In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. A recent poll showed that 40% of Americans【C1】______the practice. Tips should not exist So【C2】______do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both【C3】______the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.【C4】______according to new research from Cornell University, tipping【C5】______serves any useful functions. The paper analyses data from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The【C6】______between larger tips and better service was very【C7】______: only a tiny part of the【C8】______in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as "excellent" still tipped【C9】______between 8% and 37% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom【C10】______institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the【C11】______cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean【C12】______from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man who【C13】______your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being【C14】______by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really【C15】______at all. How to【C16】______for these national differences? According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell paper's co-author, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves【C17】______about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, "in America, where people are【C18】______and expressive, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly people think less of you." Icelanders,【C19】______, do not usually tip— a measure of their【C20】______, no doubt.

Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child"s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is some relationship between age and children"s characteristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce, the impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls" adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents" fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.

It was the best of times or, depending on your political and philosophical outlook, one of the foulest and most depraved. Rebellion seemed to be leaping from city to city, continent to continent, by some fiery process of contagion. Radical students filled the streets of Mexico city, Berlin, Tokyo, Prague. In the U.S., Chicago swirled into near anarchy as cops battled antiwar demonstrators gathered at the Democratic Convention. And everywhere from Amsterdam to Haight-Ashbury, a generation was getting high, acting up. So, clearly, it was the year from hell—a collective "dive into extensive social and personal dysfunction", as the Wall Street Journal editorialized recently. Or, depending again on your outlook, a global breakthrough for the human spirit. On this, the 25th anniversary of 1968, probably the only thing we can all agree on is that "68 marks the beginning of the "culture wars", which have divided America ever since. Both the sides of the "culture wars" of the "80s and "90s took form in the critical year of "68. The key issues are different now—abortion and gay rights, for example, as opposed to Vietnam and racism—but the underlying themes still echo the clashes of "68: Diversity vs. conformity, tradition vs. iconoclasm, self-expression vs. deference to norms. "Question authority", in other words, vs. "Father knows best". The 25th anniversary of "68 is a good time to reflect, calmly and philosophically, on these deep, underlying choices. On one hand we know that anti-authoritarianism for its own sake easily degenerates into a rude and unfocused defiance: Revolution, as Abbie Hoffman put it, "for the hell of it". Certainly "68 had its wretched excesses as well as its moments of glory: the personal tragedy of lives undone by drugs and sex, the heavy cost of riots and destruction. One might easily conclude that the ancient rules and hierarchies are there for a reason—they"re worked, more or less, for untold millenniums, so there"s no point in changing them now. But it"s also true that what "worked" for thousands of years may not be the best way of doing things. Democracy, after all, was once a far-out, subversive notion, condemned by kings and priests. In our own country, it took all kinds of hell-raising, including a war, to get across the simple notion that no person is morally entitled to own another. One generation"s hallowed tradition—slavery, or the divine right of kings—may be another generation"s object lesson in human folly. "68 was one more awkward, stumbling, half-step forward in what Dutschke called the "long march" toward human freedom. Actually, it helped inspire the worldwide feminist movement.

Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this (1)_____, every group has a culture, however un-developed or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture (2)_____ another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic (3)_____ among the different languages. People once (4)_____ the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped (5)_____ of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. (6)_____ it is possible that language (7)_____ began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages (8)_____ no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of (9)_____ groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely (10)_____, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They (11)_____ behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, (12)_____ only in their vocabularies, which reflect their speakers" social (13)_____. Even in this department, (14)_____, two things are to be noted: 1) All languages seem to (15)_____ the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence (16)_____ by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2) The objects and activities requiring names and (17)_____ in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often (18)_____ numerous and complicated. A Western languages distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker or to the person (19)_____ and what is removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, (20)_____ a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank.

BSection III Writing/B

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of pre-industrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside: migrating to the New World was simply a "natural spillover" Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that contrary to the notion that used to flourish in American history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn"s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to pre-industrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited: by the 1730"s. However, American employers demanded skilled workers. Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of the Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture. Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they gave up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.Notes:spillover n. 外流。indentured servant 合同工。hinterland n. 内地。Anglo-American 英裔美国人的。periphery n. 边缘。anti-aristocratic 反对贵族的。demographics 人口统计(特点)。

Research is commonly divided into "applied" and "pure". This classification is arbitrary and loose, but what is usually meant is that applied research is a deliberate investigation of a problem of practical importance, in contradistinction to pure research done to gain knowledge for its own sake. The pure scientist may be said to accept as an act of faith that any scientific knowledge is worth pursuing for its own sake, and, if pressed, he usually claims that in most instances it is eventually found to be useful. Most of the greatest discoveries, such as the discovery of electricity, X-rays, radium and atomic energy, originated from pure research, which allows the worker to follow unexpected, interesting clues without the intention of achieving results of practical value. In applied research it is the project which is given support, whereas in pure research it is the man. However, often the distinction between pure and applied research is a superficial one as it may merely depend on whether or not the subject investigated is one of practical importance, For example, the investigation of the life cycle of a protozoon in a pond is pure research, but if the protozoon studied is a parasite of man or domestic animal the research would be termed applied. A more fundamental differentiation, which corresponds only very roughly with the applied and pure classification is (a) that in which the objective is given and the means of obtaining it are sought, and (b) that in which the discovery is first made and then a use for it is sought. There exists in some circles a certain amount of intellectual snobbery and tendency to look contemptuously, on applied investigation. This attitude is based on the following two false ideas: that new knowledge is only discovered by pure research while applied research merely seeks to apply knowledge already available, and that pure research is a higher intellectual activity because it requires greater scientific ability and is more difficult. Both these ideas are quite wrong. Important new knowledge has frequently arisen from applied investigation; for instance, the science of bacteriology originated largely from Pasteur"s investigations of practical problem in the beer, wine and silkworm industries. Usually it is more difficult to get results in applied research than in pure research, because the worker has to stick to and solve a given problem instead of following any promising clue that may turn up. Also in applied research most fields have already been well worked over and many of the easy and obvious things have been done. Applied research should not be confused with the routine practice of some branch of science where only the application of existing knowledge is attempted. There is need for both pure and applied research for they tend to be complementary.

Fear seems to be the dominant mood of the moment. Hurricanes, tidal waves, floods, earthquakes and terrorism this year have all brought with them not only appalling scenes of devastation, death and suffering, but also outrage at the lack of preparations to avoid or cope with these disasters. Now even the birds of the air are a threat, we are told. That migrating flock visible On the horizon at sunset, once a consoling reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature, could be carrying the virus which might soon kill tens of millions of people. Given the many fingers pointed at governments in the wake of other disasters this year, it is hardly surprising that they are scrambling to respond to the threat posed by avian influenza. After confirmation this week that the H5N1 strain of bird flu, which has been spreading quickly in Asia, had been discovered in Romania and perhaps Greece, European Union foreign ministers convened an emergency meeting. President George Bush, still smarting from a torrent of criticism of his government"s clumsy response to Hurricane Katrina, has promised to rush out emergency plans for dealing with an outbreak of pandemic flu which have been stalled for years. Countries around the world are hurrying to stockpile the only current antiviral drug, Tamifln, which might be effective in saving lives in any pandemic or curbing its spread. The World Health Organisation is calling for an internationally coordinated effort. Health ministers from around the globe are due to meet next week in Canada to discuss what steps to take. Is any of this effort justified? Or are politicians simply helping to feed public panic, and then covering themselves by promising to spend lavishly against a threat which may never materialize and to reduce a risk which they do not understand? To ask these questions is not to counsel complacency, but to apply the kind of test which is required in any kind of disaster planning, not least because the world is an inherently dangerous place and it is impossible to plan against every possible disaster. With the media full of warnings of impending mass death, an overreaction is all too possible.

For fans of bitcoin, a digital currency, the year got off to a volatile start. On January 5th one bitcoin changed hands for nearly $ 1,150—almost as much as the record set three years ago. It has since dropped by 33%. 【F1】 Elsewhere in the land of monetary bits, things move more slowly but trouble is brewing; a potential patent war looms over the blockchain, a distributed ledger that authenticates and records every bitcoin transaction . Heated fights over intellectual property are nothing new in promising technology markets. 【F2】 But given that the blockchain is expected to shake up everything from the way precious diamonds are safeguarded to the way shares are traded, the legal fights could be especially fierce . On the face of it, the blockchain does not lend itself easily to staking out intellectual-property claims. 【F3】 Bitcoin's creator, known only by his pseudonym, Satoshi Nakamoto, published a paper about his invention, coded the first implementation and then disappeared—meaning that the core of the technology is now part of the public domain and only important additions and variations could be patented . And the blockchain's components are widely known. In America court decisions as well as a new law on the granting of patents make it difficult to claim ownership for such financial innovations. This hasn't stopped firms from trying to get patent protection on meaningful improvements to the blockchain, including security and encryption techniques, says Colette Reiner Mayer of Morrison hundreds more are said to be in the pipeline. Financial firms are among the most assiduous filers: MasterCard, for instance, is seeking four payment-related patents; Goldman Sachs has put in for one outlining a distributed ledger that can process foreign-exchange transactions. Startups, including Coinbase, Chain and 21 Inc, have been busy, too. Only a very few patents have been issued so far. 【F5】 And known applicants all say that they intend to use patents only "defensively" , meaning to protect themselves against lawsuits . Still, legal battles look likely; incumbent banks may go after newcomers, and "non-practising entities" (also known as "patent trolls") may attempt to shake down other firms. It could slow the pace of innovation, warns Brian Behlendorf of Hyperledger, an umbrella group for several blockchain-related projects.

It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, rather than about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, (1)_____ is their purpose merely to make conversation. The old person"s recollections of the past help to (2)_____ an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: (3)_____ any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide (4)_____ to the future, the individual mentions their (5)_____ as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life (6)_____ living. (7)_____, the memories form part of a continuing life (8)_____, in which the old person (9)_____ the events and experiences of the years gone by and (10)_____ on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life. As the life cycle (11)_____ to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. (12)_____ this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a (13)_____ subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as (14)_____ As adults, many of us find the topic frightening and are (15)_____ to think about it and certainly not to talk about it (16)_____ the presence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this taboo (17)_____ only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to (18)_____ the idea of death; It is the very fact that death remains (19)_____ our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes (20)_____ is so.Notes: reminiscence n. 回忆 fragile adj. 脆弱的。impending adj. 即将发生的。

You are going to read a text of tips on interview, followed by a list of explanations (or examples). Choose the best explanation/example from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra explanation/example which you do not need to use. Attire, body language and manners count during interviews. After all, interviewers are regular people like the rest of us, easily impressed by good behavior and just as easily offended by inappropriate behavior. Yet, surveys show that job candidates" interview manners and other professionalisms are on the decline. On the next pages are tips for acting professionally before, during and after interviews, to avoid offending interviewers and increase your chances of landing a job. (For more interview tips and other job-searching help, click on the links in the sidebar, under Related Resources.) These interview tips are based on good manners in the United States. Good manners are appreciated everywhere, but what constitutes then, may differ among other countries. (41) Do your homework: Research the company and study the job description before you interview, as your inter viewer will likely ask what you know about the company and why you want the job. (42) Get your personal papers ready: Collect and neatly arrange your important papers and work samples in a nice briefcase or portfolio. Dress appropriately: Practice good hygiene, comb or brush your hair, and dress appropriately. Even if you know that the company dress is business-casual, dress up anyway. It shows professionalism and respect, and most importantly, that you know how to dress for interviews. (43) Be punctual: Unless otherwise instructed (e. g., to fill out a job application), arrive five to ten minutes early for the interview; Sit with good pasture: If you don"t know what to do with your hands, keep them folded in your lap. This is another indication of good manners. Avoid crossing your arms over your chesty as it subliminally demonstrates a closed mind to some. (44) Read the mood: (45) Maintain eye contact: Maintain eye contact with the interviewer. It"s okay to ask questions to better answer the questions the interviewer asks you. But withhold the bulk of your questions until the interviewer asks if you have any, which is typically toward the end of the interview. Avoid asking the frivolous just because interviewers expect you to have questions. Instead, ask about important matters, such as job duties, management style and the financial health of the company. It"s not a good idea to ask questions about vacation, sick days, lunch breaks and so on, right off the bat. Ask about the lesser matters of importance during follow-up interviews. Typically, you"ll negotiate salary, benefits, perks and such in a follow-up interview. Regardless, don"t bring it up until asked, yet be ready to discuss it at anytime.A. This makes you look organized and professional. Remember to pack relevant documents such as extra resumes and reference lists, immigrant work-authorization papers, letters of recommendation, and information required on job applications. Bring at least one pen and pencil, and a notepad too.B. If the interviewer is formal, then you probably should be, too. If the interviewer is casual, then follow along while remaining courteous and professional. In either case, try to appear to be relaxed, but not too relaxed. It"s not a good idea to put your feet up on the interviewer"s desk!C. Avoid staring or you might make the interviewer uncomfortable, but don"t look away too often either. To some, failure to maintain a comfortable level of eye contact indicates that you are lying, reaching for answers or lacking confidence.D. It also helps you to formulate questions about the company and job. Interviewers typically expect you to ask such questions.E. If it"s possible without making a commotion, scoot your chair a little closer to the interviewer"s desk or take the chair closet to the desk, like you"re ready to dive right in. This shows interest and confidence. But don"t invade the interviewer"s personal space, a perimeter of about two feet by U.S. standards.F. This shows that you are eager and punctual. If you"re not at least five minutes early for an interview, you"re five minutes late! But don"t arrive more than ten minutes early, as it might be inconvenient for your interviewers. Definitely don"t be late!

BeYourselforaCloneBeauty?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

You and some of your classmates decide to go for an outing to the Summer Palace during the National Day holidays. As the organizer, you are to write an email message to remind the others of: 1) when and where to meet; 2) what to bring; 3) why they have to tell you in advance whether they will come. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Ling" instead.

OnEnvironmentalPollutionWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

What new research reveals about the adolescent brain. We 're learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors. This emerging research shed light on a discovery that our brains are not finished maturing by adolescence, brains are only about 80 percent of the way to maturity, it takes until the mid-20s, and possibly later, for a brain to become fully developed. An excess of gray matter (the stuff that does the processing) at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learning, but also particularly sensitive to the influences of our environment. Our brains' processing centers haven't been fully linked yet, particularly the parts responsible for helping to check our impulses and considering the long-term repercussions of our actions. It' s partially because of this developmental timeline that a teen can be so quick to think a harsh remark, or a biting insult, and so uninhibited in firing it off at the nearest unfortunate target. Instead, the full developed brain regions of an adult might stop himself from saying something cruel. In a paper published last year, Dr. Jay Giedd, wrote that, gray-matter (the stuff that does the processing) volume peaks around or just before the beginning of puberty, and then continuously declines. In contrast, white matter (the stuff that helps connect areas of the brain) increases right up to, and beyond, the end of puberty. These adolescent brain developments don't happen to all parts of the brain at the same time. "The order in which this maturation of connection goes, is from the back of the brain to the front of the brain," says Jensen. And one of the last parts to mature is the frontal lobe, a large area responsible for moderating reward, planning, impulsiveness, attention, acceptable social behavior, and other roles that are known as executive functions. Unfortunately, it' s just these sorts of behaviors that teenage brains are not fully endowed to deal with—and the consequences are potentially fatal when it comes to high-risk behavior like drinking and driving. This blast of teen-brain change is compounded by profound social and psychological shifts. Of particular importance is that adolescence is the time when we develop stronger social connections with our peers. Healthy social relationships have a positive effect on how an adolescent navigates through a tumultuous period of life. But at the same time, this reliance on friends makes young people susceptible to the influence of peer pressure, even when it is indirect.

Many are aware of the tremendous waste of energy in our environment, but fail to take advantage of straightforward opportunities to conserve that energy. For example, everyone knows that lights should be switched off when no one is in an office. Similarly, when employees are not using a meeting room, there is no need to regulate temperature. Fortunately, one need not rely on human intervention to conserve energy. With the help of smart sensing and network technology, energy conservation processes such as turning off lights and adjusting temperature can be readily automated. Ultimately, this technology will enable consumers and plant managers to better identify wasteful energy use and institute procedures that lead to smarter and more efficient homes, buildings and industrial plants. Until now, wires and cables for power and connectivity have limited the widespread adoption of sensor networks by making them difficult and expensive to install and maintain. Battery-powered wireless networks can simplify installation and reduce cost. But their high power consumption and the corresponding need for regular battery replacement has made wireless networks difficult and costly to maintain. Nobody wants to replace hundreds or thousands of window sensor batteries in a large building on a regular basis. The promise of wireless sensor networks can only be fully realized when the wiring for both the data communication and the power supply is eliminated. Doing so requires a true battery- free wireless solution, one that can utilize energy harvested directly from the environments. To facilitate the widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks, Greenpeak has developed an ultra-low-power communication technology that can utilize environmental energy sources such as light, motion and vibration. This technology, employing on-board power management circuits and computer software to monitor energy harvesters and make the best use of harvested energy, enables sensors to operate reliably in a battery-free environment. Wireless sensor networks deployed in our offices and homes will have an enormous impact on our daily lives, helping to build a smarter world in which energy is recycled and fully utilized. These wireless platforms, equipped with advanced sensing capability, will enable us to better control our lives, homes and environment, creating a truly connected world that enables people worldwide to live in a more comfortable, safer, and cleaner environment.

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world"s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, "is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something that is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday— a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration' s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court' s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal' s privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That' s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power". The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a continental man or one from the older generation. This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened. Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp during the War. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then? Older people, tired and irritable from a day"s work, are not angels, either—far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse. If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won"t bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.

A Lost Notice Write a lost notice of about 100 words based on the following situation: You lost your book when you were studying in the lecture room. Now write a lost notice in the hope of finding it back. Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.