Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.

Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 【B1】______ making mistakes. It is actually caused by 【B2】______ of your"body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological【B3】______. The body clock is designed for a【B4】______rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 【B5】______ daylight and darkness at the "wrong" times in a new time zone. The【B6】______of jetlag often persist for days【B7】______the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is【B8】______that is based on proven【B9】______pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede had【B10】______a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone【B11】______controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates【B12】______of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either【B13】______or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule【B14】______light exposure depends a great deal on【B15】______travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual' s sleep【B16】______are used to produce a Trip Guide with【B17】______on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls【B18】______bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad,【B19】______you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light【B20】______for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

The empty house, in a middle-class corner of southern California, is two storeys high and boasts a three-car garage. Roses bloom around a kidney-shaped swimming pool, which is green with algae. Bill Bobbitt, a county inspector, dips a ladle into the water and brings up half a dozen wriggling larvae. Mosquitoes, and the West Nile virus that some of them carry, are thriving in California"s plunging property market. West Nile virus arrived in America in 1999 and made it to California three years later. Since then it is known to have infected 2,300 people in the state, of whom 76 have died. In Orange County this is the worst summer yet. By this point last year officials there had discovered nine birds that had been killed by West Nile virus and not one infected mosquito. So far this year they have found 219 infected birds and 75 infected mosquitoes. Some of this rise is due to better testing and co-operation with the animal services department, which receives most reports of dying birds. But a much bigger cause is the housing crunch. Fully 63,000 homes were foreclosed in California between April and June, according to DataQuick, a property data services outfit. In the past year the number of Orange County homeowners who have defaulted on their mortgages has more than doubled. Empty houses mean untended pools. Untended pools quickly breed mosquitoes. Dead birds are also piling up in neighbouring counties like Los Angeles, San Diego and San Bernardino, which also have high foreclosure rates. Last week 170 infected mosquitoes were discovered in the state as a whole-the highest tally ever. So far this year i3 human infections have been reported in California, but the numbers are expected to grow rapidly as the summer moves on. John Rusmisel, president-elect of the board responsible for killing the critters, says a peak in infected mosquitoes is generally followed, two or three weeks later, by a peak in human cases. In theory, owners are supposed to keep their properties in decent shape whether they live there or not. California has even passed a bill fining banks and mortgage companies that seize properties and then allow pools to fester. But Mr Bobbitt isn"t waiting for the lawyers. He has treated the pool in Santa Ana with oil and synthetic growth hormones, which will keep the mosquitoes adolescent, preventing breeding. Then he tips in a few dozen mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), which begin happily launching larvae. You can buy a lot of the fish for what a lawyer charges per hour, and some authorities, with commendable creativity, even provide them free to help control the pests.

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingtable.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethetable,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold. Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontier, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have be6n reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the word were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect. In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge. Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centres of learning, a far greater number of scholars and students. In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced study has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries. Frequently these specialisations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalised schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus. But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.

It is a cherished Brussels maxim that the European Union takes its greatest leaps forwards in a crisis— and then only after several false starts.【F1】 Thus for Euro-optimists, the fact that it has taken EU leaders nearly three months to deliver a promised rescue package for Greece is less important than the fact that on May 2nd the block finally leapt, setting in motion the biggest sovereign bail out plan in EU history. Meeting in Brussels, finance ministers from the 16 countries that use the single currency accepted the need to stump up more than ￠110 billion ($146 billion) over the next three years. In effect, the rescue funds will replace commercial borrowing from the financial markets between now and 2012.【F2】 The hope is that will buy Greece time to bring its deficit under control through savage cuts in public spending: Greece has agreed to austerity measures worth 13% of national income over the next four years. So is this a big leap forward: the start of an economic union willing to transfer vast sums from rich regions to ropier members of the club, in the interests of all? For the moment, scepticism is in order. The pattern of the past three months has been a series of gambles by EU leaders.【F3】 Their bet, each time, has been that a fierce enough political declaration will intimidate markets into backing away from a weak member of the club. This latest announcement looks different but it is not: it is just the biggest and fiercest declaration yet that markets should leave the eurozone alone. There is more political will to defend the eurozone than there was three months ago. But there is not a trillion euros worth of political will out there.【F4】 That is mostly because this is such a dynamic crisis: EU political will to act has deepened and strengthened over the past three months, and continues to do so. But the strengthening of EU political will has not kept pace with the worsening of the crisis. All that means this does not (yet) look like a great leap forwards.【F5】 Noting that Greece is going to have to make deep and painful cuts to public sector pay and benefits while raising taxes sharply, Mrs. Merkel, the German chancellor, said those harsh terms would deter other euro zone countries from getting into similar pickles. Other heavily indebted governments would "see that Greece's path, with the IMF's strict terms, is not easy, so they will do everything to avoid that for themselves."

Never has a straitjacket seemed so ill-fitting or so insecure. The Euro area"s "stability and growth pact" was supposed to stop irresponsible member states running excessive budget deficits, defined as 3% of GDP or more. Chief among the restraints was the threat of large fines if member governments breached the limit for three years in a row. For some time now, no one has seriously believed those restraints would hold. In the early hours of Tuesday November 25th, the Euro"s fiscal straitjacket finally came apart at the seams. The pact"s fate was sealed over an extended dinner meeting of the euro area"s 12 finance ministers. They chewed over the sorry fiscal record of the Euro"s two largest members, France and Germany. Both governments ran deficits of more than 3% of GDP last year and will do so again this year. Both expect to breach the limit for the third time in 2004. Earlier this year the European Commission, which polices the pact, agreed to give both countries an extra year, until 2005, to bring their deficits back into line. But it also instructed them to revisit their budget plans for 2004 and make extra cuts. France was asked to cut its underlying, cyclically adjusted deficit by a full 1% of GDP, Germany by 0.8%. Both resisted. Under the pact"s hales, the commission"s prescriptions have no force until formally endorsed in a vote by the Euro area"s finance ministers, known as the "Euro-group". And the votes were simply not there. Instead, the Euro-group agreed on a set of proposals of, its own, drawn up by the Italian finance minister, Giulio Tremonti. France will cut its structural deficit by 0.8% of GDP next year, Germany by 0.6%. In 2005, both will bring their deficits below 3%, economic growth permitting. Nothing will enforce or guarantee this agreement except France and Germany"s word. The European Central Bank (ECB) was alarmed at this outcome, the commission was dismayed, and the smaller Euro-area countries who opposed the deal were apoplectic: treaty law was giving way to the "Franco, German steamroller", as Le Figaro, a French newspaper, put it. This seething anger will sour European politics and may spill over into negotiations on a proposed EU constitution. Having thrown their weight around this week, France and Germany may find other smaller members more reluctant than ever to give ground in the negotiations on the document. Spain opposes the draft constitution because it will give it substantially less voting weight than it currently enjoys. It sided against France and Germany on Tuesday, and will point to their fiscal transgressions to show that the EU"s big countries do not deserve the extra power the proposed constitution will give them.

Dr. Norman Rosenthal, a psychiatrist in the Washington area and an expert on depression and anger, when reviewing the driver who kept threatening me says, drivers who repeatedly tailgate(紧跟着某车驾驶), trying to pressure the cars in front to move faster or get out of the way, "are always sitting on their arteries", which constricts in response to stress hormones that spew forth from their adrenal (46) It is hard to say whether rage is now more common than it used to be or we are simply now more aware of it, given high-profile cases like mass shootings by children and evidence that chronically angry people endanger their health, their lobs and their personal relationships. For example, in a 25-year follow-up study of University of North Carolina medical students, Dr. John Barefoot, now at Duke, found that those who scored highest in hostility on a standard personality rest were nearly five rimes as likely to die of heart disease as their less hostile classmates. (47) Certainly pressures built into many modern lives—urban, suburban and rural—give many opportunities for latent anger to erupt. But that does not mean frequent hostile outbursts are either inevitable or productive. As Dr. Rosenthal wrote, "In most everyday situations we are more likely to pay a greater price for losing our temper than for not getting our licks in quickly enough". The advice to count to 10, and if you"re still angry, count to 100 before you take any action, is far from an old wife"s tale. Dr. Rosenthal said the driver threatening me appeared to attribute hostile motives to other people. In his mind I deliberately made his life difficult and he was determined to teach me a lesson. Furthermore, he said, common misperceptions often fuel anger. Some people, especially those who are depressed, see hostility where it does not exist. (48) They believe—Incorrectly—that others feel hostile or critical toward them and tend to defend themselves, in the process actually provoking hostility and a vicious cycle of anger. (49) Others operate from a misperception that the world should be other than it is and become enraged when disturbed by the ordinary hassles and inconveniences of everyday life—an airport delay, a traffic jam, a person who breaks into a line. Dr. Rosenthal told of a friend who was often angered by long red lights and whose wife "minds him gently that the red light doesn"t care, so he might as well save his fury". (50) The psychiatrist noted that "it is easier to change your expectations and recognize that life is often neither fair nor easy than it is to change the world". Sometimes chemical influences—like excessive caffeine, steroids, diet drugs and antidepressants—foster irritability. If medications may be contributing to your anger, discuss this possibility with your physician.

A self-described socialist and former shop steward, Sir Alex was an odd fit with the centrist Mr. Blair. Yet he was much less impressed by Blair's successor, Gordon Brown—though he was also born in Glasgow and is a lifelong football fan. Nor could Sir Alex quarrel with New Labour's embrace of the market. English football has become the world's best because it pays the most: the average weekly wage in the premiership rose by 1,500% between 1992 and 2010. Sir Alex was well rewarded, too; he named his mansion Fairfields, after the ship-making factory where his father once laboured. Sir Alex's success was based on his enthusiastic embrace of globalisation, something too many people in Labour are still uncomfortable with. He inherited a team that contained two Danes, four Irishmen and 18 Britons. He leaves a squad with players from a dozen countries, including Serbia, Ecuador and Japan. In public-policy terms, United runs both a superb domestic education system and a liberal immigration policy. This is a lesson Labour's current leader, Ed Miliband, badly needs to learn—having expressed regret, in a vague but toe-curling (令人厌恶的) way, that his New Labour forebears let so many foreigners in. Oddly, perhaps the politician Sir Alex most resembles was not of Labour at all; but rather its Tory female, Margaret Thatcher. He claimed to dislike her. Yet they are similar. Both won global successes through a combination of simple truths and constant drive. Both shared aspiration and opportunity. Both made Britain great. Sir Alex would now do well to avoid Lady Thatcher's biggest mistake: by lingering at the scene of his triumph. He plans to stay on at United as a director and perhaps instructor to his successor, David Moyes, another able manager and working-class Scot. But such arrangement rarely works. It would be better, after such a glorious career, if he conceded that Fergie time is now over.

Boys and girls used to grow up and set aside their childish pursuits. Not anymore. These days, men and women hold on to their inner kid. They live with their parents far longer than previous generations. They"re getting married later. Even when they have kids, moms and dads download pop songs for their cell phone ringtones, play video games, watch cartoons, and indulge in foods from their childhood. Christopher Noxon explores this Peter Pan culture in his new book, Rejuvenile: Kickball, Cartoons, Cupcakes, and the Reinvention of the American Grownup. For rejuveniles today, all roads lead back to Peter Pan and the turn of the twentieth century. The natural capacities of children, which for centuries had been viewed as weak and obstinate were over the course of these few years discovered as a primary source of inspiration and profit. It would be another century before the rejuvenile rebellion we know today, but resistance to what historian Woody Register calls "the weakening prudence, restraint and solemnity of growing up" began here, with the first flight of Pan and the dawn of the twentieth century. The temptation today is to think of adulthood as a historic and natural fact. In a 2004 essay on "The Perpetual Adolescent," Joseph Epstein wrote that adulthood was treated as the "lengthiest and most earnest part of life, where everything serious happened." To stray outside the defined boundaries of adulthood, he wrote, was "to go against what was natural and thereby to appear inappropriate, to put one"s world somehow out of joint." Before the Industrial Revolution, no one thought much about adulthood, and even less about childhood. In sixteenth-century Europe, for instance, "children shared the same games with adults, the same toys, and the same fairy stories. They lived their lives together, never apart," notes historian J.H. Plumb. This shouldn"t suggest that people in the past didn"t distinguish between kids and grown-ups. Of course they did. The distinction forms the basis of rites of passage that are as old as human history. A-mazonian initiation rites, Jewish Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Christian confirmations—all serve the same basic function: to formally announce the end of childhood and the assumption of new duties and freedoms. It"s a mistake, though, to confuse maturity with adulthood. The maturity celebrated in traditional rites of passage is not the same thing as the idea of adulthood hatched a century ago by a group of Victorian clergymen and society ladies. Maturity is old. "Adulthood" is new.

Generally a saving in energy consumption is insufficient incentive for the consumer to purchase new cooking equipment unless other improvements (e.g. shorter cooking periods, fewer cleaning difficulties and improved appearance) are available as well. For the individual, there is a natural reticence to incur rapid changes because of the valid economic desire to exploit existing capital investment to the maximum: this is the major problem with many proposed energy-thrift measures. However, caterers should appreciate that by reducing energy wastages; they will not only be saving money, but also improving the working environment within their kitchens. Retro-fitting existing cookers with energy-conservation improvements in order to raise achievable efficiencies will occur only rarely. For the most immediate significant impact nationally, with respect to reducing the energy expended upon cooking, better management is recommended. Lawson suggested that about 16 PJ per year could be saved in the British catering sector by adopting improved operational practices. If only 10% of the energy used for catering purposes in the domestic sector could also be saved, overall national savings would amount to approximately 44 PJ per annum. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive and straight-forward program of energy-thrift education for housewives, cooks and kitchen managers is needed. This will require all concerned to exercise considerable personal discipline. The present approach, whereby individuals make purchasing decisions mainly on visual and first-cost grounds-partly because the cooking appliance and food manufacturing industries rarely provide adequate scientific data to support their claims should be supplemented by other considerations. Food is too fundamental to human life, health and happiness to be considered an unworthy subject by intellectuals. For example, even the typical Briton (who tends to be casual about eating compared with most of his foreign counterparts) spends between 5% and 13% of his waking hours preparing, cooking and/or cleaning away after meals. Nevertheless, energy wastage prevails both on a national scale (e.g. storing vast quantities of food at sub-ambient temperatures in so-called food mountains); and on an individual scale (e.g. performing hob operations without placing lids on the pans employed).

Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divided world, a laughter is a unifying force. Human begins oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on the most complex and subtle of all-human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplain"s early films. The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, "Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way. A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from refined tinkle to an earthquaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lopsided view of things. This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war, political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about wars in Gulliver"s Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they can"t agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we are meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too. It is no wonder that in totalitarian regimes any satire against the Establishment is wholly banned. It is too powerful weapon to be allowed to flourish. The sense of humor must be singled out as man"s most important quality because it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination, initiative—these are qualities we share with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is uniquely human. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.

It was inevitable that any of President George W. Bush"s fans had to be very disappointed by his decision to implement high tariffs on steel imported to the U.S. The president"s defense was pathetic. He argued that the steel tariffs were somehow consistent with free trade, that the domestic industry was important and struggling, and that the relief was a temporary measure to allow time for restructuring. One reason that this argument is absurd is that U.S. integrated steel companies ("Big Steel") have received various forms of government protection and subsidy for more than 30 years. Instead of encouraging the industry to restructure, the long-term protection has sustained inefficient companies and cost U.S. consumers dearly. As Anne O. Krueger, now deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund, said in a report on Big Steel: "The American Big Steel industry has been the champion lobbyist and seeker of protection...It provides a key and disillusioning example of the ability to lobby in Washington for measures which hurt the general public and help a very small group. Since 1950s, Big Steel has been reluctant to make the investments needed to match the new technologies introduced elsewhere. It agreed to high wages for its unionized labor force. Hence, the companies have difficulty in competing not only with more efficient producers in Asia and Europe but also with technologically advanced U.S. mini-mills, which rely on scrap metal as an input. Led by Nucor Cor., these mills now capture about half of overall U.S. sales. The profitability of U.S. steel companies depends also on steel prices, which, despite attempts at protection by the U.S. and other governments, are determined primarily in world markets. These prices are relatively high as recently as early 2000 but have since declined with the world recession to reach the lowest dollar values of the last 20 years. Although these low prices are unfortunate for U.S. producers, they are beneficial for the overall U.S. economy. The low prices are also signal that the inefficient Big Steel companies should go out of business even faster than they have been. Instead of leaving or modernizing, the dying Big Steel industry complains that foreigners dump steels by selling at low prices. However, it is hard to see why it is bad for the overall U.S. economy if foreign producers wish to sell us their goods at low prices. After all, the extreme case of dumping is one where foreigners give us their steel for free and why would that be a bad thing?

Suppose you are a college student on a school campus or an employee in a company. Recently you noticed that some people never paid attention to the signs on a garbage can that wastes are to be dealt with separately. Now you are going to make a conservation speech at a party. And your speech should include: 1) the present situation, and 2) your suggestions. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

How stupid does one need to be to get a job reading the television news? Is it actually beneficial for TV newsreaders to have, instead of a brain, a plate of lemon jelly? Last week the debate was raging once again about the controversial and important point as to whether the newsreaders write their own copy, read someone else"s or simply make it up as they go along. Angela Rippon reckonedthat she had never heard of a newsreader writing stuff, but her modern counterpart, the beautiful Sophie Raworth, claims that they do the writing and adds that she has a postgraduate degree in journalism. This is the core of the issue: what on earth is there to learn about journalism at postgraduate level? The point and purpose of our lowly, occasionally useful, trade could be scribbled on the back of a postage stamp and would easily be comprehended by a 14-year-old boy with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Who has decided that it must be dignified with a doctoral thesis? Nor is reading the news even what one might call "journalism". It is an even simpler business called "reading". All that the BBC demands of its female newsreaders is an ability to read in an impartial way words like "Israel has murdered more Lebanese children again today" from the teleprompter without belching or lisping. It helps if they have the eminently presentable manner of a girl guide leader from Esher. They are forbidden to express an opinion. They are not required to go undercover, analyze the news or add witty asides. They are required to be that which they are known as in the trade—"a gob on a stick".A penetrating intelligence is not merely unnecessary, it is counterproductive. Newsreaders who are too intelligent soon stop being newsreaders, much as John Humphrys did, stifled by the commonplace of their duties. Or they give the game away by doing what that German newsreader did and end the programme, shaking their heads sadly, muttering, "it"s all lies, all lies". Which is not to say BBC newsreaders are bad at their jobs: quite the reverse. But we should not confuse competence with intelligence. Newsreaders believe that because they are reading out serious stuff and everybody is listening to them, they must therefore be creatures possessed of a high IQ. They are confusing the message with the medium.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the problem of staff recruitment of most companies. Choose a heading from the list A—F that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41—45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are one extra heading that you do not need to use. (10 points) The difficulty of holding onto good, experienced staff has always been a major issue with the majority of companies. High staff turnover can result in many problems. One of the most serious of these is the cost of continually having to find and train replacements. (41)______. Most companies hope to recruit the right type of person in the first place. However, too much emphasis on qualifications and not enough on personality often leads to a company attracting the right standard. but not the right kind, of person. Selection tests can be used to indicate a candidate"s suitability for the job they are applying for. They can also be used to identify existing staff who are suitable but who, initially, may not have been considered. (42)______. It is important for companies to understand why employees move on to another employer. The reasons for staff resigning and the benefits offered by their new employer must be recorded. They can be the key to identifying any problem areas that might exist within an organization. It is essential, therefore, that employees who are about to disappear are interviewed before they depart, in order to discover why they are leaving. (43)______. Analysis of these interviews has shown that a lack of appreciation is one of the main factors causing employees to look elsewhere for work. Managers should provide regular feedback to their staff. For example, when good work has been done it must be praised. If this is not done, employees will think their efforts are not appreciated. (44)______. Communications within the organization are another consideration. If these are poor, employees will feel left out. This can be avoided through regular departmental and inter-departmental meetings, which are extremely valuable as means of passing on information throughout the company and keeping employees up to date with recent developments. They also serve to provide the opportunity for employees to express their opinions. (45)______. Paying staff according to how they perform is another way of recognizing employee"s efforts. If the company benefits from an employee"s extra efforts, it is only reasonable that the employee should also receive some financial benefit. It is, however, important to avoid offering some member of staff the opportunity to improve their pay while excluding others. The reasons for staff resigning and the benefits offered by their new employer must be recorded. In cases where such difficulties might exist, a planned career progression for an individual staff member means that the person knows exactly what to expect from the job and what is required from themA. appreciation as the main factorB. selection tests help in recruitmentC. praise the men who act wellD. to know why employees leaveE. reasonable reward and fair treatmentF. exchanges inside the company

You just spent your summer holidays in Tom"s hometown, Tom"s home is at a small and quiet countryside. Now, you are going to write him a letter of thanks for all he and his family did for you during your stay there. Imagine some details of the summary holidays. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it nearly. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

OnBriberyWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

You are traveling in Beijing. You are not satisfied with the service in a park and write a letter to the manager of the park to complain. Your letter should include: 1. state the purpose of the letter; 2. describe your complaints; 3. your suggestions. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Hua" instead. You do not need to write the address.