The carrot-and-stick theory of motivation (like Newtonian physical theory) works reasonably well under certain circumstances. (46) The means for satisfying man"s physiological and (within limits) his safety needs can be provided or with held by management. Employment itself is such a means, and so are wages, working conditions, and benefits. By these means the individual can be controlled so long as he is struggling for subsistence. But the carrot-and-stick theory does not work at all once man has reached an adequate subsistence level and is motivated primarily by higher needs. Management cannot provide a man with self-respect, or with the respect of his fellows, or with the satisfaction of needs for self-fulfillment. (47) It can create such conditions that he is encouraged and enabled to seek such satisfactions for himself, or it can thwart him by failing to create those conditions. But this creation of conditions is not control. It is not a good device for directing behavior. And so management finds itself in an odd position. The high standard of living created by our modern technological know-how provides quite adequately for the satisfaction of physiological and safety needs. The only significant exception is where management practices have not created confidence in a "fair break" and thus where safety needs are thwarted. (48) But by making possible the satisfaction of low-level needs, management has deprived itself of the ability to use as motive devices on which conventional theory has taught it to rely—rewards, promises, incentives or threats and other coercive devices. (49) The philosophy of management by direction and control—regardless of whether it is hard or soft—is inadequate to motivate because the human needs on which this approach relies are today unimportant motivators of behavior. Direction and control are essentially useless in motivating people whose important needs are social and egoistic. Both the hard and the soft approach fail today because they are simply irrelevant to the situation. (50) People, deprived of opportunities to satisfy at work the needs which are now important to them, behave exactly as we fight predict—with indolence, passivity, resistance to change, lack of responsibility, willingness to follow the demagogue, unreasonable demands for economic benefits. It would seem that we are caught in a web of our own weaving.

[A]Analyzing your own taste [B]Being cautious when experimenting [C]Finding a model to follow [D]Getting the final look absolutely right [E]Learning to be realistic [F]Making regular conscious choices When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it' s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 【R1】______ For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they've seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 【R2】______ When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you're likely to meet, where you're going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there' s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else' s idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 【R3】______ But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favourite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don't wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 【R4】______ Some colors bring your natural colouring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colours by all means, but remember that dressing in bright colours when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it's good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 【R5】______ So, you've chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your colouring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won't achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won't improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn't fit perfectly, don't buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You'll look better and you'll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian' s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn' t it time you made the most of yourself?

Write off the following topic: Piracy You are to write in three paragraphs: In the first paragraph, state clearly that we are facing the social problem of piracy. In the second paragraph, state the damages that piracy will cause to society. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with your advice on counter-measures. You should write about 160-200 words neatly.

TobaccoConsumptionWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthesetofpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)interpretthepictures,2)predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreasons.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

In the next century we'll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.【F1】 When Dr. Frankenstein made his monster, he wrestled with the moral issue of whether he should allow it to reproduce, "Had I the right, for my own benefit, to inflict the curse upon everlasting generations?" Will such questions require us to develop new moral philosophies? Probably not. Instead, we'll reach again for a time tested moral concept, one sometimes called the Golden Rule and which Kant, the millennium's most prudent moralist, conjured up into a categorical imperative:【F2】 Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat each person as an individual rather than as a means to some end. 【F3】 Under this moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans' ends and valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right. We should also draw a line, however fuzzy, that would permit using genetic engineering to cure diseases and disabilities but not to change the personal attributes that make someone an individual(IQ, physical appearance, gender and sexuality). The biotech age will also give us more reason to guard our personal privacy. Aldous Huxley in Brave New World, got it wrong: rather than centralizing power in the hands of the state, DNA technology has empowered individuals and families.【F4】 But the state will have an important role, making sure that no one, including insurance companies, can look at our genetic data without our permission or use it to discriminate against us. 【F5】 Then we can get ready for the breakthroughs that could come at the end of the next century and the technology is comparable to mapping our genes: plotting the 10 billion or more neurons of our brain. With that information we might someday be able to create artificial intelligences that think and experience consciousness in ways that are indistinguishable from a human brain. Eventually we might be able to replicate our own minds in a "dry ware" machine, so that we could live on without the "wet ware" of a biological brain and body. The 20th century's revolution in info-technology will thereby merge with the 21st century's revolution in biotechnology. But this is science fiction. Let's turn the page now and get back to real science.

Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethepicture,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.

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The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is becoming mature. A man reaches the mature (1)_____ of his reasoning powers and mental faculties (2)_____ before the age of twenty-eight; a woman at eighteen. And then, too, in the case of woman, it is the only reason of a sort—very mean in its (3)_____. That is why women remain children their whole life long; never seeing (4)_____ but what is quite close to them, (5)_____ fast to the present moment, taking appearance for (6)_____, and preferring (7)_____ to matters of the first importance. For it is (8)_____ his reasoning faculty that man does not live in the present only, (9)_____ the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future; and this is the origin of (10)_____, as well as that of care and anxiety which so many people (11)_____ Both the advantages and the disadvantages, which this (12)_____, are (13)_____ in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning. She may, in fact, be described as intellectually shortsighted, (14)_____, while she has an immediate understanding of what lies quite close to her, her field of (15)_____ is narrow and does not reach to what is (16)_____; so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are inclined to be (17)_____ and sometimes carry their desire to a (18)_____ that borders upon madness. In their hearts, women think it is men"s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband"s life, (19)_____, at any rate, after his death. The very fact that their husband hands them (20)_____ his earnings for purposes of housekeeping strengthens them in this belief.

Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to (1)_____ others to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can (2)_____. But in the 19th century the mass production of goods (3)_____ the Industrial Revolution made person-to-person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that (4)_____ the development of the highway made person-to-person selling (5)_____ slow and expensive. At the same time, mass communication, first newspapers and magazines, (6)_____ radio and television, made mass selling through (7)_____ possible. The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best (8)_____ to take the action the advertiser is recommending. The action (9)_____ be to purchase a product, use a service, vote for a political candidate, or (10)_____ to join the Army. Advertising as a (11)_____ developed first and most rapidly in the United States, the country that uses it to the greatest (12)_____. In 1980 advertising expenditure in the U.S. exceeded 55 billion dollars, or (13)_____ 2 percent of the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.@2 percent of its gross national product (14)_____ advertising. (15)_____ advertising brings the economies of mass selling to the manufacturer, it (16)_____ benefits for the consumer (17)_____. Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far (18)_____ than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising (19)_____ people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising (20)_____ for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Many scientists consider physics as the prototype of a science, and indeed, physics exhibits a number of features which can be regarded as highly desirable. 【F1】 For example, the phenomenon it deals with can be described in precise terms and the relevant variables quantitatively measured; an enormous variety of phenomena may be explained by means of a few fundamental laws, which are formulated in mathematical terms and allow physicists to make quantitative predictions. It is therefore of particular interest to discuss what kind of assessment is used within the physical sciences. At the same time, the historical development of physics has taught us to exercise caution with respect to the goals which we may achieve.【F2】 Though we are inclined to believe that the laws of physics are fundamental, their development has shown that even such laws may be applicable only to certain classes of phenomena. When more refined measurements are made, phenomena may appear whose explanation requires still more basic laws. Examples are the laws of classical mechanics, which at the atomic level had to be replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics.【F3】 Mechanics valid for particles at comparatively small speeds had to be replaced by the theory of relativity for particles at speeds coming close to that of light. The belief in complete predictability has been shaken twice. First, around 1925 with the advent of quantum mechanics, it became clear that at the microscopic, atomic level events cannot be predicted with absolute precision.【F4】 However, at the macroscopic dimension of our daily life these "statistical" effects are wiped out, and we can safely predict the path of a rocket sent to the Moon or to Jupiter. But it has recently become clear that even in macroscopic physics some phenomena cannot be predicted with a certain precision—which sheds new light on the limits of weather forecasting. The corresponding phenomena are called "deterministic chaos" and are the subject of research of new branches of theoretical physics(and mathematics). Finally, we must not overlook that, as in any other science, there are certain trends or "fashions" which play a temporary role in the development of physics. Such fashions are typical of cooperative effects in the scientific community. For example, dispersion relations in high-energy physics were in vogue in this field for a while, but today few are concerned with the approach. In spite of these remarks, physics still possesses an enormous degree of precision. Even if a single event cannot be predicted with absolute precision, it is still possible to make statistical predictions which can be checked by repeating the corresponding experiment.【F5】 This possibility distinguishes physics from the historical sciences, where the course of events can never be repeated. It might be worth mentioning that events in our brain can never be totally repeated, due to memory and to learning.

She is very patient towards her husband, which her husband seldom is to her.

The idea of humanoid robots is not new, of course. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek, a Czech Writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play "Rossum"s Universal Robots". (The word "robot" comes from the Czech word for drudgery, robota.) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Lang"s silent masterpiece "Metropolis" to the wittering C3PO in "Star Wars" and the ruthless assassin of "Terminator". Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, colouring our views of the future. But now Japan"s industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked on to the stage and accepted its own plaque. At two and a half feet tall, Sony"s QRIO is smaller and more to like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If it falls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed. In 2004, Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument"s valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act as guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan. Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the world"s robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, machines making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.

Everyone knows that too much time in the sun can expose you to excessive ultraviolet radiation, which can lead to skin cancers.【C1】______that's not going to stop people from cooking themselves【C2】______the perfect tan. The problem has become an【C3】______: more than 3.5 million skin cancers in over 2 million people diagnosed annually in the U.S. 【C4】______our sun-worshipping ways, scientists and the skin-care industry are working hard to 【C5】______out the safest way to tan. A handful of wearable products have【C6】______made it to market that alert wearers of UV radiation【C7】______—they tell you you're about to【C8】______before you can see it. The simplest might be Smartsun wristband, which alerts wearers of UV overexposure with just a【C9】______of color. It starts【C10】______as yellowish-brown when first exposed to UV rays; when it【C11】______pink, that's the warning to seek【C12】______and slather on sunscreen. If you prefer something a little more【C13】______, try the UVeBand, which vibrates when you've had your share of UV rays. Then there's the JUNE, developed and recently【C14】______by Netatmo. The JUNE has UV sensors built into a fake jewel that connect wirelessly to a smartphone, where an app monitors UV【C15】______in real time, alerting when it's time to get out of the sun. It also【C16】______your radiation exposure over time,【C17】______you can see how bad your summer has been for your skin, long term. All of these products are designed to help wearers【C18】______their sun time. But none have been reviewed or【C19】______by any health regulatory body, which raises some【C20】______.

【F1】 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.【F2】 As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.【F3】 Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.【F4】 Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation. 【F5】 From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.

You have just learned that your friend John had his ankles injured and was in hospital now. Write a letter to him and your letter should include the following details: 1)your concern about his injury 2) and your best wishes for his recovery Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use " Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Valentine" s Day may come from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalia.【C1】______the fierce wolves roamed nearby, the old Romans called【C2】______the god Lupercus to help them. A festival in his 【C3】______ was held on February 15th. On the eve of the festival the 【C4】______of the girls were written on 【C5】______ of paper and placed in jars. Each young man 【C6】______ a slip. The girl whose name Was【C7】______was to be his sweetheart for the year. Legend 【C8】______ it that the holiday became Valentine"s Day【C9】______a Roman priest named Valentine. Emperor Claudius II【C10】______the Roman soldiers NOT to marry or become engaged. Claudius felt married soldiers would 【C11】______stay home than fight. When Valentine 【C12】______ the Emperor and secretly married the young couples, he was put to death on February 14th, the 【C13】______of Lupercalia. After his death, Valentine became a 【C14】______. Christian priests moved the holiday from the 15th to the 14th—Valentine"s Day. Now the holiday honors Valentine 【C15】______of Lupercus. Valentine" s Day has become a major 【C16】______of love and romance in the modern world. The ancient god Cupid and his 【C17】______into a lover"s heart may still be used to 【C18】______falling in love or being in love. But we also use cards and gifts, such as flowers or jewelry, to do this. 【C19】______to give flower to a wife or sweetheart on Valentine" s Day can sometimes be as 【C20】______as forgetting a birthday or a wedding anniversary.

The US dollar reached an all-time low against the euro yesterday for the fourth straight day, briefly pushing the European currency above $1.33 before recovering slightly, amid concerns about the twin US deficits and the lack of any central bank action to stop the dollar"s decline. The dollar also dipped to a nearly five-year low against the yen, but later regained ground. Yesterday, the euro rose to $1.3329 in early trading before dipping back to $1.3290 later in New York. The euro topped $1.32 for the first time the day before in European trading. US markets were closed Thursday for the Thanksgiving holiday. The dollar also traded near its lowest levels since December 1999 against the Japanese yen yesterday, slipping to 102.56 yen, down from 102.81 late Wednesday in New York. One reason the euro has kept rising is a lack of concerted action by central banks to support the dollar by selling holdings of the other major currencies. "$1.35 is definitely on the cards now, as for how soon we"ll get there, I"m not sure," said Riz Din, a currency analyst with Barclay"s Capital in London. "It increasingly looks as if, despite weaker data in the euro area, the prospects for intervention, are very, very low at current rates." The latest dollar collapse, fueled by concerns over the US trade and budget deficits, has taken the euro from around $1.20 about two months ago. Because the euro"s rise tends to make European products more expensive, European leaders have voiced fears that it might hurt the continent"s export-driven economic recovery. The European Central Bank"s president has called the rapid increase "brutal". But the dollar"s weakness is good news for US exporters, helping make American products less expensive overseas. Commerzbank economist Michael Schubert said speculation against the dollar was making its slide "a bit faster than I had expected". "Obviously, it"s difficult to stop the train," Mr. Schubert said in Frankfurt. A combination of intervention by central banks and positive US economic data could apply the brakes, he added. Economists say the European Central Bank (ECB) is wary of intervening in the currency markets on its own and the United States Would be unlikely to join in such a move.

The inclusion of all children and youth is part of a general integrative trend that has accelerated since World War II. It relates to some newer developments as well. Concern for the earth's endangered environment has become central, emphasizing in both intellectual and social life the need for cooperation rather than competition, the importance of understanding interrelationships of the ecosystem, and the idea that ecology can be used as an organizing concept. In a different vein, the rapid development of microelectronics, particularly the use of computers for multiple functions in education, goes for beyond possibilities of earlier technological advances.【F1】 Although technology is thought of by some as antagonistic to humanistic concerns, others argue that it makes communication and comprehension available to a wider population and encourages "system thinking", both ultimately integrative effects. The polarization of opinion on technology's effects and most other important issues is a problem in educational policy determination.【F2】 In addition to the difficulties of governing increasingly large and diverse education systems, as well as those of meeting the never-ending demands of expanding education, the chronic lack of consensus makes the system unable to respond satisfactorily to public criticism and unable to plan for substantive long-range development. 【F3】 The political and administrative responses so far have been to attend to short-run efficiency by improving management techniques and to adopt polar responses to accommodate polar criticisms. Thus, community and community schools have been emphasized along with central control and standardization, and institutional alternatives have been opened, while the structure of main institutions has become more articulated. For example, the focus of attention has been placed on the transition stages, which earlier were virtually ignored: from home to school from primary to secondary to upper secondary, from school to work. Tertiary institutions have been reconceived as part of a unified level; testing has become more sophisticated and credentials have become more differentiated either by certificate or by transcript. Alternative teaching strategies have been encouraged in theory, but basic, curriculum uniformity has effectively restricted the practice of new methods. General education is still mainly abstract, and subject matter, though internally more dynamic, still rests on language, mathematics, and science. There has been an increasing reliance on the construction of subject matter to guide the method of teaching.【F4】 Teachers are entrusted with a greater variety of tasks, but they are less trusted with knowledge, leading political authorities to call for upgrading of teacher training, teacher in service training, and regular assessment of teacher performance. 【F5】 Recent reform efforts have been focused on integrating general and vocational education and on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only has the number of students and institutions increased, as a result of inclusion policies, but the scope of education has also expanded. This tremendous growth, however, has raised new questions about the proper functions of the school and the effectiveness for life, work, or intellectual advancement of present programs and means of instruction.