When Thomas Keller, one of America"s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1 he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se, his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with a European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping , it seems, is to be anti-capitalist, and maybe even a little French. But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it"s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice. Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. "Waiters know that they won"t get paid if they don"t do a good job" is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants. Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell"s School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumers" assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn"s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers. What"s more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call "upwelling": every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server"s pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized. In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more common in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.

It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation.

Of all forms of energy, electricity is the most widely used.

If American medicine were a patient, he would weigh 350 pounds and be gaining fast. Despite being repeatedly counseled about the dangers of morbid obesity, he would be making at best half-hearted attempts to mend his gluttonous (excessive drinking and eating) ways. Meanwhile, his doctors, insurance company, politicians and regulators would remain in a deep state of denial, clutching theillusion that their patient, other than being a bit overweight, was in tip-top health. Truth be told, the US medical system is headed for multiple organ failure. The spiraling cost of healthcare is well known: $7,100 per person this year, projected to increase to $12,000 in 2015 and compounding at more than double the rate of inflation. Already, medical care gobbles up one-sixth of the GDP. Even so, we ask ourselves, how better to spend our money on the best healthcare in the world? Not so fast. The facts show that these enormous expenditures may be buying us the best facilities in medical care—but not the best health. For example, Canada spends only 60% as much per person on healthcare as the United States. Yet, since 1980, the longevity of all Canadians has improved more rapidly than that of only white Americans. Yes, the "queues" in Canada can involve delays in nonemergency care. But these could be shortened with relatively small increases in funding. An article in the US journal Health Affairs investigating the number of Canadians who come here to avoid these waits found the number so small that it asked, " A tip with no iceberg? " Britain spends only 40% as much as we do on healthcare. But according to the Journal of the American Medical Assn., middle-class insured Americans "are much less healthy than their English counterparts". In fact, although Americans spend twice as much per person on healthcare as the other 21 wealthiest countries, data from the World Health Organization show that we live the shortest amount of time in good health—2.5 years less than the average in the other countries. Reviewing a Dartmouth Medical School study that found higher mortality rates in areas that spent the most on Medicare, professor Elliott Fisher concluded that "perhaps a third of medical spending is now devoted to services that don"t appear to improve health or the quality of care—and may make things worse." This means that the US is wasting more than $650 billion a year—half again more than the entire Defense Department will spend this year, including the cost of the war in Iraq—on unnecessary and often harmful.

Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourexample(s).Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about market. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.A. Market DataB. Market ProsperityC. Secret of SuccessD. Questions to AskE. Understanding Your MarketF. Market Research Successful small business expansions and new job formation lead the way in creating new markets, innovations and jobs that fuel economic growth and prosperity. In recognition of the importance of small business to a strong economy, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) is pleased to help meet the information needs of existing business owners and aspiring entrepreneurs.(41)______. Your business will not succeed just because you want it to succeed. Determining if there is a market for your products or services is the most critical item of planning. Once you decide on your product or service, you must analyze your market—a process involving interviewing competitors, suppliers and new customers. Before you begin researching your market, however, you should take a brief, but close, look at your product or service from an objective standpoint. You should ask yourself the following questions:—Is this product or service in constant demand?—How many competitors provide the same service or product?—Can I create a demand for my product or service?—Can I compete effectively in price, quality and delivery?—Can I price my product or service to assure a profit? Once you are satisfied that these preliminary questions are answered, move on to performing your research.(42)______. It is extremely beneficial to investigate a market because the information gathered can increase your profit potential. Specifically, it:—Indicates alternative sales approaches to your market.—Provides a more accurate base for making profit assumptions.—Aids in the organization of marketing activities.—Assists in the development of critical short/mid-term goals.—Helps establish your market"s profit boundaries. Unfortunately, many entrepreneurs fail to complete this critical section of their business plan. Collecting research data can be frustrating unless you have defined your goals and organized the collection and analysis process. To prevent this from happening, you must plan how you will collect, sort and analyze the information. Maintain a notebook and file in which to store, organize and retrieve data as needed.(43)______. Your research should ask these questions..—Who are your customers?—Where are they located?—What are their needs and resources?—Is your service or product essential in their operations pr activities?—Can the customer afford your service or product?—Where can you create a demand for your service or product?—What areas within your market are declining or growing?—What is the general economy of your service or product area?(44)______. Knowing your market requires an understanding not only of your product, but also of your customers" socioeconomic characteristics. This information will serve as a map in letting you know what is ahead. More market information can be found in,—Library listings of trade associations and journals.—Regional planning organizations" studies on growth trends.—Banks, realtors and insurance companies.—Competitors.—Customer surveys in your market area. Once you have obtained and analyzed this information, it will become the foundation of your business plan. Research information is important because it supports the basic assumptions in your financial projection—your reason for going into business.(45)______. To be successful, a small business owner must know the market. Market research is simply an orderly, objective way of learning about people—the people who will buy from you.

The staggering variety of free stuff available on the Internet sometimes seems to have repealed the first law of economics: There"s no such thing as a free lunch. But as so often happens, the dismal science actually has it right. When it looks like you"re getting something for nothing, somebody is paying, and it"s often instructive to know who that is. I"ve been testing a new phone service called ooma that provides an interesting case in point. Once you pay $399 up front for a box called the ooma Hub and connect it to your phone and the Internet via your home network, you are promised free, unlimited phone calls over two lines, plus voice mail. The system works fine and is simple to set up. When a voice-over-Internet call has to go to a regular phone number, a service such as ooma usually has to pay a "termination fee" to a carrier such as Verizon. Skype, for example, charges 2% per minute for calls outside the Skype network. But ooma avoids this by using some of its customers—those who have kept regular phone lines—to serve as gateways onto the local phone network at no charge. When you want to call outside the ooma network, the call moves from your Hub over the Internet to a second landline-connected Hub within the destination"s local calling area. The Hub dials the target number and patches the call through. In effect, ooma customers with landlines pay to keep the whole system going. You don"t even notice if your landline is being used because your own phone calls go out over your broadband connection, with your flat-rate monthly phone bill covering the ooma traffic. In fact, this improves the efficiency of the phone system by putting idle lines to work. But if ooma ever gains real traction, I expect a legal assault from big phone companies, which are losing income from termination fees. Web services do take advantage of genuine economies. The phone network is more expensive than the Net. Lots of Net players build on these advantages. Skype relies on selected users who act, often without their knowledge, as "super nodes" to manage the system. FreeConference.com provides calls by taking advantage of regulatory quirks—namely, the stiff termination fees long-distance carriers must pay to certain rural phone companies that handle calls into their territory. In effect, the free conferences are subsidized by customers and shareholders of the long-distance carriers. You may as well enjoy free calls while you can. But it"s always a good idea to read the fine print. If it isn"t obvious who"s paying for a free service, it might well be you.

That low moaning sound in the background just might be the Founding Fathers protesting from beyond the grave. They have been doing it when George Bush, at a breakfast of religious leaders, scorched the Democrats for failing to mention God in their platform and declaimed that a President needs to believe in the Almighty. What about the constitutional ban on "religious test(s)" for public office? the Founding Fathers would want to know. What about Tom Jefferson"s conviction that it is possible for a nonbeliever to be a moral person, "find(ing) incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in its exercise"? Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis on "Judeo-Christian values". It was he who wrote, "We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land...every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart". George Bush should know better than to encourage the theocratic ambitions of the Christian right. The "wall of separation" the Founding Fathers built between church and state is one of the best defenses freedom has ever had. Or have we already forgotten why the Founding Fathers put it up? They had seen enough religious intolerance in the colonies: Quaker women were burned at the stake in Puritan Massachusetts; Virginians could be jailed for denying the Bible"s authority. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as "the most bloody religion that ever existed", and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keep the hand that holds the musket separate from the one that carries the cross. There was another reason for the separation of church and state, which no amount of pious ranting can expunge: not all the Founding Fathers believed in the same God, or in any God at all. Jefferson was a renowned doubter, urging his nephew to "question with boldness even the existence of a God". John Adams was at least a skeptic, as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allen. Naturally, they designed a republic in which they themselves would have a place. Yet another reason argues for the separation of church and state. If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim, it was to limit the power not of the churches but of the state. They were deeply concerned, as Adams wrote, that "government shall be considered as having in it nothing more mysterious or divine than other arts or sciences". Surely the Republicans, committed as they are to "limited government", ought to honor the secular spirit that has limited our government from the moment of its birth.

Jack Blackman, a good friend of yours is leaving for New York. Write a letter to Tom, a friend in New York to introduce Jack to him. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.

IBM"s year-old, $2.5 billion computer-chip plant in East Fishkill, N.Y., is a manufacturing marvel. Three-hundred robotic tools, six miles of networking cable and more computing power than NASA uses to launch the space shuttle all work together to produce tens of millions of chips a year—each with circuitry 800 times thinner than a human hair. Not that you"ll find much human hair around the plant. Other chip plants need about 400 employees at all times to operate the Complex machinery. But today at East Fishkill, 100 engineers per shift oversee a totally automated production line. Last winter, when a fierce snowstorm sent everyone home early, the machines hummed along overnight without any problem. "The productivity increases for IBM are amazing," says Perry Hartswick, the senior program manager at the plant. Productivity improvements like those at IBM can be a boon in a healthy economy, helping to make American business more competitive abroad and keeping a lid on inflation as employees work harder to meet strong demand for their products. But today"s soaring productivity is having a harmful side effect: it"s holding back job growth. Last Thursday the Commerce Department reported that GDP grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. But unemployment was hovering at an uncomfortably high 6.2 percent in July, and 44,000 additional jobs were axed from payrolls, marking the sixth month in a row the economy has lost jobs. One fault is that seemingly profligate spending on high tech during the "90s boom. More than three years after the bust, it"s continuing to generate a productivity payoff inside companies. Even industries like entertainment and higher education, once thought to be largely immune to productivity improvements, have been revolutionized by digital media, online research tools, cell phones and e-mail. But that"s not the only reason for the problem. Over the last three years, American manufacturers have shipped 2.6 million jobs to low-Wage countries like China. Meanwhile, a flood of white-collar jobs—like computer technicians and customer service reps—have gone to countries with well-educated work forces, such as India. There is of course a simple solution to all this-a hotter economy, with stronger demand that would force companies to hire workers. But the seven-point decline in July of the Consumer Confidence Index doesn"t offer much near-term hope. Some economists also worry that Bush"s deep tax cuts are "a very expensive way of getting an amount of stimulus that is too small," says Janet Yellen, a professor at the Haas School of Business who also chaired Clinton"s Council of Economic Advisers. The Bush administration responds by asking Americans to wait until the full effect of the cuts are felt and the economy kicks into a high gear growth rate of 3 percent to 4 percent. For the millions of Americans who are out of work, that day can"t come soon enough.

Over half the world's people now live in cities. The latest"Global Report on Human Settlements" says a significant change took place last year. The report【B1】______this week from U.N. Habitat, a United Nations agency. A century ago, 【B2】______than five percent of all people lived in cities. 【B3】______ the middle of this century it could be seventy percent, or【B4】______six and a half billion people. Already three-fourths of people in【B5】______countries live in cities. Now most urban population 【B6】______ is in the developing world. Urbanization can 【B7】______ to social and economic progress, but also put 【B8】______on cities to provide housing and【B9】______. The new report says almost two hundred thousand people move【B10】______cities and towns each day. It says worsening inequalities,【B11】______by social divisions and differences in【B12】______, could result in violence and crime【B13】______cities plan better. Another issue is urban sprawl. This is where cities【B14】______quickly into rural areas, sometimes【B15】______a much faster rate than urban population growth. Sprawl is【B16】______in the United States. Americans move a lot. In a recent study, Art Hall at the University of Kansas found that people are moving away from the【B17】______cities to smaller ones. He sees a【B18】______toward "de-urbanization" across the nation.【B19】______urban economies still provide many【B20】______that rural areas do not.

Ruth Lawrence, aged ten, made history yesterday when she came a clear first out of the 530 candidates who took the entrance exam for St. Hugh"s College, Oxford. The all woman"s college is likely to offer her a scholarship. Ruth sat three in three-hour papers—Algebra and Geometry; Calculus, Probability and Statistics; and Maths, Pure and Applied. "I was happy with the first two," she said yesterday, "but I wasn"t sure about the third." Ruth who lives in Huddersfield, has never been to school. Her father, Harry Lawrence, a computer consultant, gave up his job when Ruth was five to educate her at home. Her mother, Sylvia, who also works in computers, is the family breadwinner. Harry Lawrence explained that, besides mathematics, Ruth also enjoyed English, History, Geography, and other subjects. She began to read four and started academic subjects at five. "We did not start off with the thought that she would not go to school," he said, "but we enjoyed at teaching her so much and we seemed to be making quite a good job of it, so we just carried on." Because she does not go to school, Ruth has not mixed much with other children. "She enjoys serious conversation with adults," her father said, "and I don"t think she will feel out of place at Oxford." He does not think she works harder than other children of her age, but he concentrates on what she enjoys, principally mathematics. "She watches television a little but not as a habit," he explained, "but she plays the piano and has quite a wide range of interests." If she does well at St. Hugh"s, Ruth expects to take a further degree and eventually hopes to become a research professor in mathematics-an ambition she may achieve while still in her teens. The Lawrence family plans to move to Oxford when Ruth enters the college in October 1991.@Before then, she plans to take four A levels to satisfy the college matriculation requirements. Miss Rachel Trickett, the principal of St. Hugh"s, said last night. "We are all very excited about Ruth. She is obviously quite brilliant and has shown genuine originality." Ruth"s future tutor, Dr. Glenys Luke, admits that taking so young a student is challenging but says it is one she expects to enjoy. "I shall tailor the teaching to her requirements" she said. Ruth shouldn"t have to suffer the same tensions and disappointments that older students faced. I hope I shall make it fun for her." Last night the Lawrence family were pleased at Ruth"s achievement. "We all jumped up and down a bit when we heard the good hens", said Harry Lawrence. When Ruth becomes a student, Harry Lawrence looks forward to concentrating his efforts on Ruth"s younger sister Rebecca, who is now seven. "She is doing very well," he said, "but it"s too early to tell whether she is a mathematician."

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human- relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not whole-heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self- respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are again and again tested by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one"s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the nineteenth century tree enterprise capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling wan.

The publisher" s techniques for book promotion have become increasingly sophisticated in all advanced countries. The typical traveler or book salesman is likely to hold a college degree, certainly in the United States; he receives a careful briefing from the home office, with elaborate samples and sales aids, and perhaps a car provided, or partly provided, by the firm.【F1】 A well-run publishing house issues two or three seasonal announcement lists with details of its forthcoming books, as well as an annual catalog of its present and past books still in print, which are sent to the principal booksellers and librarians. For many books, a prospectus may be issued, both for the use of booksellers and for direct mailing by the publisher. The distribution of review copies to the press is the last item in the normal program. These three steps, traveling, catalogs, and reviews, are the vital elements in the machinery of book distribution, which it is virtually impossible to accomplish without the professional work of a publisher.【F2】 The capacity of some authors to produce a quite presentable book with the help of a printer still leaves them far from their objective unless they can find a publisher to undertake its distribution. Newspaper and periodical advertising is the publisher"s principal means of reaching the public, and standards here have also risen considerably since World War II .【F3】 Originally handled entirely by the publisher"s own staff, it is now not uncommon for the larger houses, especially in the United States and in some European countries, to employ advertising agencies to prepare the copy and the general details of the campaign for any important book. 【F4】 While few authors consider that their books are advertised adequately and most publishers are highly doubtful whether press advertising does in fact sell books, the amounts spent in relation to sales revenue are much higher than for most other commodities, seldom less than 5 percent for new books. 【F5】 Over the whole field of sales promotion, as publishing houses have grown in size and profitability, there has been a marked tendency for the more commercial methods of general business to be applied to books, which are aggressively promoted to retailers and the public in the same manner as are many other commodities. Though this may increase sales, at least in the short term, it may be doubted whether it is in the interests of the public and to the long-term advantage of good publishing.

A Welcoming Speech Write a welcoming speech of about 100 words based on the following situation: Doctor Brown, who is well known to the world for his achievements in the field of medicine, comes to your university as a visiting scholar. Now write a welcoming speech to welcome him.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much importance attached to intellectual pursuits."【F1】 According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. 【F2】 To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.【F3】 These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.【F4】 While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churches. 【F5】 Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish."

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interpretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

人类学研究 ——2003年英译汉及详解 Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.【F1】 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. "Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of". By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences.【F2】 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology. All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.【F3】 The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.【F4】 Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior. 【F5】 Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.