypedwordsitissubsequentlyfed.Ineffect,theapphasclonedyourvoice.TheresultstillsoundsalittlesyntheticbutCandyVoice'sboss,Jean-LucCrébouw,reckonsadvancesinthefirm'salgorithmswillrenderitincreasinglynatural.SimilarsoftwareforEnglishandfourwidelyspokenIndianlanguages,developedunderthenameofFestvox,byCarnegieMellonUniversity'sLanguageTechnologiesInstitute,isalsoavailable.[G]And,lestpeoplegetsmugabouttheinferiorityofmachines,humanshaveprovedonlyalittlehardertofoolthansoftwareis.DrSaxenaandhiscolleaguesaskedvolunteersifavoicesamplebelongedtoapersonwhoserealspeechtheyhadjustlistenedtoforabout90seconds.Thevolunteersrecognisedclonedspeechassuchonlyhalfthetime(i.e.nobetterthanchance).Theupshot,accordingtoGeorgePapcun,anexpertwitnesspaidtodetectfakedrecordingsproducedasevidenceincourt,istheemergenceofatechnologywith"enormouspotentialvaluefordisinformation".DrPapcun,whopreviouslyworkedasaspeech-synthesisscientistatLosAlamosNationalLaboratory,pondersonthingsliketheabilitytocloneanenemyleader'svoiceinwartime.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about some tips for getting work/life in balance. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(1-5). There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. [A]Learn to Better Manage Your Time [B]Find a New Job [C]Share the Load [D]Set Priorities [E]Negotiate a Change with Your Current Employer [F]Don"t Sweat the Small Stuff [G]Slow Down Here are some tips to help you achieve a better balance in your life. Take a moment to read and reflect on these tips—and then get your life in balance! 【C1】______ Progressive employers recognize the value of good employees, and many are willing to find ways to help current employees deal with short-term or permanent changes caused by family situations. The changes can include flextime, job-sharing, telecommuting, or part-time employment. Your first step is to research your employer"s policies and methods of handling previous requests. Then go to your boss armed with information and a plan that shows how you will be an even more valuable and productive employee if you can modify your current work situation. Find a New Career. Some careers are simply more stressful and time-consuming than others. If you need more time for yourself or your family, now may be the time to explore careers that are less stressful and more flexible. 【C2】______ Rather than a career change, perhaps you simply need to take a less stressful job within your chosen career. This change may involve working with your current employer to identify a new position, it may involve a full job-search, or it may involve temping or becoming a consultant or starting a freelancing or other home-based business. 【C3】______ Life is simply too short, so don"t let things pass you in a blur. Take steps to stop and enjoy the things and people around you. Schedule more time between meetings; don"t make plans for every evening or weekend, and find some ways to distance yourself from the things that are causing you the most stress. 【C4】______ Even though we may sometimes feel we"re the only ones capable of doing something, it"s usually not the case. Get your partner or other family members to help you with all your personal/family responsibilities. Taking care of the household, children, or parents should not be the responsibility of just one person. 【C5】______ It"s simpler said than done, but learn to let things go once in a while. So what if the dishes don"t get washed everyday or that the house doesn"t get vacuumed every week. Learn to recognize the things that don"t really have much impact in your life and allow yourself to let them go—and then not beat yourself up for doing so. Explore Your Options. Get Help. If you are feeling overwhelmed with your family responsibilities, please get help if you can afford it. Find a sitter for your children, explore options for aging parents, and seek counseling for yourself. In many cases, you have options, but you need to take the time to find them. Simplify. It seems human nature for just about everyone to take on too many tasks and responsibilities, to try to do too much, and to own too much. Find a way to simplify your life. Change your lifestyle. Learn to say no to requests for help. Get rid of the clutter and baggage in your house—and your life. In the end, the key word is balance. You need to find the right balance that works for you. Celebrate your successes and don"t dwell on your failures. Life is a process, and so is striving for balance in your life.

Do people get happier or more foul-tempered as they age? Stereotypes of irritable neighbors【C1】______,scientists have been trying to answer this question for decades, and the results have been【C2】______. Now a study of several thousand Americans born between 1885 and 1980 reveals that well-being【C3】______ increases with age but overall happiness【C4】______when a person was born. 【C5】______studies that have【C6】______older adults with the middle-aged and young have sometimes found that older adults are not as happy. But these studies could not【C7】______whether their【C8】______was because of their age or be cause of their【C9】______life experience. The new study, published online January 24 in Psychological Science, 【C10】______ out the answer by examining 30 years of data on thousands of Americans, including【C11】______measures of mood and well-being, reports of job and relationship success, and objective measures of health. The researchers found, after controlling for variables【C12】______health, wealth, gender, ethnicity and education, that well-being increases over everyone" s lifetime.【C13】______people who have lived through extreme hardship, such as the Great Depression,【C14】______much less happy than those who have had more【C15】______lives. This finding helps to【C16】______why past studies have found conflicting results—experience【C17】______, and tough times can【C18】______an entire generation"s happiness for the rest of their lives. The【C19】______news is,【C20】______we"ve lived through, we can all look forward to feeling more content as we age.

He is far from pleased.

BSection III Writing/B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

On America's Gulf coast, massive industrial facilities stand idle. Miles of twisting stainless-steel pipes and huge storage tanks gleam uselessly in the sun. They are a reminder of the hundreds of billions of dollars that America has invested in terminals for handling imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Thanks to the boom in domestic shale gas, those imports are no longer needed. America produces nearly as much gas as it consumes, and will soon produce far more. So the obvious thing to do with those idle terminals is to re-engineer them to handle exports. Instead of receiving shiploads of liquefied gas and re-gasifying it, they should be taking American gas, liquefying it and loading it onto tankers. Converting these plants will not be cheap—each one will cost at least $5 billion. But the potential rewards are much larger. In America gas sells for around $3.40 per million British thermal units (mBTU). In Europe it costs around $12. In gas-poor Asia, spot cargoes change hands for as much as $20 per mBTU. Since it costs roughly $5 per mBTU to liquefy the stuff, ship it and turn it back into gas, America could be making a fortune from gas exports. To the extent that such exports displaced dirty coal, they would also help curb global warming. Most of America's two dozen LNG import terminals have applied for export licences. Yet only one, Sabine Pass in Louisiana, has actually started retooling its kit. Gas from there will start flowing onto global markets by the end of 2015. Why has every other terminal been so slow to seize this opportunity? Converting a plant is not easy: firms must build now upon row of expensive fridges, known as "liquefaction trains", to get gas moving in the opposite direction. But the real hold-up is political. No LNG facility besides Sabine has yet received permission to export. American law requires the Department of Energy to determine whether gas exports are in the public interest, and President Barack Obama's administration is in no hurry to make up its mind.

The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called old (or Anglo-Saxon) English, Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D, though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the seventh century or a bit later. By that time, Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the vocabulary, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The period of Middle English extends roughly form the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the vocabulary continued throughout the period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others accelerated, and many changes took place within the grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, specially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as the prose of Old English, but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in vowel distribution that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively brought the language to something resembling its present pattern. Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin, and to a lesser extent, Greek on the vocabulary. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.

Advances in computers and data networks inspire visions of a future "information economy" in which everyone will have (1)_____ to gigabytes of all kinds of information anywhere and anytime, (2)_____ information has always been a (3)_____ difficult commodity to deal with, and, in some ways, computers and high-speed networks make the problems of buying, (4)_____, and distributing information goods worse (5)_____ better. The evolution of the Internet itself (6)_____ serious problems. (7)_____ the Internet has been privatized, several companies are (8)_____ to provide the backbones that will carry traffic (9)_____ local networks, but (10)_____ business models for interconnection—who pays how much for each packet (11)_____, for example—have (12)_____ to be developed. (13)_____ interconnection standards are developed that make (14)_____ cheap and easy to transmit information across independent networks, competition will (15)_____. If technical or economic (16)_____ make interconnection difficult, (17)_____ transmitting data across multiple networks is expensive or too slow, the (18)_____ suppliers can offer a significant performance (19)_____; they may be able to use this edge to drive out competitors and (20)_____ the market.

Productivity is increased three fold.

Write a letter to your friend Jimmy to advise him not to overstudy himself. Your should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

The more parents talk to their children, the faster those children"s vocabularies grow and the better their intelligence develops. In 1995, Betty Hart and Todd Risley of the University of Kansas found a close【C1】______between the number of words a child"s parents had spoken to him【C2】______the time he was three and his【C3】______success at the age of nine. At three, children born into professional families had【C4】______30m more words than those from a poorer background. This observation has profound【C5】______for policies about babies and their parents. It suggests that sending children to "preschool" (【C6】______or kindergartens) at the age of four—a favored【C7】______among policymakers—comes too late to【C8】______for educational shortcomings at home.【C9】______, understanding of how children"s vocabularies develop is growing. One of the most striking【C10】______came from Anne Fernald, who has found that the difference【C11】______well before a child is three. Even at the【C12】______age of 18 months, when most toddlers speak only a dozen words, those from【C13】______families are several months behind other more favored children. 【C14】______, Dr Fernald thinks the differentiation starts at birth. She 【C15】______ how quickly toddlers process language by sitting them on their mothers" laps and showing them two images; a dog and a ball. A recorded voice tells the toddler to look at the ball while a camera records his【C16】______. This lets Dr Fernald【C17】______the moment the child"s gaze begins【C18】______towards the correct image. At 18 months, toddlers from【C19】______backgrounds can identify the correct object in 750 milliseconds—200 milliseconds faster than those from poorer families. This, says Dr Fernald, is a【C20】______difference.

(46) The prospect of cloning humans has come a step closer as doctors have successfully replicated in human eggs techniques used to create Dolly the cloned sheep. (47) The breakthrough by a team from the New York University Medical Center means that nearly all the scientific work necessary to create genetically identical copies of humans is complete. Only moral and legal questions now prevent scientists from creating clones. Dr. Robert Forman, of the Center for Reproductive Medicine in London, said human cloning was" a couple of scientific tweaks" away and could soon take place in a less tightly regulated country outside Europe or the United States. (48) Campaigners opposed to embryo research said they are appalled at the pace of work that threatened to create cloned babies before the end of the century possibly in a technologically ambitious country such as China. Doctors could then offer their services to westerners seeking to clone themselves or relatives. The New York team, led by Dr. James Grifo, is trying to improve the chances of older women having their own babies. The majority of women aged over 40 suffer chromosome damage in their eggs while the nucleus of the egg is ripening. This is due to weaknesses in the cytoplasmic jelly which nourishes the nucleus before it is fertilized by sperm. (49) Grifo, using the nucleus transfer system developed by scientists working on Dolly, has transferred chromosomes from an older woman into a younger woman"s discarded egg which had had its chromosomes removed. Last week Grifo was reported as saying that under American and British law he could not make the next logical move without taking "unethical" steps—such as experimenting on an egg intended for fertilization. The next move, said Grifo, would be to fertilize the egg with sperm and turn it into an embryo. (50) Alternatively, he could fuse the nucleus with other genetic material from the mother, such as a patch of skin to complete the DNA building blueprint, and transfer it into an egg chemically primed to grow as if it had been fertilized—as took place with Dolly"s mother. The result would be America"s first human clone. Agneta Sutton, of the anti-cloning pressure group CORE, suspects the first human clone has already been born in a private laboratory: "Responsible doctors may have moral qualms but the science is so advanced that no law appears strong enough to stop it. The Boys from Brazil and all those other nightmare sceneries concerning cloned Hilters and other monsters, are about to come true."