When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money. He may (1)_____ the repayment of the money at any time, either (2)_____ cash or by drawing a check in favor of another person.(3)_____, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor who is (4)_____ depending on whether the customer"s account is (5)_____ credit or is overdrawn. But, in (6)_____ to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer (7)_____ a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give (8)_____ to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is (9)_____ against him. The bank must (10)_____ its customer"s instructions, and not those of anyone else. (11)_____, for example, a customer opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in (12)_____ of checks drawn by himself. He gives the bank (13)_____ of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or (14)_____ to pay out a customer"s money (15)_____ a check on which its customer"s signature has been (16)_____. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very (17)_____ one: the bank must recognize its customer"s signature. For this reason there is no (18)_____ to the customer in the practice, (19)_____ by banks, of printing the customer"s name on his checks. If this (20)_____ forgery, it is the bank that will lose, not the customer.

In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of counting and other impressive mental tasks. After years of great performance, psychologists discovered that though Hans was certainly clever, he was not clever in the way that everyone expected. The horse was cleverly picking up on tiny, unintentional bodily and facial signals given out not only by his trainer, but also by the audience. Aware of the "Clever Hans" effect, Lisa Lit at the University of California and her colleagues wondered whether the beliefs of professional dog handlers might similarly affect the outcomes of searches for drugs and explosives. Remarkably, Dr. Lit found, they do. Dr. Lit asked 18 professional dog handlers and their dogs to complete brief searches. Before the searches, the handlers were informed that some of the search areas might contain up to three target scents, and also that in two cases those scents would be marked by pieces of red paper. What the handlers were not told was that none of the search areas contained the scents of either drugs or explosives. Any "detections" made by the teams thus had to be false. The findings reveal that of 144 searches, only 21 were clean (no alerts). All the others raised one alert or more. In total, the teams raised 225 alerts. While the sheer number of false alerts struck Dr. Lit as fascinating, it was where they took place that was of greatest interest. When handlers could see a red piece of paper, allegedly marking a location of interest, they were much more likely to say that their dogs signalled an alert. The human handlers were not only distracted on almost every occasion by the stimulus aimed at them, but also transmitted that distraction to their animals—who responded accordingly. To mix metaphors, the dogs were crying "wolf at the unconscious signal of their handlers. How much that matters in the real world is unclear. But it might. If a handler, for example, unconsciously "profiled" people being sniffed by a drug—or explosive-detecting dog at an airport, false positives could abound. That is not only bad for innocent travellers, but might distract the team from catching the guilty.

In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 【C1】______ of life at a fundamental level—the gene. The study of genetics has【C2】______a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it【C3】______biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in agriculture and are working feverishly to【C4】______seeds that give a high yield, that 【C5】______diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for【C6】______chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 【C7】______. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops. In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain【C8】______. A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 【C9】______ usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another【C10】______ to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze【C11】______from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant.【C12】______ , then, biotechnology allows humans to 【C13】______the genetic walls that separate species. Like the green revolution, 【C14】______some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity—some say even more so【C15】______ geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 【C16】______culture, processes that produce perfectly 【C17】______copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new【C18】______,such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. "We are flying blindly into a new【C19】______of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential【C20】______," said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.【C1】______ The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century"s culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. 【C2】______. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy.【C3】______ For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.【C4】______ Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.【C5】______ What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness"—creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world" s media culture has been defined by a single medium television—and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

You fell ill and needed an operation. The doctors of Tall Oaks Hospital carried out an operation on you. Writer a letter of thanks, including the following details: 1) Describing the mood before operation; 2) Acknowledging the stuff of the Tall Oaks Hospital; You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

BeCarefulWhenUsingCreditCards!Studythedrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.Youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyit,and3)giveyourcomments.

Research has shown that—in both sexes and across numerous cultures—attractive people are judged to be smarter, kinder, more honest and【C1】______. With some regularity we hear about the latest beauty contestant who has【C2】______to a soft-ball of a question with an epic fail of a mistake, a【C3】______opinion or an incoherent ramble. Ridiculous. But what's even more ridiculous is that our brains【C4】______us toward believing such people—just because they're【C5】______. In politics, we are also more likely to believe and vote【C6】______people who are attractive. And when it comes to blind【C7】______numerous studies discovered that more-attractive individuals are less likely to be【C8】______of crimes and, if so,【C9】______shorter-than-average sentences for the crime. Why should this be? Some have【C10】______that since it is pleasurable to meet someone attractive and someone good and honest, we【C11】______merge the two. But this convergence(the occurrence of two or more things coming together)of rewarding experiences seems【C12】______. Work by two researchers in Duke University【C13】______something more convincing: one part of the brain is involved in rating both the【C14】______of a face and the goodness of a behavior, and the level of activity in that【C15】______during one of those tasks predicts the level during the other. 【C16】______, the brain does similar things when【C17】______beautiful minds, hearts or cheekbones. It's a【C18】______finding. But there's also some good news in this story: The brain can get confused in【C19】______directions. That is to say, the same neural wiring that gives【C20】______to "What is beautiful is good" also generates "What is good is beautiful."

Since the pre-historic times, man has had an urge to satisfy his needs. Be it hunger, shelter or search for a mate, he has always manipulated the circumstances to the best of his advantages. Probably this might be the reason why we human are the most developed of all living species on the earth, and probably also in the universe. As we climbed the steps of evolution with giant leaps, wesomehow left behind common sense and logical thinking—we forgot that we have stopped thinking ahead of times. If you are hungry, what do you do? Grab a piece of your favorite meal and stay quiet after that? Just like your stomach, even your mind is hungry. But it never lets you know, because you keep it busy thinking about your dream lover, favorite star and many such absurd things. So it silently began to heed to your needs and never let itself grow. When mind loses its freedom to grow, creativity gets a full stop. This might be the reason why we all sometimes think "What happens next?", "Why can"t I think?", "Why am I always given the difficult problems?" Well this is the aftermath of our own karma of using our brain for flunking of not-so-worthy things. Hunger of the mind can be actually satiated through extensive reading. Now why reading and not watching TV? Because reading has been the most educative tool used by us right from the childhood. Just like that to develop other aspects of our life, we have to take help of reading. You have innumerable number of books in this world which will answer all your "How to?" questions. Once you read a book, you just don"t run your eyes through the lines, but even your mind decodes it and explains it to you. The interesting part of the book is stored in your mind as a seed. Now this seed is unknowingly used by you in your future to develop new ideas. The same seed if used many times, can help you link and relate a lot of things, of which you would have never thought of in your wildest dreams! This is nothing but creativity. More the number of books you read, your mind will open up like never before. Also this improves your oratory skills to a large extent and also makes a significant contribution to your vocabulary. Within no time you start speaking English or any language fluently with your friends or other people and you never seem to run out of the right words at the right time.

Scientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS — Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome — was【C1】______for the first time in February 2003 in Hanoi, 【C2】______since then has infected more than 1, 600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this【C3】______there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease. Symptoms start【C4】______a fever over 100. 4 degrees F, chills, headache or body【C5】______Within a week, the patient has a dry cough, which might【C6】______to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20% of cases, patients require【C7】______ventilation to breathe. About 3.5% die from the disease. Symptoms【C8】______begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it【C9】______take as long as 10 days. Scientists are close to【C10】______a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence【C11】______antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help, 【C12】______doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of【C13】______Scientists aren"t sure yet, but some researchers think it"s a【C14】______discovered corona-virus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds. Most cases appear to have been passed【C15】______droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care for them have been most likely to【C16】______the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the【C17】______might spread through air, or that the virus might【C18】______for two to three hours on doorknobs or other【C19】______Health experts say it is【C20】______, though, that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected person would be enough to pass the virus.

Certain activist lawyers have grabbed headlines recently in their campaign to grant legal rights, first, to chimpanzees and then to other animals. 【R1】______ Proponents of animal rights build their case with these arguments: (1)certain animals share qualities of consciousness that have heretofore been seen as uniquely human;(2)animals are brutalized in research;(3)research with animals has been made obsolete by computers and other technologies. 【R2】______Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, there is no substitute for animal research to understand biological processes that affect a living organism. Think of it this way: Why use costly animals if equally useful non-animal research tools were available? 【R3】______With every medical breakthrough of the past century the direct result of animal-based research, such research is not only ethical, but is our obligation. 【R4】______Philosopher Peter Singer first made the argument that some animals ought to count as "persons", whereas mentally defective humans should not and that the lives of healthy animals ought to be weighed equally with human beings. Singer says parents of a newborn with Down' s syndrome would be justified in ending her life to make room in their lives for a baby with normal intelligence. Recall, though, that Nazi Germany used the same kind of personhood criterion to justify killing the physically and mentally handicapped. 【R5】______ Animals are not little persons; The necessity of distinguishing between a person and animal strikes at the heart of the dilemma faced by a scientist who is very fond of animals, yet who uses them in research. I have come to realize the obvious: We decide what animals are to be in relation to us. I adore my cat, Buster, but I also used members of his species in my research for years. [A]They believe that these animals deserve legal protection, including an end to their use as subjects of medical research. As a research scientist who for 40 years has used animals in sleep studies, I am deeply concerned. [B]We have a great obligation to the animals under our control; We have a moral responsibility to care for animals and should not treat them cruelly. And we scientists are obligated to perform critical experiments as skillfully and humanely as possible. [C]All human beings are persons: This is obvious to most—but not to some in the animal rights movement [D]While perhaps superficially credible, these assertions are simplistic and, in my view, simply wrong. First, limited similarities of consciousness are not sufficient grounds to make the important leap of granting legal personhood to animals. Secondly, scientists have every reason to treat animals humanely because good science depends on healthy animals. [E]Our first obligation is to our fellow humans: As a biologist, I say that the most powerful imperative for the use of animals in research is that of survival, of protecting kin and, by extension, other persons from conquerable disease and untimely death. Viewed this way, scientists' work seems no different from a mother eagle' s dismembering prey to feed her babies. [F]Granting "personhood" to animal species deemed to share qualities with us, such as cognition, autonomy and self-awareness, is not a benign campaign to protect animals. It is an effort to use the legal system as a tool to enforce a flawed ethic concerning the relationship between humanity and the animal world. [G]We would be foolish, at best, to ignore the realities of Nature and the power of natural impulses for survival.

The rigid higher-education business is about to experience a welcome earthquake. Traditional universities now face a new【C1】______in the form of massive open online courses, or MOOCs. These digitally-delivered courses, which teach students via the【C2】______or tablet apps, have big 【C3】______over then-established rivals. With low startup costs and powerful economies of scale, online courses【C4】______lower the price of learning and【C5】______access to it, by【C6】______the need for students to be taught at set times or places. The low cost of【C7】______courses—creating a new one costs about $70,000—means they can be sold【C8】______, or even given away. Clayton Christensen of Harvard Business School considers MOOCs a【C9】______ "disruptive technology" that will kill off many【C10】______universities. "Fifteen years from now more than half of the universities in America will be in bankruptcy," he【C11】______last year. 【C12】______, traditional universities have a few favorable aspects. As well as teaching, examining and certification, college education creates social capital. Students learn how to【C13】______ present themselves, make contacts and roll joints. How can a digital college experience give all of that? The answer may be to【C14】______the two. Anant Agarwal, who runs edX-, one of established MOOCs, proposes an alternative to the【C15】______American four-year degree course. Students could spend an introductory year learning via a MOOC, 【C16】______by two years attending university and a final year starting part-time work while【C17】______their studies online. This sort of【C18】______learning might prove more attractive than a four-year online degree. It could also【C19】______those who want to integrate learning with work or child-rearing, freeing them from timetables assembled to【C20】______academics.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

There are several advantages in making computers as small as one can. Sometimes weight is particularly important. A modern aircraft, for example, carries quite a load of electronic apparatus. If it is possible to make any of these smaller, and therefore lighter, the aircraft can carry a bigger pay-load. This kind of consideration applies to space satellites and to all kinds of computers that have to be carried about. But weight is not the only factor. The smaller the computer the faster it can work. The signals go to and fro at a very high but almost constant speed. So if one can scale down all dimensions to, let us say, one tenth, the average lengths of the current-paths will be reduced to one tenth. So, very roughly speaking, scaling down of all linear dimensions in the ratio of one to ten also gives a valuable bonus: the speed of operation is scaled up 10 times. Other techniques allow even further speed increases. This increase of operation is a real advantage. There are some applications in which computers could be used which require very fast response times. Many of these are military, of course; but military applications also have applications in engineering sooner or later. For example, automatic blind landing of aircraft requires continuous computer calculations which result in control of the aircraft flight. The more immediate the responses are, the more stable that control can be. Another advantage is that less power is required to run the computer. In space vehicles and satellites this is an important matter; but even in a trial application we need not waste power. Sometimes a computer takes so much power that cooling systems which require still more power have to be installed to keep the computer from getting too hot, which would increase the risk of faults developing. So a computer which does not need to be cooled saves power on two counts. Another advantage is reliability. Mini-computers have been made possible by the development of integrated circuits. Instead of soldering bits of wire to join separate components such as resistors and capacitors sometimes in the most intricate networks, designers can now produce many connected circuits in one unit which involves no soldering and therefore no risk of broken joints at all.

Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women"s rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origin and development of nineteenth century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism. The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group"s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherent"s energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians" appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited. Saint-Simonian"s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia. Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.

When asked specifically about the creative process, Dr. Schutz explained that fear is most responsible for blocking the creativity of a person. Fear of not being creative. Some people simply【C1】______their creativity in specific circumstances【C2】______others in more extreme circumstances feel unable to be creative【C3】______. Either way, the creative process【C4】______becomes blocked. If you"re worried about being creative, it"s almost certain to【C5】______problems. For the best creative results【C6】______fear and let the ideas flow. Fear of lacking rationality. In order to best share ideas with others we need to【C7】______them in a logical and rational way. At times,【C8】______, it"s best for the creative process to not worry too much about being logical. Trust your ability to come up with a rational【C9】______when your ideas are put into practice and don"t let worrying about logic【C10】______the flow of ideas early on. Fear of humiliation and embarrassment. A fear of feeling inadequate will【C11】______your creativity. When we"re【C12】______worried about other"s opinions, the creative ideas will be【C13】______by our own anxieties. There is a time to worry about other"s【C14】______, but that time is not during the early creative【C15】______. Fear of rejection. People can be very concerned that their idea will be【C16】______completely. Creativity will not【C17】______if a person is worried about a negative outcome. These fears are【C18】______if a person is working outside of what"s【C19】______considered practical, feasible or possible. The【C20】______is that this is where some of the best creative ideas come from.

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.@(10 points) (46) The decline of civility and manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to Gentility Recalled, edited by Dighy Anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that once regulated social conduct. It criticized the fact that "manners" are scorned as repressive and outdated. The result, according to Mr. Anderson, director of the Social Affairs Unit, is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behavior on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad tempered drivers. (47) Mr. Anderson says the cumulative effect of these apparently trivial, but often offensive is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime. The book has contributions from 12 academics in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the "coarsening" of Britain. Old fashioned terms such as "gentleman" and "lady" have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be reevaluated, it says, Rachel Trickett, former principal of St. Hugh"s College, Oxford, says that the notion of a "lady" protects women rather than demeaning them. (48) Feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says. "Women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims." Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that "gentleman" is now used only with irony or derision. "The popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile (低能的) parasite and the villainous one." For Anthony O" Hear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, (49) manners are closely associated with the different forms of behavior appropriate to. age and status. They curb the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age. Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. "We have vice chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies, the trendy vicar (教区牧师) on his motorbike. Dr. Bruce Charlton, a lecturer in public health medicine in Newcastle, takes issue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such relationships, Tristan Engelhard, professor of medicine Houston, Texas, says manners are bound to morals. (50) "Manners express a particular set of values," he says, "good manners interpret and transform social reality. They provide social orientation.

In the last ten years, the Internet has opened up incredible amounts of information to ordinary citizens. But using the Internet can be like walking into a library where the books are all lying on the floor in piles. While tools like Google allow some structured search, much of the data from such searches is outdated or of questionable value. Some Web enthusiasts have taken up the task of organizing information through a democratic means that only the Internet allows: an encyclopedia of the people, by the people, and completely free to copy and distribute. This "people"s encyclopedia" of the Web — a free site called Wikipedia — has provided a unique solution by inviting individuals to participate in the process of rationalizing and updating Web content. At the heart of this movement are wikis, Web sites that allow users to directly edit any Web page with one click of the mouse. Wikipedia — the largest example of these collaborative efforts — is a functioning, user-contributed online encyclopedia that has become a popular and highly regarded reference in just three years of existence. The goal of Wikipedia was to create an encyclopedia that could be shared and copied freely while encouraging people to < change and improve the content. Each and every article has an "Edit this page" button, allowing anyone, even anonymous passers-by, to add or delete any content on the page. It seems like a recipe for disaster and chaos, but it has produced surprisingly credible content that has been evaluated and revised by the thousands of international visitors to the site. For many, it finally realizes the original concept of World Wide Web creator Tim Berners-Lee — an online environment where people not only browse content, but freely and actively exchange information. The Wikipedia project was started by Jimmy Wales, head of Internet startup Bomis. com, after his original project for a volunteer, but strictly controlled, free encyclopedia ran out of money and resources after two years. Editors with PhD degrees were at the helm of the project then, but it produced only a few hundred articles. Not wanting the content to languish, Wales placed the pages on a wiki website in January 2001 and invited any Internet visitors to edit or add to the collection. The site became a runaway success in the first year and gained a loyal following, generating over 20, 000 articles and spawning over a dozen language translations. After two years, it had 100, 000 articles, and in April 2004, it exceeded 250,000 articles in English and 600,000 articles in 50 other languages. Over 2,000 new articles are added each day across all the various languages. And according to website rankings at Alexa. com, it has become more popular than traditional online encyclopedias such as Britannica. com and is one of the top 600 most heavily visited websites on the Internet.

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world.

Credibility about messages is high, because they are reported in independent media. A newspaper review of a movie has more believability than an ad in the same paper, because the reader associates independence with objectivity. Similarly, people are more likely to pay attention to news reports than ads. Readers spend time reading the stories, but they flip through the ads. Furthermore, there may be 10 commercials during a half-hour television program or hundreds of ads in a magazine. Feature stories are much fewer in number and stand out clearly. Publicity also has some significant limitations. A firm has little control over messages, their timing, their placement, or their coverage by a given medium. It may issue detailed news releases and find only portions cited by the media; and media have the ability to be much more critical than a company would like. For example, in 1982, Proctrer it may follow a report on crime or sports. Finally, the media ascertain whether to cover a story at all and the amount of coverage to be devoted to it. A company-sponsored jobs program might go unreported or receive three-sentence coverage in a local newspaper.