According to certain beer commercials, the contemporary version of success 【B1】______ in moving up to a premium brand that costs a dime or so more per bottle. Credit-card companies would have you 【B2】______ success inheres in owning their particular piece of plastic. 【B3】______ the flag of success, modern-style, liberal arts colleges are withering 【B4】______ business schools are burgeoning, and yet even business schools are having an increasingly hard time 【B5】______ faculty members, because teaching isn't 【B6】______ "successful" enough. Amid a broad consensus 【B7】______ there is a glut of lawyers and an epidemic of strangling litigation, record numbers of young people continue to flock to law school 【B8】______ , for the individual practitioner, a law degree is still considered a safe ticket. Many, by external 【B9】______ , will be "successes". Yet there is a deadening and dangerous flaw in their philosophy: It has little room, little sympathy and less respect for the noble failure, for the person who 【B10】______ past the limits, who 【B11】______ gloriously high and falls unashamedly 【B12】______ That sort of ambition doesn't have much place in a world 【B13】______ success is proved by worldly reward 【B14】______ by accomplishment itself. That sort of ambition is increasingly thought of as the domain of irredeemable eccentrics, 【B15】______ people who haven't quite caught on—and there is great social pressure not to be one of them. The irony is that today's success-chasers seem obsessed with the idea of not settling. Yet in doggedly 【B16】______ the rather brittle species of success now in fashion, they are 【B17】______ themselves to a chokingly narrow swath of turf along the entire 【B18】______ of human possibilities. Does it ever 【B19】______ to them that, frequently, success is what people settle for 【B20】______ they can't think of something noble enough to be worth failing at?

Superior customer service can be an essential source of strength as companies emerge from the recession, but managers need to understand the extent to which the consumer landscape has shifted. Weakened brands, customers" easy access to information about vendors, and the erosion of barriers to switching a-mong competitors have combined to create a much more challenging environment for service, whether it"s outsourced or delivered in-house. Evidence shows that customers will no longer tolerate the rushed and inconvenient service that has become all too common. Instead, they are looking for a satisfying experience. Companies that provide it will win their loyalty. Our recent research demonstrates that when customers contact companies for service, they care most about two things: Is the frontline employee knowledgeable? And is the problem resolved on the first call? Yet those factors often aren"t even on customer-service managers" dashboards. Most service centers continue to measure time on hold and minutes per call, as they have for decades. Such metrics encourage agents to hurry through calls—resulting in just the kind of experience customers dislike. More than half of the customers we surveyed across industries say they"ve had a bad service experience, and nearly the same fraction think many of the companies they interact with don"t understand or care about them. On average, 40% of customers who suffer through bad experiences stop doing business with the offending company. To get a better understanding of what customers experience, managers should draw on a variety of information sources, including customer satisfaction surveys, behavioral data collected through self-service channels, and recorded customer-agent conversations. In addition, companies must revise processes to give agents the leeway and authority to meet individual customers" needs and provide positive, satisfying experiences. In evaluating service, managers should measure across all channels the percentage of customer problems resolved within the first contact, determine what is at the root of problems that aren"t settled in one call, and make any necessary changes. They should also aim to have consistently high-quality interactions between customers and frontline employees. That may sound costly, but knowledge-management systems, speech recognition for automated calls, and other technologies can help to substantially offset the expense. Some executives believe that irritated customers will forgive vendors and come back for more. Our research indicates that, on the contrary, alienated customers often disappear without the slightest warning. And as companies rebuild themselves after the recession, this silent attrition represents a host of lost opportunities for future sales and positive word of mouth.

In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, lead towards a narrowing of the range of perception. Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated. In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cease of that action. In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the stimulants of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in evaluating a situation. Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reaction is only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events. The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the primary influence. The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.

China is no longer what it used to be.

As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines—namely, noise. Noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinions are demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done about it. (46) To control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy) a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather than late), and, finally, technical knowledge. Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? (47) You find that with any existing simple "noise-meter", vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb it on the way to the ear. (48) Domestic noises may perhaps be controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. But if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously through residential and business districts, the community must decide on the control it needs to exercise, for in the long run it has got to pay for it. (49) And if a nation is to take part in modern air trans port, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports-and here the cost of any real control is to be measured in millions of dollars. Jet engines may be modified to reduce their noise level, or insulation from air traffic noise may be provided by the purchase of land around airports or the insulation of buildings. (50) One estimate is that $5.7 billion would be required to equip all existing jet engines with noise control devices; however, considering the current state of the art, even taking this step will not reduce noise levels at all points to acceptable values. Some combination of methods is probably necessary.

Suppose you are President of Student Union and are going to recruit some volunteers to participate in Hope Project in the next summer vacation. Write a recruit notice based on the following outline: 1) the purpose of this activity; 2) the requirement for the participants; 3) the schedule and contact person You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

The clean-energy business is turning into the next big investment boom, in which risks are lightly ignored. Until recently, recalls Charlie Gay, a 30-year veteran of the solar-power business, venture capitalists were far too busy catering to captains of the information-technology industry to waste time on "hippy-dippy tree-huggers" like himself. But now the tree-huggers are in the ascendant and theIT barons are busy investing in clean-energy technology. Investors are falling over themselves to finance start-ups in clean technology, especially in energy. Venture Business Research reckons that investment in the field by venture capitalists and private-equity firms has quadrupled in the past two years, from some $500m in 2004 to almost $2 billion so far this year. The share of venture capital going into clean energy is rising rapidly. Clean-energy fever is being fuelled by three things: high oil prices, fears over energy security and a growing concern about global warming. The provision of energy, the industry"s cheerleaders say, will change radically over the coming decades. Polluting coal- and gas-fired power stations will give way to cleaner alternatives such as solar and wind; fuels derived from plants and waste will replace petrol and diesel; and small, local forms of electricity generation will replace big power stations feeding far-flung grids. Eventually, it is hoped, fuel cells running on hydrogen will take the place of the internal combustion engine which is available everywhere. It is a bold vision, but if it happens very slowly, or only to a limited extent, boosters argue that it will still prompt tremendous growth for firms in the business. Analysts confidently predict the clean-energy business will grow by 20-30% a year for a decade. Jef-feries, an investment bank that organized a recent conference on the industry in London, asked participants how soon solar power would become competitive with old-fashioned generation technologies: in 2010, 2015 or 2020. About three-quarters of those present, one visitor happily observed, were "cheque-writers". This "megatrend", the keynote speaker advocated, "may be the biggest job- and wealth-creation opportunity of the 21st century." Such exaggeration might remind people of dotcom bubble. But clean-energy advocates insist growth is sustainable because of the likes of Mr. Schwarzenegger. The Governor is a hero in green circles because of his enthusiasm for environmental regulation. He easily won re-election partly because he seized on global warming as a concern and signed into law—America"s first wide-ranging scheme to cap greenhouse-gas emissions.

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added-worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.

You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates' Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Postgraduates' Association" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

The Economist calculates that around the world almost 290 million 15- to 24-year-olds are neither working nor studying: almost a quarter of the planet"s youth. On the other hand, many of the "employed" young have only informal and【C1】______jobs. In rich countries more than a third, on average, are on temporary【C2】______which make it hard to【C3】______skills In poorer ones, according to the World Bank, a fifth are【C4】______family labourers or work in the informal economy.【C5】______, nearly half of the world"s young people are either【C6】______the formal economy or contributing less【C7】______than they could. What has caused this【C8】______of joblessness? Young people have long had a raw【C9】______in the labour market. Two things make the problem more【C10】______now. The financial crisis and its consequence had an unusually big【C11】______on them. Many employers【C12】______the newest hires first, so a【C13】______raises youth joblessness disproportionately. Second, the emerging economies that have the largest and fastest-growing【C14】______of young people also have the【C15】______labour markets. Almost half of the world"s young people live in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa They also have the highest【C16】______of young people out of work or in the informal sector. In rich countries with generous welfare states this【C17】______a heavy burden on taxpayers. One estimate suggests that, in 2011, the economic loss from【C18】______young people in Europe【C19】______to $153 billion, or more than 1% of GDP. And failure to employ the young not only【C20】______growth today. It also threatens it tomorrow.

In America and Europe magazine publishers have a common headache: total circulation is either flat or declining slightly as people devote more time to the internet, and an ever greater share of advertising spending is going online. Magazine units are mostly a drag on growth for their parents. Time Inc, the world" s biggest magazine company, has to fend off rum ours that its parent, Time Warner, will sell it. People in the industry expect that Time Warner will soon sell IPC Media, its British magazine subsidiary. The business model for consumer magazines is under pressure from several directions at once, both online and off. Magazines have become more expensive to launch, and the cost of attracting and keeping new subscribers has risen. In America newsstand sales have been worryingly weak, partly because supermarkets dominate distribution and shelf-space is in short supply. The internet"s popularity has hit men"s titles the hardest. FHM, the flagship "lads" magazine of Emap—a British media firm, for instance, lost a quarter of its circulation in the year to June. Not long ago consumer magazines were Emap"s prize asset, but slowing growth from the division contributed to the company"s decision to put itself up for sale. Men"s magazines are in trouble in most developed-world markets as people have quickly switched from magazines to online services. There are good reasons why magazine owners should not feel pessimistic, however. For readers, many of the pleasing characteristics of magazines—their portability and glossiness, for instance— cannot be matched online. And magazines are not losing younger readers in the way that newspapers are. According to a study by the digital arm of Ogilvy Group, appetite for magazines is largely unchanged between older "baby boomers" and young "millennials". On the advertising side, magazines are faring much better than newspapers, which are losing big chunks of revenue as classified advertising shifts online. Advertisers like the fact that in many genres, such as fashion, readers accept and value magazine ads and even consider them part of the product. Unfortunately, magazine publishers have been slow to get onto the internet. "Eighteen months ago the internet was something they worried about after 4pm on Friday," says Peter Kreisky, a consultant to the media industry, "but now it"s at the heart of their business model. " To their credit, however, big magazine firms are doing far more than reproducing their print products online. They offer people useful, fun services online—Lagardere" s Car and Driver website, for instance, offers virtual test drives, and Better Homes and Gardens online has a 3D planning tool to help people redesign their homes.

"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available." This year, 50 percent of the 910 000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas. With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays." The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. "First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."

The Californian coastline north and south of Silicon Valley is a trend-setting sort of place. Increasingly, the home interiors of the well-heeled there tend toward one of two (1)_____. Houses are (2)_____ light flooded, sparse and vaguely Asian in (3)_____, with perhaps a Zen fountain in one corner, a Yoga area in another. Or they resemble electronic control rooms with all sorts of (4)_____, computers, routers, antennae, screens and remote controls. Occasionally, both elements are (5)_____. "She" may have the living room and public areas, (6)_____ "he" is banished with his toys up or down the stairs. Currently, the gadget lovers have powerful allies. Many of the largest companies in the consumer-electronics, computer, telecoms and internet industries have made a strategic decision to (7)_____ visions of a "digital home", "eHome", or "connected home". Doubting that (8)_____ from corporate customers will ever (9)_____ to the boom levels of the late 1990s, Microsoft, Intel, Sony, Verizon, Comcast, Hewlett-Packard, Apple and others see the consumer (10)_____ their best chance for growth and will be throwing a bewildering (11)_____ of home "solutions" at (12)_____ in the coming months and years. To understand what the (13)_____ ultimately have in (14)_____ it is best to visit the (15)_____ homes that most have built on their campuses or at trade shows. (16)_____ cosy and often intimidating, these feature flat screens almost everywhere, (17)_____ electronic picture frames in the bedroom from the large TV-substitute in the living room. Every (18)_____ has a microchip and can be (19)_____ to, typed into or clicked onto. Everything is (20)_____ to a central computer through wireless links.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Browse through the racks of dresses, skirts, and tops in almost any trendy clothing store in fashion-savvy Argentina, and whether you find something that fits depends on your size. But shops carry few—if any—options for curvaceous women. When you go into a store and find an extra large, you know that it is really the equivalent of a medium or even a small based on American standards. You feel frustrated because you start to think that everybody is like this, and that you are big. But that"s not true. In this beauty-conscious nation, which has the world"s second-highest rate of anorexia, many are partially blaming the country"s clothing industry for offering only tiny sizes of the latest fashions. The result is a dangerous paradox of girls and women adapting to the clothes rather than clothes adapting to them. The Argentine legislature is considering whether to force clothing manufacturers to cover "all the anthropometric measurements of the Argentine woman" up to extra large size. The bill also addresses the related problem of so-called "tricky" labeling in which S, M, and L designations vary by brand and are smaller than international standards. The proposal has raised eyebrows in a historically flirtatious society skeptical of government and well known for its obsession with beauty. "Argentina has the world"s highest rates of aesthetic surgery", says Mabel Bello, founder of the Association for the Fight against Anorexia. "When you are talking about how preoccupied with beauty our society is, that is the most telling statistic". For experts such statistics spell futility for legal remedies. "These types of laws are not going to cause lasting changes", says Susana Saulquin, a sociologist of fashion. "A better way to address the problem is through public education that emphasizes balanced eating habits over an unrealistic ideal of beauty". Currently, companies try to preserve brand image by catering to young and extremely thin customers, but over time, she believes, a more balanced view of beauty will emerge. For their part, industry groups condemn the hill as overreaching state intervening. They say their business decisions are guided by consumer demand. "We are not in favor of anything that regulates the market", says Laura Codda, a representative of major clothing manufacturers. "Every clothing company has the right to make anything they can sell—any color, any sizes". She says her group is not opposed to measures that would standardize sizing, but she notes that many, if not most, clothes in Argentine stores already carry the numerical designations called for in the bill. If history is a guide, the fate of the proposed law is somewhat bleak. However, in 2005, the provincial government of Buenos Aires managed to pass a similar law—although the governor failed to sign it.

Theories of social control focus on the strategies and techniques which help regulate human behavior and thus lead to conformity and compliance of the rules of society, including the influences of family, school, morals, values, beliefs, etc.. Does existence of rules guarantee peaceful existence of the group? Who is to ensure compliance with such rules? Social control theorists are out to study such questions. (46) They are interested in learning why people conform to norms; they ask why people conform in the face of so much temptation, peer pressure, and inducement. Juveniles and adults conform to the law in response to certain controlling forces which are present in their lives. Thus, they are likely to become criminal when the controlling forces in their lives are defective or absent. (47) Social control theorists argue that the more involved and committed a person is to conventional activities, the greater the attachment to others (such as family and friends), the less likely that a person is to violate the rules of society. Social control has its roots in the early part of this century in the work of sociologist E.A. Ross. (48) Ross believed that belief systems, not specific laws, guide what individuals do and this serves to control behavior, no matter the forms that beliefs may take. Social control is often seen as all-encompassing, practically representing any phenomenon leading to conformity, which leads to norms. Others see social control as a broad representation of regulated mechanisms placed upon society"s members. In other words, social control regards what is to be considered deviant, violations of the law, right or wrong. (49) Social control mechanisms can be adopted as laws, norms, mores, ethics, etiquette, and customs, which all control and thus define behavior. Social control theory is viewed from two perspectives. The macrosocial perspective explores formal control systems for the control of groups, including the legal system such as laws, law enforcement, powerful groups in society (who can help influence laws and norms) and economic and social directives of government or private organizations. Such controls can serve to be either positive or negative. (50) On the other hand, the microsocial perspective focuses on informal control systems, which help to explain why individuals conform. It also considers the source of control to be external, that is, outside of the person. We will focus on microsocial views of social control while examining the theories of Travis Hirshi (Social Bonds) and Gresham Sykes and David Matza"s Techniques of Neutralization (Drift Theory). Walter Reckless" Containment Theory is also included here as a theory of social control, although we can also consider it a self-concept approach.

In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. A recent poll showed that 40% of Americans【C1】______the practice. Tips should not exist. So【C2】______do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both【C3】______the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality. 【C4】______according to new research from Cornell University, tipping【C5】______serves any useful functions. The paper analyses data from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The【C6】______between larger tips and better service was very 【C7】______: only a tiny part of the 【C8】______in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as "excellent" still tipped 【C9】______ between 8% and 37% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom【C10】______ institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the【C11】______cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean【C12】______ from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15~20%, the man who【C13】______your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being 【C14】______by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really 【C15】______at all. How to【C16】______ for these national differences? According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell paper"s co-author, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves 【C17】______about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, "in America, where people are 【C18】______and expressive, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly people think less of you." Icelanders, 【C19】______ , do not usually tip—a measure of their 【C20】______ , no doubt.

Human language is the subject of endless scientific investigation, but the gestures that accompany speech are a surprisingly neglected area. It is sometimes jokingly said that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his wrists together, but almost everyone moves their hands in meaningful ways when they talk. Susan Goldin-Meadow of the University of Chicago, however, studies gestures carefully—and not out of idle curiosity. Introspection suggests that gesturing not only helps people communicate but also helps them to think. She set out to test this, and specifically to find out whether gestures might be used as an aid to children"s learning. It turns out, as she told the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS), that they can. The experiment she conducted involved balancing equations. Presented with an equation of the form 2+3+4=x+4, written on a blackboard, a child is asked to calculate the value of x. In the equations Dr Goldin-Meadow always made the last number on the left the same as the last on the right; so x was the sum of the first two numbers. Commonly, however, children who are learning arithmetic will add all three of the numbers on the left to arrive at the value of x. In her previous work Dr Goldin-Meadow had noted that children often use spontaneous gestures when explaining how they solve mathematical puzzles. So to see if these hand-movements actually help a child to think, or are merely descriptive, she divided a group of children into two and asked them to balance equations. One group was asked to gesture while doing so. A second was asked not to. Both groups were then given a lesson in how to solve problems of this sort. As Dr Goldin-Meadow suspected, the first group learnt more from the lesson than the second. By observing their gestures she refined the experiment. Often, a child would touch or point to the first two numbers on the left with the first two fingers of one hand. Dr Goldin-Meadow therefore taught this gesture explicitly to another group of children. Or, rather, she taught a third of them, taught another third to point to the second and third numbers this way, and told the remainder to use no gestures. When all were given the same lesson it was found those gesturing "correctly" learnt the most. But those gesturing "incorrectly" still outperformed the non-gesturers. Gesturing, therefore, clearly does help thought. Indeed, it is so thought-provoking that even the wrong gestures have some value. Perhaps this helps to explain why the arithmetic-intensive profession of banking was invented in Italy.

The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed. 【F1】 The underlying assumption in "technology transfer" is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries. Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere.【F2】 The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management. It is my contention that "technology transfer" as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed. 【F3】 The fundamental flaw is that "technology transfer" is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries. Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which "technology transfer" is based, beginning with training and ending with application, is composed of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which select the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained. Clearly, technology based on the set of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural conditions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even serving to slow progress.【F4】 This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called "basic knowledge transfer" as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries. This approach contains the following features: Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation.【F5】 The problem of internal "technology transfer" will require for each country or region a suitable number of trained scientific specialists; means for maintaining the competency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B