You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Google. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.A. Sticking to long-term planning.B. Strive for more profitC. Decentralized management.D. Maintaining an employee-centric culture.E. Official Do-Gooding.F. A public company owned by the public. Wall Street predictors now estimate that when Google stocks are issued some weeks from now, the company will be valued at as much as $30 billion, making Brin and Page (who each own about 15 percent) worth more than $4 billion each. But personal wealth is clearly not the obsession of the cofounders, who share a cluttered office in the campus dubbed the Googleplex. As evidenced by their "owners manual," they have been struggling with a deep question: how can they preserve their company approach, culture and vision if it is to be publicly traded and beholden to shareholders 7 And they have come up with some answers. (41)______. Google is obsessed with democracy. The basis of all its wealth springs from the Google search algorithms, which search through and index the Web in such a way as to capture the collective intelligence of its users. It"s kind of a democratic process, and apparently this idea carries over to who should own shares. Google is repelling to be associated with the go-go (and, ultimately, gone-gone) superheroes of the dot-com era, and to discourage speculation Page and Brin outline "a fair process for our IPO that is inclusive of both small and large investors." They propose an auction that will by pass the daytraders and fat cats and, hopefully, reach their ideal investor—,-a wise soul willing to hang in for the long haul. When it comes to control, though, Google"s leaders believe that it should rest with them. The company will have two classes of stock, one of which has greater voting rights owned by them. (42)______. Sounding dangerously like a fortune cookie, the cofounders write, "A management team distracted by a series of short-term targets is as pointless as a dieter stepping on a scale every half hour." Google won"t fall for that, they insist. There will be no attempt to massage quarterly results to please Wall Street. And if you ask them how things will go in the next couple of months, "we will respectfully decline" to offer guidance. (43)______. Brin and Page knew that doubters predicted that going public would be the end of Google"s employee amenities like free lunches cooked by Jerry Garcia"s former chef and massages on call. But "when you look at the financials, that costs nothing," said Brin recently. "It"s less than a rounding error." He and Page are telling shareholders to "expect us to add benefits rather than reduce them over time." (44)______. Brin, Page and CEO Eric Schmidt run the company as a messy triumvirate. However, they do include spats between them as a possible risk factor. And the chain of command will be further complicated by their requirement that the board chairman should not be an insider. (45)______. In case there was any doubt about Google"s priorities, Page and Brin put it in black and white: "We aspire to make Google an institution that makes the world a better place." The company motto is "Don"t be evil," and shareholders should be aware that this could impact stock price. Google is putting 1 percent of its wealth in a foundation that someday "may eclipse Goggle itself in terms of overall world impact." All fascinating but not really an answer to that big question: should you get in on this."? That will depend on how Google can maintain its amazing momentum in the face of some very tough competitive challenges.

Charles Darwin wed his cousin Emma and spawned 10 children, including four brilliant scientists. Albert Einstein"s second wife Elsa was his first cousin. Queen Victoria said "I do" to hers. So have millions worldwide. In parts of Saudi Arabia, 39% of all marriages are between first cousins. In the U. S., though, the practice bears a stigma of inbreeding just this side of incest. The taboo is not only social but legislative; 24 states ban the marriage of first cousins: five others allow it only if the couple is unable to bear children. A major reason for this ban is the belief that kids of first cousins are tragically susceptible to serious congenital illnesses. That view may have to change. A comprehensive study published recently in the Journal of Genetic Counseling indicates such children run an only slightly higher risk of significant genetic disorders like congenital heart defects — about two percentage points above the average 3% to 4%. Says the study"s lead author, Robin Bennett, president-elect of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, which funded the study: "Aside from a thorough medical family history, there is no need to offer any genetic testing on the basis of coasanguinity alone. " Publication of the study will do more than tweak public awareness; it will enlighten doctors who have urged cousin couples not to have children. "Just this week, " says Bennett, "I saw a 23-year-old woman who had had a tubal ligation because her parents were cousins and her doctor told her she shouldn"t have children. " The American proscription against cousin marriages grew in the 19th century as wilderness settlers tried to distinguish themselves from the "savage" Indians, says Martin, author of the book Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. " The truth is that Europeans were marrying their cousins and Native Americans were not. " And doesn"t God have stern words on the subject? Christie Smith, 37, a Nevada writer, says she felt guilty when she fell in love with her first cousin"s son Mark. "I was trying so hard to convince myself not to have these feelings, " she recalls, "that I went to the Bible looking for confirmation that it was wrong. And what I found was the exact opposite: support for cousin marriages. " The patriarch Jacob married two of his first cousins, Rachel and Leah. Smith married Mark in 1999. The medical ban is lifted; the social stain may take longer to disappear.

I don't teach because teaching is easy for me.

People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation"s economy would bring social chaos. (46) In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. (47) Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation"s labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries. (48) As the population grew, its makeup also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility downward as well as upward—touched almost everyone. Local stud les indicate that nearly three-quarters of the population—in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West changed their residence each decade. (49) As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society," and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded." Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home. (50) In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household hosted many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a harbor of peace and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was common in the earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.

When shopkeepers want to lure customers into buying a particular product, they typically offer it at a discount. According to a new study to be published in the Journal of Marketing, they are【C1】______a trick. A team of researchers, led by Akshay Rao of University of Minnesota, looked at consumers"【C2】______to discounting. Shoppers, they found, much prefer getting something extra free to getting something cheaper. The main reason is that most people are【C3】______at fractions. Consumers often struggle to realise,【C4】______, that a 50% increase in【C5】______is the same as a 33% discount in price. They【C6】______assume the former is better value. In an experiment, the researchers sold 73% more hand lotion when it was offered in a【C7】______pack than when it carried an equivalent discount. This numerical blind【C8】______remains even when the deal【C9】______favours the discounted product In another experiment, this time on his undergraduates, Mr. Rao offered two deals on loose coffee beans: 33% extra free or 33%【C10】______the price. The discount is【C11】______the better proposition, but the experiment shows the supposedly clever students viewed them as【C12】______. Marketing types can draw lessons【C13】______just pricing, says Mr. Rao. When advertising a new car"s efficiency, for example, it is more【C14】______to talk about the number of extra miles per gallon it does,【C15】______the equivalent percentage fall in fuel【C16】______. There may be lessons for officials who【C17】______prices too. Even well-educated shoppers are easily【C18】______. Sending everyone back to school for maths seems out of the question.【C19】______more prominently displayed unit prices in shops and advertisements would be a great【C20】______.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Here"s a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation. A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady out to dinner. She has accepted his invitation and he is overjoyed. He is determined to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it means that he will have to live on memories and hopes during the month to come. When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this etherial(轻飘的) creature is on a diet. She mustn"t eat this and she mustn"t that. Oh, but of course, she doesn"t want to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all means eat as much fattening food as he wants: it"s the surest way to an early grave. (41)______. (42)______. They spend most of their time turning their noses up at food. They are forever consulting calorie(卡路里) charts; gazing at themselves in mirrors; and leaping on to weighing-machines in the bathroom. They spend a lifetime fighting a losing battle against spreading hips, protruding tummies and double chins. Some wage all-out war on FAT. Mere dieting is not enough. They exhaust themselves doing exercises, sweating in sauna baths, being pummeled and massaged by weird machines. The really wealthy diet-mongers pay vast sums for "health cures". For two weeks they can enter a nature clinic and be starved to death for a hundred guineas a week. Don"t think it"s only the middle-aged who go in for these fats either. (43)______. (44)______. Well, for one thing, they"re always hungry. You can"t be hungry and happy at the same time. All the horrible concoctions they eat instead of food leave them permanently dissatisfied. "Wonderfood is a complete food", the advertisement says. "Just dissolve a teaspoonful in water..." A complete food it may be, but not quite as complete as a juicy steak. And, of course, they"re always miserable because they feel so guilty. Hunger just proves too much for them and in the end they lash out and devour five huge guilt-inducing cream cakes at a sitting. And who can blame them? At least three times a day they are exposed to temptation. (45)______. What"s all this self-inflicted torture for? Saintly people deprive themselves of food to attain a state of grace. Unsaintly people do so to attain a state of misery. It will be a great day when all the dieters in the world abandon their slimming courses; when they ate out their plates and demand second helpings!A. Many of these bright young things you see are suffering from chronic malnutrition: they are living on nothing but air, water, and the goodwill of God.B. Dieters deprive themselves of delicious food to attain a grace stature, but some people think it is miserable and foolish for them to do so.C. Dieters undertake to starve themselves of their own free will; so why are they so miserable?D. They spend a truly memorable evening together and never see each other again.E. What an utter torture it is always watching others tucking into piles of mouth-watering food while you munch a water biscuit and sip unsweetened lemon juice!F. People who are on a diet mustn"t have chocolate, and this is hard for some girls.G. What a miserable lot of dieters are! You can always recognize them from the sour expression on their faces.

An analysis of 20,928 postmenopausal women showed that the taller a woman is, the greater her risk for a number of cancers, including breast, colon and skin cancer, among others. The finding, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, is not expected to change screening recommendations and shouldn"t alarm those with a tall stature. Instead, say scientists, the association between height and cancer may help guide researchers to study hormones and growth factors that influence height and may also play a role in cancer. "We know that cancer is a disease in which hormones and growth factors modify things," said Geoffrey C. Kabat, a senior epidemiologist in the department of epidemiology and population health at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York. "Height itself is not a risk factor, but it really appears to be a marker for one or more exposures that influence cancer risk. " Nobody really knows why cancer risk is associated with a taller stature. It may have to do with hormones and growth factors that spur both height and cancer cells. It may be that height simply increases the surface area of the body"s organs, resulting in a greater number of overall cells and higher subsequent risk of malignancy. While the current study focused only on women, other research has also found an association between height and cancer among men. One study found that taller men were at slightly higher risk for aggressive prostate cancer. In May, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reported that height differences between men and women may help explain why men have an overall greater risk of developing cancer in non-sex specific organs like kidneys and lungs. That study, of 65 ,000 men and women, showed that sex differences in height may explain a third to a half of a man"s excess cancer risk compared to women. Height can be influenced by a number of factors beyond genetics. The amount and type of foods consumed in childhood can influence height, and childhood nutrition may also play some role in cancer risk. A higher circulating level of a protein called insulin-like growth factor, which can be influenced by factors like exercise, stress, body mass index and nutrition, is also associated with both increased height and an increased cancer risk. The data for the latest analysis were collected from the Women"s Health Initiative, the largest-ever study of postmenopausal women. The researchers identified 20,928 women who had received a cancer diagnosis during the 12-year study period. The data set included not only the woman"s height but also her age, weight, education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and whether she used hormone therapy. This allowed the scientists to control for other factors that could influence cancer risk and more closely determine the strength of the association with height. They found that for every 4-inch change in height, there was a 13 percent increase in risk for developing any type of cancer. The cancers most strongly associated with height were cancers of the kidney, rectum, thyroid and blood. Risk for those cancers increased by 23 to 29 percent for every 4-inch increase in height.

Some drug makers pay key leaders in a field of medicine, such as chairs of departments in medical schools, tens of thousands of dollars if they are saying the right things about their product. They manipulate medical education sessions, lectures, articles in medical journals, research studies, even personal conversations between physicians to get their product message across. Now a huge collection of drug company internal documents—revealed as part of a lawsuit—offers a wealth of detail. In 1996, Dr. David Franklin, an employee of the drug company Parke-Davis, filed the lawsuit under federal whistleblower statutes alleging that the company was illegally promoting a drug called Neurontin for so called "off-label" uses. Under federal law, once the FDA approves a drug, a doctor can prescribe it for anything. But the law specifically prohibits the drug company from promoting the drug for any unapproved uses. In 2004, the company, by then a division of Pfizer admitted guilt and agreed to pay $430 million in criminal and civil liability related to promoting the drug for off-label use. Spokespeople for Pfizer say that any wrong doing occurred before Pfizer acquired the company. But Pfizer fought hard to keep all the papers related to the suit under seal. A judge denied the request and they are now part of the Drug Industry Document Archive at the University of California, San Francisco. What is most interesting is not the illegal actions they reveal, but the details of activities that are perfectly legal. And according to people familiar with the industry, the methods detailed in these company memos are routine. One tactic identifies certain doctors as "thought leaders, "—those whose opinions influence the prescribing pattern of other doctors. Those whose views converge with the company goals are then showered with rewards, research and educational grants. In the Parke-Davis case 14 such big shots got between $10,250 and $158,250 between 1993 and 1997. "Medical education drives this market", wrote the author of one Parke-Davis business plan in the files. Many state licensing boards require physicians to attend sessions in what is called continuing medical education (CME) to keep current in their field. At one time, medical schools ran most CME courses. Now, an industry of medical education and communications committees (MECCs) run most of the courses. These companies with innocent sounding names like Medical Education Systems set up courses, sometimes in conjunction with medical meetings, at other times often in fancy restaurants and resorts. The drug companies foot the bill, with the program usually noting it was financed by an "unrestricted educational grant" from the company. Using MECCs, Parke-Davis set up conference calls so that doctors could talk to one another about the drugs. The moderators of the calls, often thought leaders or their younger assistants, received $250 to $500 a call. Drug company reps were on the line, instructed to stay in a "listen only" mode, but monitoring to be sure the pitch met their expectations. Clearly, "many of the physicians in these schemes are not innocent bystanders. Whether it is ghost writing, making telephone calls to colleagues or leading a CME session, many of the doctors got paid well. Others received a free meal or transportation to a resort to listen to an "educational session". Physicians often claim they are not influenced by payments from the pharmaceutical industry. But with the methods so thoroughly detailed in these papers, drug companies clearly believe they are getting their money"s worth.

You see an advertisement in a newspaper about an English training class. Write a letter to the training school to 1) introduce yourself and your purpose 2) explain your special needs 3)ask for detailed information about the class Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

BSection III Writing/B

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Applicants who have never been issued a passport in their own name must execute an application in person before (1) a passport agent; (2) a clerk of any federal court or state court of record or a judge or clerk of any probate court accepting applications; (3) a postal employee designated by the postmaster at a post office that has been selected to accept passport applications; or (4) a U.S. diplomatic or consular officer abroad. (41)______. If the applicant has no prior passport and was born in the U.S., a certified copy of his/her birth certificate generally must be presented to the agent accepting the passport application. To be acceptable, the certificate must show the given name and surname, the date and place of birth, and that the birth record was filed shortly after birth. A delayed birth certificate (a record filed more than 1 year after the date of birth) is acceptable provided that it shows that acceptable secondary evidence was used for creating this record. (42)______. The notice must be accompanied by the best obtainable secondary evidence, such as a baptismal certificate or a hospital birth record. A naturalized citizen with no previous passport must present a Certificate of Naturalization. A person born abroad claiming U.S. citizenship through either a native-born or naturalized citizen parent must normally submit a Certificate of Citizenship issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service; or a Consular Report of Birth or Certification of Birth Abroad issued by the Dept. of State. (43)______. Additionally, if citizenship is derived through birth to citizen parent(s), the following documents will be required: parents" marriage certificate showing periods and places of residence or physical presence in the U.S. and abroad, specifying periods spent abroad in the employment of the U.S. government, including the armed forces, or with certain international organizations. (44)______. It is important to apply for a passport as far in advance as possible. Passport offices are busiest between March and September. It can take several weeks to receive your passport. 45)______.A. If a birth certificate is not obtainable, a notice from a state registrar must be submitted stating that no birth record exists.B. Any applicant without prior passport needs a birth certificate provided by a hospital or clinic anywhere in America.C. If one of the above documents has not been obtained, evidence of citizenship of the parent(s) through whom citizenship is claimed and evidence that would establish the parent/child relationship must be submitted.D. Persons in other circumstances may be eligible to apply for a new passport through interview appointed by email or phone.E. If citizenship is derived through naturalization of parents, evidence of admission to the U.S. for permanent residence also will be required.F. A full validity passport previously issued to the applicant or one in which he or she was included will be accepted as proof of U.S. citizenship.G. Persons who possess the most recent passport issued within the last 12 years and after their 18th birthday may be eligible to apply for a new passport by mail.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points)A. Town hall, a happy bride and groomB. Temple and atheistic groomC. Wedding hallD. Angels, children escorting the brideE. The foreign groom and the local brideF. The golden wedding-ring was put on her finger Ornamenting the two fingers is only the first step of the "long march". Angel was never as overloaded as today, running from here to there, busy ordering invitation cards and wedding clothes, booking church and restaurant, checking availability of the photographer, the pastor and the official in the town hall, looking for a new home. She was happy and excited. However this long wedding preparation process loaded down with trivial details, gave me a big headache. In France, more and more French cohabit instead of marrying. However, when they decide to marry, they still take their wedding ceremony seriously and usually follow the never changing three traditional chapters. (41)______. The third chapter is the wedding breakfast followed by a dance. (The first and the second chapter are the civil wedding and the church wedding). After the church wedding, the newly-weds normally invite their parents and friends to take part in a sumptuous meal and dance in the evening. After champagne flutes are raised all around, the dancing starts. The newly-weds take the lead, dancing lightly and finish the evening by tiredly tripping into their bridal chamber and thus terminate the last chapter of the French marriage. (42)______. I grew up in the last seventies and early eighties, the "simple wedding" advocated by the Chinese government had been ingrained in any mind. One day finally I could not help revealing my wish for a simple wedding:" Darling, your wedding plans are far too long and over-elaborate. Let"s simplify them and reduce three chapters to only one. It"s enough to get married in the town hall!" " No! Marriage is the most important event in my life. I want to make it grand and unforgettable." Angel refused to concede. However I really wanted to escape the church wedding. "Honey, I wasn"t baptized and being an atheist, I am not allowed to go to church. A church wedding is a burden for an atheist like me, and the church wedding for an atheist is also against church rules!" I presented my views vehemently, believing I had the best excuse in the world. "My dear, marriage is a sacred affair; we must go to the church. You are only aware of one aspect of a thing, but ignorant of another. I am a Protestant; there are no strict canons and mumbo-jumbos in Protestantism. If one of the two is Protestant, they are still allowed to marry in a Protestant church." I was rendered speechless. (43)______. The sacred moment arrived. The foreign groom and the local bride, surrounded by her family members, arrived at the marriage hall. "Do you take this woman as your wife"? "Yes!" A myriad of thoughts welled up in my mind: "I"d quit my highly-coveted job in China and gone through innumerable trials and tribulations to come to Europe to join my Chinese lover, but I was jilted. Now I"d found an oasis of love, but far from my homeland. The girl with me today, though from a different cultural background, with a different way of thinking and behaving, is simple, pure and kind-hearted like an angel. I"d suffered from the wandering life in Europe. But after suffering comes happiness. In a few minutes she will proclaim the end of my wandering and homeless life." Full of deep feeling, I gazed at this western beauty, shining with dazzling splendor and held her hand tight in mine. (44)______. "Do you take this man as your husband?" Brimming with tears, choking with sobs, Angel nodded her approval. Being a traditional French girl, she"d never expected that she would have fallen into the temptation of the "good but cheap Chinese merchandise "before her and would have crossed the frontier between Chinese and French cultures to marry a man with an exotic accent and a flat nose! (45)______. The church was resounding with the wedding sonata, Angel and I walked up to the pastor to the beat of the music. Hand in hand, heart with heart, full of tender affection, we gave all the right answers to his questions. The golden wedding-ring on her left finger and paired up with her engagement ring on the right ring finger, both complementing each other"s radiance and beauty. Angel, now with two rings, became a real "valuable" bride. She slipped my finger with a simple ring onto my finger, and at the same time capturing my wandering heart. That evening, I, the foreign groom, with my Ecru, two-stringed Chinese violin, together with Angel, the local bride, with her violin, successfully performed the most beautiful concerto of cross-border marriage. "The spring is coming, the earth is smiling..." the hall was resounding to the strains of Strauss" joyful waltz while we were tripping away in a dance. At the climax of the music we swirled so quickly that both of us felt ourselves swoon in the glamour of our cross-border marriage.

All Americans are at least vaguely (1)_____ with the (2)_____ of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems (3)_____ more severe in recent years. Josephy reports," (4)_____ 1981 it was estimated that cut, backs in federal programs for Indians totaled about $500 million" (5)_____ mole than ten times the cuts affecting their (6)_____ fellow Americans. This reduced funding is affecting almost all aspects of reservation life, (7)_____ education. If the Indians could solve their (8)_____ problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far behind. In, this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and (9)_____ and some ways of improving this education will be proposed. Whether to (10)_____ with the dominant American culture or to (11)_____ Indian culture has been a longstanding issue in Indian education. The next fifty years became a period of (12)_____ assimilation in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education. John Collier, a reformer who agitated. (13)_____ Indians and their culture from the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different idea. He believed that instead of effacing native culture, Indian schools (14)_____ encourage and (15)_____ it. Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, (16)_____. More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming (17)_____ for jobs in the non-Indian society." When Indians obtain the requisite skills, many of them enter the broader American society and succeed." (18)_____ approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems (Taylor 136, 155). (19)_____ these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another (20)_____.

One problem with much personality research is that it examines and rates whatever traits the researchers are interested in at the time: conscientiousness, emotional stability and so on. But when we 【B1】______ someone in real life, we don't consider an array of personality measures; instead, we focus on a few【B2】______traits that sum up the 【B3】______ of the person. One is particularly anxious, another is 【B4】______ reliable, yet another is a "live wire". While we might hesitate to characterize individuals along every personality dimension, we can accurately identify them 【B5】______ their key characteristics. In research at Stanford University, Daryl Ben and Andrea Allen tested this idea by first asking college students 【B6】______ they were consistently or only occasionally friendly and then 【B7】______ their parents and friends how friendly the students were. Ben and Allen observed how the students acted under two specific conditions: 【B8】______they spoke in small groups and how quickly they【B9】______a conversation with strangers. The researchers found that students who considered themselves consistently friendly were indeed more likely to be【B10】______in both circumstances than were those who【B11】______themselves only intermittently friendly.【B12】______that, the friendliness ratings by parents and peers of the students who were consistently friendly were very similar【B13】______the students' self-ratings and【B14】______accurately how they would act in two conditions. It seems that we can【B15】______ourselves accurately and that others can rate us very well on traits【B16】______serve as our trademarks. To predict how someone will behave in a given situation, we must【B17】______the requirements of the situation with the trademark characteristics of the person【B18】______. People who are strongly of one type or【B19】______should react predictably in a given situation,【B20】______the behavior of other, more diffuse personalities is harder to anticipate.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

TeachChildreninAccordancewithTheirAptitudeWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

The term e-commerce refers to all commercial transactions conducted over the Internet, including transactions by consumers and business-to-business transactions. Conceptually, e-commerce does not 【B1】______ from well-known commercial offerings such as banking by phone, "mail order" catalogs, or sending a purchase order to supplier 【B2】______ fax. E-commerce follows the same model 【B3】______ in other business transactions; the difference 【B4】______ in the details. To a consumer, the most visible form of e-commerce consists 【B5】______ online ordering. A customer begins with a catalog of possible items,【B6】______an item, arranges a form of payment, and【B7】______an order. Instead of a physical catalog, e-commerce arranges for catalogs to be 【B8】______ on the Internet. Instead of sending an order on paper or by telephone, e-commerce arranges for orders to be sent【B9】______a computer network. Finally, instead of sending a paper representation of payment such as a check, e-commerce【B10】______one to send payment information electronically. In the decade【B11】______1993, e-commerce grew from an【B12】______novelty to a mainstream business influence. In 1993, few【B13】______had a web page, and【B14】______a handful allowed one to order products or services onlinl Ten years【B15】______, both large and small businesses had web pages, and most【B16】______users with the opportunity to place an order.【B17】______, many banks added online access,【B18】______online banking and bill paying became【B19】______. More importantly, the value of goods and services【B20】______over the Internet grew dramatically after 1997.

Within 80 years, some scientists estimate, the world must produce more than eight times the present world food supply. The productiveness of the sea raises our hopes for an adequate food supply in the future. Aided by men of science, we have set forth to find out that 70 percent of the earth remains unexplored the ocean depths. Thus, we may better discover and utilize the sea"s natural products for the world"s hungry. It is fish protein concentrate that is sought from the seas. By utilizing the unharvested fish in United States waters alone, enough fish protein concentrate can, be obtained to provide supplemental animal protein for more than one billion people for one year at the cost of less than half a cent per day per person. The malnutrition of children is terribly tragic. But the crime lies in society"s unrestrained breeding, not in its negligence in producing fish powder. But wherever the population projects are carefully considered, the answer to the problem is something like this: There are few projects that could do more to raise the nutritional level of mankind than a full-scale scientific effort to develop the resources of the sea. Each year some thirty million tons of food products are taken from the sea, which account for 12 percent of the world"s animal proteins. Nations with their swelling populations must push forward into the sea frontiers for food supplies. Private industry must step up its marine research and the federal government must make new attacks on the problems of marine research development. There is a tone of desperateness in all these designs on the sea. But what is most startling is the assumption that the seas are an untouched resource. The fact is that the seas have been, and are being, hurt directly and indirectly, by the same forces that have abused the land. In the broad pattern of ecological relationships the seas are not separable from what happens on the land. The poisons that pollute the soil and the air bring in massive doses into the "continental shelf" waters. The dirt and pollution that spills from our urban sewers and industrial out falls despoil our bays and coastal waters. All the border seas are already heavily polluted by the same exploitation drives that have undermined the quality of life on land.Notes: sewers 下水道。

You are going to read a text about language, followed by a list of examples, Choose the best example from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Language, the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another. Language is primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to other media, such as writing. If the spoken means of communication is unavailable, as may be the case among the deaf, visual means such as sign language can be used. A prominent characteristic of language is that the relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is arbitrary. (41) Language and Language Abilities Language can be used to discuss a wide range of topics, a characteristic that distinguishes it from animal communication. The dances of honey bees, for example, can be used only to communicate the location of food sources. (42) The Sounds of Language Because most languages are primarily spoken, an important part of the overall understanding of language involves the study of the sounds of language. Most sounds in the world"s languages—and all sounds in some languages, such as English—are produced by expelling air from the lungs and modifying the vocal tract between the larynx and the lips. (43) Units of Meaning While many people, influenced by writing, tend to think of words as the basic units of grammatical structure, linguists recognize a smaller unit, the morpheme. The word cats, for instance, consists of two elements, or morphemes: cat, the meaning of which can be roughly characterized as "feline animal", and-s, the meaning of which can be roughly characterized as "more than one". (44) Word Order and Sentence Structure Syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. The order of words in sentences varies from language to language. English-language syntax, for instance, generally follows a subject-verb-object order, as in the sentence "The dog (subject) bit (verb) the man (object)". The sentence "The dog the man bit" is not a correct construction in English, and the sentence "The man bit the dog" has a very different meaning. In contrast, Japanese has a basic word order of subject-object verb, as in "watakushi-wa hon-o kau", which literally translates to "I book buy". (45) Meaning in Language While the fields of language study mentioned above deal primarily with the form of linguistic elements, semantics is the field of study that deals with the meaning of these elements. A prominent part of semantics deals with the meaning of individual morphemes.A. For instance, the sound p requires complete closure of the lips, so that air coming from the lungs builds up pressure in the mouth, giving rise to the characteristic popping sound when the lip closure is released. The sound used by English speakers to express annoyance, often spelled tsk or tut, uses air trapped in the space between the front of the tongue, the back of the tongue, and the palate.B. Semantics also involves studying the meaning of the constructions that link morphemes to form phrases and sentences. For instance, the sentences "The dog bit the man" and "The man bit the dog" contain exactly the same morphemes, but they have different meanings. This is because the morphemes enter into different constructions in each sentence, reflected in the different word orders of the two sentences.C. While the language-learning abilities of apes have surprised many and there continues to be controversy over the precise limits of these abilities—scientists and scholars generally agree that apes do not progress beyond the linguistic abilities of a two year-old child.D. First-language acquisition is a complex process that linguists only partially understand. Young children have certain innate characteristics that predispose them to learn language. These characteristics include the structure of the vocal tract, which enables children to make the sounds used in language, and the ability to understand a number of general grammatical principles, such as the hierarchical nature of syntax.E. Hixkaryana, spoken by about 400 people on a tributary of the Amazon River in Brazil, has a basic word order of object-verb-subject. The sentence "toro yahos? ye kamara", which literally translates to "Man grabbed jaguar", actually means that the jaguar grabbed the man, not that the man grabbed the jaguar.F. The study of these smallest grammatical units, and the ways in which they combine into words, is called morphology.