【F1】 One meaning of the Greek word "dran" is to accomplish, and in this meaning lies a further key to the structure of drama. A play concerns a human agent attempting to accomplish some purpose. In tragedy his attempt is, in personal terms at least, unsuccessful; in comedy it is successful; in the problem play final accomplishment is often either ambiguous or doubtful. 【F2】 This action, from the beginning to the end of a movement toward a purposed goal, must also have a middle; it must proceed through a number of steps, the succession of incidents which make up the plot. Because the dramatist is concerned with the meaning and logic of events rather than with their casual relationship in time, he will probably select his material and order it on a basis of the operation, in human affairs, of laws of cause and effect. It is in this causal relationship of incidents that the element of conflict, present in virtually all plays, appears. The central figure of the play—the protagonist—encounters difficulties; his purpose or purposes conflict with events or circumstances, with purposes of other characters in the play, or with cross-purposes which exist within his own thoughts and desires. These difficulties threaten the protagonist's accomplishment.【F3】 In other words, they present complications, and his success or failure in dealing with these complications determines the outcome. 【F4】 Normally, complications build through the play in order of increasing difficulty: one complication may be added to another, or one may grow out of the solution of a preceding one. At some point in this chain of complication and solution, achieved or attempted, the protagonist performs an act or makes a decision which irrevocably commits him to a further course, points toward certain general consequences.【F5】 This point is usually called the crisis; the complications and solutions which follow work out the logical steps from crisis to final resolution, or denouement.

In response to scandals rocking the student loan industry, the House has quickly passed reform legislation to require more disclosure from lenders as well as university codes of conduct, and Senate action is expected. But the larger issues of rising college costs and students" increasing dependence on private loans have, for the moment at least, taken a back seat. Yet that doesn"t mean they"ve gone away. College costs have risen far faster than inflation and also outpaced the growth of grant aid and federal loans. Pell grants, for example, which provide money to low-income students, covered nearly 60 percent of the cost of attending a public four-year school in 1986, but by 2005, their value had dropped to 33 percent of the cost, according to the College Board. As a result, more students must turn to costly private loans to finance their education or not go at all. The cost of information technology, the increasing salaries of tenured professors, and even federal loans themselves have all been blamed for college tuition hikes. On the last point, an analysis by the Cato Institute suggests that when aid is provided by the federal government, states and universities reduce their own efforts to make college affordable. Whatever the causes, the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, an independent committee created by Congress, estimates that 400,000 students who are qualified to attend a four-year college don"t do so each year because of financial restrictions. The committee estimates that roughly 40 percent of this group does not attend college at all, which significantly limits future earnings. Many students who do go to college face daunting piles of debt. The College Board estimates that the median debt level of bachelor"s degree recipients was $19,300 in the 2003-04 school year. In his fiscal 2008 budget, President Bush proposed increasing the maximum Pell grant award to $5,400 by 2012 from $4,050 today, a change he would pay for with cuts in other loan programs. Even though the scandals are dominating most of the current discussions on Capitol Hill, some education experts praise the fact that student loans are getting any attention at all. Stephen Burd, a senior research fellow at the New America Foundation, says, "This is the first time everyone is dealing with the reality of the fact that private loans have become essential financing for undergraduates."

A recruitment drive for 100,000 Olympic volunteers, which aims to help the Chinese and foreigners get involved in the 2008 Games, was officially launched in Beijing last month. You intend to apply for certain positions, and now write a letter the recruitment office, showing your motivation and stating your eligibility for the requirements. Write your letter in no less than 100 words and write it neatly. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Immediately after the Civil War, however, the diet began to change. (46) Rail transportation increased the supply and improved, the quality of the milk that reached urban centers; cold storage and refrigerator cars made possible the greater consumption of fresh vegetables fresh fruits, and fresh fish; and commercial canning extended the range of appetizing and healthful foods. Subsequently food statistics indicated an increased consumption of dairy products, fresh fruit, fresh vegetables, sugar and syrups, coffee, tea, cocoa and spices. Decreased consumption was shown for meats, potatoes and grain products. (47) By and large, the American diet continued to reflect a considerable reliance upon animal products, rather than on grains, which meant that a relatively large acreage was required to feed the American public. Whereas a grain and fish diet, such as in Japan, requires only a quarter of an acre high yield cropland and no pasture per captivate American diet requires about two and a half acres of cropland and ten acres of pasture per capita. Also it indicated a shift toward the so-called protective foods, toward those high in vitamins and proteins. (48) This change was greatly furthered by governmental food inspection (the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906), by the increasing use of mechanical refrigerators in the 1920"s and 1930"s and of freezers for frozen food during recent decades. In the years after World War I a food revoluti6n took place that was reminiscent of the one that occurred after the Civil War. The output of the food manufacturing industry quadrupled from 1900 to 1940. (49) In that interval, as we have mentioned earlier, home canning gave way to commercial canning, and the labor of housekeeping was lightened. Fortunately most of the major dietary changes that have taken place since the middle of the nineteenth century have resulted in better nutrition for the population. In part, these shifts have taken place because of a preference for new foods rather than old, but in part, they have been made because nutritionists advocated the new foods. Apparently American dietary customs were not so deeply ingrained as to pre vent change in the interests of better health. (50) Possibly one factor that has contributed to the readiness of Americans to accept new foods or food preparations is the general familiarity most have with a variety of regional dishes coming from many different lands. Within a small area in New York City or San Francisco, one can find restaurants specializing in French, Italian, German, Turkish, Arabian, or Chinese cuisine. And at a Chinese restaurant in the United States the chef and waiter are as likely as not to be Oriental.

Your improper words will give rise to doubts concerning your true intentions.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

Recently, fish oils found in species like salmon, trout and tuna have been associated with a lower risk of heart disease and even Alzheimer" s. Fish oil has since skyrocketed to be the most popular supplement in the United States. But a new study in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, however, shows that these fish fats may not be improving everyone"s health—in the trial, those with high concentrations of marine-derived omega-3s in their blood showed a 43% higher risk of developing prostate cancer than those with the lowest levels. The study measured omega-3 blood levels in the participating men, and did not include information on the volunteers" eating habits, so researchers could not differentiate between the effects of fatty acids from fish from those of supplements. However, the overwhelming majority of the participants did not take fish oil supplements. Based on the results, Brasky says that men with a family history of prostate cancer should discuss with their doctor whether fish oil supplements are safe for them, since these pills tend to contain concentrated doses of omega-3—supplements contain between 30% to 60% of a serving of fish oil, and if a fish supplement is taken everyday, that adds up to a lot of daily fish oil. Brasky also suggested that men cut down on their fatty fish intake, though not eliminate it entirely. Andrew Vickers, a statistician specializing in prostate cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, agrees, saying that fish oil supplements may pose a relatively higher risk for prostate cancer than fish in the diet. "The problem comes when you take components of a diet and put it in a pill," Vickers says. While the omega-3 fatty acids may increase oxidative damage to prostate cells, for example, antioxidants, which might be part of an overall healthy diet that includes fish as well as fruits and vegetables, might counteract these effects. Brasky"s work isn"t the first to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may have both positive and negative effects on the body. In a September 2012 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers found that omega-3 supplements were not associated with lower risks of stroke or cardiac death. Those results were confirmed by another study in the New England Journal of Medicine that showed omega-3 supplements did not reduce risk of dying from a heart event among a group of people at high risk of heart disease. Researchers involved in those studies, however, acknowledged that they were not able to account for the effect of other medications to treat heart problems, such as cholesterol-lowering drugs and blood pressure medications, in keeping death rates down. In the same way, more research will have to tease apart how other nutrients in a balanced diet—including antioxidants—work together to influence the effect of individual nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids.

Obesity is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others. More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight. Find a way to battle obesity, 【C1】______a huge profit might be made. On February 22nd, 2013 one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small【C2】______towards this goal. A committee advising America' s Food and Drug Administration(FDA)recommended Vivus' s diet drug, Qnexa.【C3】______, the pill' s long-awaited final approval may not come until April. The announcement mostly served as a reminder of a struggle which【C4】______fat into gold. Medical-device and pharmaceutical companies are quite【C5】______treating the problems that come with obesity. However, they can't help consumers【C6】______weight. Allergan, a device-maker, has tried to use its gastric bands to enter the obesity market. The band is fitted near the top of patients' stomach, which helps them feel full【C7】______during the meal. Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands, but sales are now【C8】______. The recession has sapped consumers' desire for expensive surgery. Some patients have【C9】______bands removed because they slipped or proved【C10】______. In January David Pyott, Allergan's chief executive, said he would cancel an effort to market the band for teenagers. He is now trying to convince insurers of the gastric band' s【C11】______. Drug companies have had even more【C12】______than device-makers. It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a【C13】______diet pill. That drug, Roche's Xenical, has【C14】______side-effects. The FDA rejected Vivus's Qnexa in 2010 over【C15】______for the safety of pregnant women and the quickening of patients' heart rates. However, Vivus' s new data in 2013 apparently satisfied the FDA' s advisory committee. But the agency may yet【C16】______the drug.【C17】______Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it. Qnexa【C18】______two medicines that are already on the market. Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may【C19】______the existing drugs rather than Qnexa's more expensive version. For now, it is more【C20】______to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.

A student wants to join the Students" Union, and asks you to write a recommendation letter, of which the content should include: 1) The reason why the student wants to join the Students" Union 2) The student"s study and work ability 3) Your confidence in him or her of holding the post You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

[A] What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system?[B] How and when did the long-standing belief concerning AIDS and HIV crop up?[C] What is the most effective anti-HIV therapy?[D] How does HIV subvert the immune system?[E] In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped?[F] Why does AIDS predispose infected persons to certain types of cancer and infections? In the 20 years since the first cases of AIDS were detected, scientists say they have learned more about this viral disease than any other. Yet Peter Piot, who directs the United Nations AIDS program, and Stefano Vella of Rome, president of the International AIDS Society, and other experts say reviewing unanswered questions could prove useful as a measure of progress for AIDS and other diseases.Among the important broader scientific questions that remain:41. A long-standing belief is that cancer cells constantly develop and are held in check by a healthy immune system. But AIDS has challenged that belief. People with AIDS are much more prone to certain cancers like non-Hodgkins lymphomas and Kaposi"s sarcoms, but not to breast, colon and lung, the most common cancers in the United States. This pattern suggests that an impaired immune system, at least the type that occurs in AIDS, does not allow common cancers to develop.42. When HIV is transmitted sexually, the virus must cross a tissue barrier to enter the body. How that happens is still unclear. The virus might invade directly or be carried by a series of different kinds of cells. Eventually HIV travels through lymph vessels to lymph nodes and the rest of the lymph system. But what is not known is how the virus proceeds to destroy the body"s CD-4 cells that are needed to combat invading infectious agents.43. Although HIV kills the immune cells sent to kill the virus, there is widespread variation in the rate at which HIV- infected people become ill with AIDS. So scientists ask: Can the elements of the immune system responsible for that variability be identified? If so, can they be used to stop progression to AIDS in infected individuals and possibly prevent infection in the first place?44. In theory, early treatment should offer the best chance of preserving immune function. But the new drugs do not completely eliminate HIV from the body so the medicines, which can have dangerous side effects, will have to be taken for a lifetime and perhaps changed to combat resistance. The new policy is expected to recommend that treatment be deferred until there are signs the immune system is weakening. Is a vaccine possible? There is little question that an effective vaccine is crucial to controlling the epidemic. Yet only one has reached the stage of full testing, and there is wide controversy over the degree of protection it will provide. HIV strains that are transmitted in various areas of the world differ genetically. It is not known whether a vaccine derived from one type of HIV will confer protection against other types.45. Without more incisive, focused behavioral research, prevention messages alone will not put an end to the global epidemic.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

You are organizing a movie night in your dormitory. Write a memo to be posted on the bulletin board inviting your fellow students to join in for having a good time. Your memo should describe when and where the movie will be shown and should ask for suggestions on appropriate movies. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also a-greed to ban websites that "incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That' s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: "We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people." The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona"s immigration law Monday— a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration"s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona" s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy Joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court" s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal" s privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That"s because Congress has always envisioned joint federalstate immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power". The White House argued that Arizona"s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn"t want to carry out Congress"s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

Title: POLLUTIONTime: 40 minutesWord limit: 160-200 words.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given Opening sentence.Outline:1. Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world.2. People are showing a growing concern over the problem.3. Fortunately, measures have been taken to cope with the situation.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

In studying both the recurrence of special habits or ideas in several districts, and their prevalence within each district, there come before us ever-repeated proofs of regular causation producing the phenomena of human life, and of laws of maintenance and diffusion conditions of society, at definite stages of culture. But, while giving full importance to the evidence bearing on these standard conditions of society, let us be careful to avoid a pitfall which may entrap the unwary student. Of course the opinions and habits belonging in common to masses of mankind are to a great extent the results of sound judgment and practical wisdom. But to a great extent it is not so. That many numerous societies of men should have believed in the influence of the evil eye and the existence of a firmament, should have sacrificed slaves and goods to the ghosts of the departed, should have handed down traditions of giants slaying monsters and men turning into beast—all this is ground for holding that such ideas were indeed produced in men"s minds by efficient causes, but it is not ground for holding that the rites in question are profitable, the beliefs sound, and the history authentic. This may seem at the first glance a truism, but, in fact, it is the denial of a fallacy which deeply affects the minds of all but a small critical minority of mankind. Popularly, what everybody says must be true, what everybody does must be right—"Quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est, hoc est vere proprieque Catholicum"—and in forth. There are various topics, especially in history, law, philosophy, and theology, where even the educated people we live among can hardly be brought to see that the cause why men do hold an opinion, or practise a custom, is by no means necessarily a reason why they ought to do so. Now collections of ethnographic evidence bringing so prominently into view the agreement of immense multitudes of men as to certain traditions, beliefs, and usages, are peculiarly liable to be thus improperly used in direct defense of these institutions themselves, even old barbaric nations being polled to maintain their opinions against what are called modern ideas. As it has more than once happened to myself to find my collections of traditions and beliefs thus set up to prove their own objective truth, without proper examination of the grounds on which they were actually received, I take this occasion of remarking that the same line of argument will serve equally well to demonstrate, by the strong and wide consent of nations, that the earth is flat, and nightmare the visit of a demon.

The U.S. space agency, NASA, is planning to launch a satellite that scientists hope will answer fundamental questions about the origin and destiny of our universe. 【C1】______ The prevailing theory of the universe's origin, the "Big Bang" theory, says all matter and energy were once compressed into a tiny point. The density and resulting temperature were so enormous that, about 13-to-15-billion years ago by current estimates, a mighty explosion flung the matter hurtling outward in all directions. 【C2】______. They also ask, is the expansion accelerating? Will the universe collapse? What is its shape? Scientists will seek explanations with NASA's new Microwave Anisotropy Probe, abbreviated as MAP.【C3】______. "MAP will take the ultimate baby picture, an image of the infant universe taken in the fossil light that is still present from the Big Bang," he says. "This glow, this radiation, is the oldest light in the universe. Imprinted on this background, physicists knew, would be the secrets of the Big Bang itself." This background radiation is the light and heat that the early cosmic soup of matter emitted. Once roiling hot, it has cooled over the eons to just a few degrees above absolute zero. It was once thought to be distributed evenly. But in 1992, a highly sensitive NASA satellite named COBE detected nearly imperceptible variations in temperature as tiny as 30-millionths of a degree. 【C4】______. "These patterns result from tiny concentrations that were in the very early universe that were the seeds that grew to become the stars and the galaxies that we see today," he says. "The tiny patterns in the light hold the keys for understanding the history, the content, the shape, and the ultimate fate of our universe. " 【C5】______. Princeton University scientist David Spergel says MAP will give us a much more accurate matter count than we have now. "Right now, we want to measure something like the matter-density of the universe," he says. "Today, we can estimate that to a factor of two. That's pretty good. What we want to do is be able to measure it to about the three-percent level, which is what MAP will be capable of doing. " To do its job, the $ 145 million MAP spacecraft will settle into an orbit 1.5 million kilometers from the Earth. This is where the Earth's and Sun's gravitational pull are equal, and well past the range of the Earth's own obscuring microwave radiation. While the older COBE satellite measured just a small part of the sky, Chalrles Bennett says MAP will scan the entire sky at 1,000 times better resolution. "The patterns that MAP measures are extremely difficult to measure," he says, "MAP will be measuring millionths of a degree temperature accuracies, and that's hard to do. That's like measuring the difference between two cups of sand to the accuracy of a single grain of sand."[A] Scientists are trying to learn how it clumped together to produce stars, clusters of stars called galaxies, and clusters of galaxies.[B] Astronomers are reporting evidence that points to a massive star-eating black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.[C] One of those keys is the amount of matter and its density. More matter with a higher density means more mole gravitational pull, suggesting a slowing of the universe's expansion, and perhaps even its collapse.[D] The head of NASA's Evolution of the Universe program, Alan Bunner, says MAP will measure what is thought a remnant of the Big Bang—an afterglow of microwaves. Bathing the universe that was emitted by the ancient cosmic matter.[E] The principal NASA scientist for the New MAP spacecraft, Charles Bennett, says the heat patterns represent slight differences in the density of the young universe, where denser regions evolved into the present web of structures.[F] NASA says the first results from the MAP mission will be ready in about 18 months after launch.[G] The spacecraft will orbit the Earth seeking answers from an extremely faint glow of microwaves that have existed since the beginning of time.

A full-time job doesn"t have to destroy all hope of family dinners or afternoon playtime. Women can increase their chances of getting on the new mommy track through successful negotiation both at work and at home. After lawyer Lindsay Androski Kelly, 30, decided she would work only at a firm that allowed flexible hours, she specifically asked about family-friendly policies during job interviews. While Kelly"s approach worked for her, Michelle Goodman, warns against asking for flexibility too early, before proving oneself on the job. "You do need to pay your dues a little bit," she says. She recommends researching companies ahead of time to find out whether they"re known for family-friendly arrangements. Pat Katepoo, founder of WorkOptions.com, which offers guidance on achieving customized work arrangements, suggests first pitching a trial period. "Even if supervisors are nervous about a nontraditional arrangement, they will feel some sense of control if there"s a backdoor option for stopping it." Putting the proposal in writing with clear explanations of how the job will still get done also helps, Katepoo says. In her experience, if employees have worked for a manager for at least one to two years, are reliable performers, and have a trusting relationship with their manager, they have an 80 percent chance of at least getting a trial period. Regardless of the schedule, setting boundaries—such as having a policy against meetings after 5 p.m. —is key, says Mary Ann Mason, co-author of Mothers on the Fast Track: How a New Generation Can Balance Family and Careers. She also urges women not to wait too long before having children. For some fields, especially those that require extensive training such as academia or medicine, it"s easier to have small children earlier, rather than during what Mason calls the "make or break" years between ages 30 and 40. Women working in low-skilled jobs, on the other hand, usually find flexibility only by lucking into employers who accept it, says Leslie Morgan Steiner, editor of Mommy Wars. "Men and women at the lowest income levels don"t have any leverage," she says. Women across the economic spectrum benefit from support at home. Leslie Bennetts, author of The Feminine Mistake: Are We Giving Up Too Much?, encourages women to find a way to continue working throughout motherhood: "Women must insist that their husbands share everything." Many women appear to be doing just that: A University of Maryland study found that the time men spent on housework almost doubled between the 1960s and 1990s, by which time they were doing one third of it.