Soon after his appointment as secretary-general of the United Nations in 1997, Kofi Annan lamented that he was being accused of failing to reform the world body in six weeks. "But what are you complaining about?" asked the Russian ambassador. "You"ve had more time than God". Ah, Mr. Annan quipped back, "but God had one big advantage. He worked alone without a General Assembly, a Security Council and (all) the committees". Recounting that anecdote to journalists in New York this week, Mr. Annan sought to explain why a draft declaration on UN reform and tackling world poverty, due to be endorsed by some 150 heads of state and government at a world summit in the city on September 14th-16th, had turned into such a pale shadow of the proposals that he himself had put forward in March. "With 191 member states", he sighed, "it"s not easy to get an agreement". Most countries put the blame on the United States, in the form of its abrasive new ambassador, John Bolton, for insisting at the end of August on hundreds of last-minute amendments and a line-by-line renegotiation of a text most others had thought was almost settled. But a group of middle-income developing nations, including Pakistan, Cuba, Iran, Egypt, Syria and Venezuela, also came up with plenty of last-minute changes of their own. The risk of having no document at all, and thus nothing for the world"s leaders to come to New York for, was averted only by marathon all-night and all-weekend talks. The 35-page final document is not wholly devoid of substance. It calls for the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission to supervise the reconstruction of countries after wars; the replacement of the discredited UN Commission on Human Rights by a supposedly tougher Human Rights Council; the recognition of a new "responsibility to protect" peoples from genocide and other atrocities when national authorities fail to take action, including, if necessary, by force; and an "early" reform of the Security Council. Although much pared down, all these proposals have at least survived. Others have not. Either they proved so contentious that they were omitted altogether, such as the sections on disarmament and non-proliferation and the International Criminal Court, or they were watered down to little more than empty platitudes. The important section on collective security and the use of force no longer even mentions the vexed issue of pre-emptive strikes; meanwhile the section on terrorism condemns it "in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes", but fails to provide the clear definition the Americans wanted. Both Mr. Annan and, more surprisingly, George Bush have nevertheless sought to put a good face on things, with Mr. Annan describing the summit document as "an important step forward" and Mr. Bush saying the UN had taken "the first steps" towards reform. Mr. Annan and Mr. Bolton are determined to go a lot further. It is now up to the General Assembly to flesh out the document"s skeleton proposals and propose new ones. But its chances of success appear slim.

You arc going to read a list of headings and a text about panic attacks. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A~G for each numbered paragraph(1~5). There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. [A]What is panic disorder? [B]Does it run in families? [C]How can I cope? [D]What is the best therapy? [E]What causes a panic attack? [F]How to diagnose panic attack? [G]What is a panic attack? It can come out of nowhere. You"re shopping for groceries or buckling your seat belt when suddenly your muscles contract and your heart begins to pound. Panic attacks can be both bewildering and terrifying, but they"re not unusual. An estimated 2. 4 million people experience one every year. It may begin as tightness in the chest, shortness of breath or a galloping heartbeat. Many sufferers believe they are having a heart attack and rush to the emergency room. Prevalence rates have been on the upswing since the 1950s, although many experts believe what seems like a trend is simply better diagnosis. 【C1】______ More than a feeling of anxiety, a panic attack produces distinctive physical symptoms. Each person experiences panic differently, but most people report intense fear accompanied by bodily sensations that can range from a racing heart to nausea and dizziness. Panic can come on suddenly or slowly and usually lasts no more than 20 minutes at its peak. 【C2】______ Scientists believe panic attacks stem from the brain"s "fight or flight" system gone awry, often ignited by stress or a traumatic event. In our high-octane society, that response can kick in with no real threat in sight or after the source of stress is long gone. Research suggests that chronic panic sufferers may be easily flummoxed by their bodily sensations. Someone vulnerable to panic might interpret a rapid heartbeat as a heart attack. If fear overwhelms her, the symptoms intensify in a vicious cycle. 【C3】______ Vulnerability to anxiety may have a biological basis. If a parent or sibling has panic attacks, a person"s risk increases by about sixfold. A Yale study found that panic attack sufferers had fewer serotonin receptors in their brains, while other studies suggest those with anxiety may have overly sensitive "suffocation alarm systems", which delect a shortage of oxygen even under normal conditions. 【C4】______ Panic attacks are so frightening that sufferers will do just about anything to avoid another. That may mean staying away from situations associated with anxiety. Someone who once panicked on an airplane might decide not to fly. But the fear often extends to other settings; the plane phobic might start to dread cars and buses as well. People with full-blown panic disorder, in which attacks are a frequent problem, feel constantly vulnerable, which forces them to be vigilant. Only about a third of people who get occasional panic attacks will go on to develop panic disorder. Even though men and women report the attacks with equal frequency, women are twice as likely to get the disorder. 【C5】______ Antidepressant medication may help alleviate panic. However, cognitive-behavioral therapy may work even better; researchers estimate that up to 80 percent of panic sufferers can be helped by psychotherapy alone. Therapists often treat panic by exposing the patient to feared settings of increasing intensity. Exposure therapy can also include exposure to the physical sensations of panic spinning clients in circles to make them dizzy, having them inhale carbon dioxide or breathe through a straw or jog to raise their heart rates. Once clients learn that those feelings do not signal impending doom, they can better withstand panic - and eventually prevent it altogether.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Stop worrying about recession. That is the message from America"s R-word index. For each quarter, we (1)_____ how many stones in the New York Times and the Washington Post include the word "recession". (2)_____ bells were set (3)_____ by the sharp jump in the "R-count" in the first quarter of this year. at a rate that in the past has (4)_____ the start of a recession. In the second quarter. (5)_____. the number of articles (6)_____ by more than one-third. A conspiracy theorist might suggest that newspaper editors, (7)_____ about dwindling advertising revenues, have (8)_____ the R-word. The Economist has found that (9)_____ the past two decades, the R-word index has been good at (10)_____ mining-points in the American economy. (11)_____ GDP figures which appear (12)_____ after a lag, the numbers are instantly available. But how does the index perform in Germany, (13)_____ there have also been (14)_____ fears of recession? Using our idea, Hypo Vereins bank has (15)_____ an R-word index for Germany, counting the number of times the word recession (16)_____ in Handelsblatt. Worryingly, Germany"s R-count for the first quarter of 2001 showed the second-steepest (17)_____ in the past two decades. But in the second quarter, the index dropped by one-third, (18)_____ in America (19)_____ the world economy has nothing to worry about, or journalists are more worded about a (20)_____ than a mere recession. A R-word index?

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingcartoon.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

CountlessExamsWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Two weeks ago you borrowed a book from library, but unfortunately you lost the book. Write a letter to the librarian, Mr. Wang, telling him your case, stating your intention to compensate, and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

The American idea that hard work was to be esteemed distinguishes us from Europeans who (1)_____ their gentlemen of leisure. For us, hard work (2)_____ idleness was the way (3)_____ distinction. Now, (4)_____, like many other traditional values, hard work is coming under (5)_____. In academic journals, conferences and classrooms, the idea of hard work is considered to be another of those notions that the dominant forces of our society (6)_____ on the rest of Us. It (7)_____ advances white-male interests (8)_____ any woman or minority foolish enough to buy into the dominant value system will find out. In a recent survey, high-school students in the United States and Japan were asked to (9)_____ factors that (10)_____ to success in the classroom. Of the Japanese, 72 percent listed hard work first (11)_____ only 27 percent of Americans agreed. Many factors contribute to the devaluing of hard work. Thinking that self-esteem is crucial, many parents and teachers (12)_____ to point out the student"s failing, even laziness. To make matters (13)_____, Americans place an unusually high value on the idea of innate ability. And (14)_____ inevitably deemphasizes the role that hard work plays in success. (15)_____ if our students fail to see that hard work (16)_____, it is because we are telling them time and again, that it (17)_____. If we want young people to esteem hard work, it is UP to us to show them its worth, its strength and its significance in everyday life. And while we are at it, we should make sure they know there are many ideas to which we can all (18)_____. The notion that these values cannot (19)_____ class, race more than the idea of hard work. It can call into question (20)_____ there can be an American creed—a public philosophy for us all.

Will robots take over the workforce? And if they do, what jobs will be left for us humans?Many discussions take a【C1】______view that the workforce will indeed be【C2】______by robots in the future—and why that is a good thing. Carl Bass, the chief executive of Autodesk, acknowledged that workplace automation has【C3】______or reduced many manufacturing jobs, and will continue to do so in the future, 【C4】______ major shifts in the labor market. Entire【C5】______such as trucking, will eventually be disrupted by robotic【C6】______like self-driving cars, he said. But, Bass asked: "Are the jobs【C7】______ to automation ones that you would want for your children?" Few parents, he said, dreamed their kids would someday become fuel pumpers or elevator【C8】______jobs already replaced by automation. In the next 30 years, Bass added, smart machines and robots will【C9】______humans on the planet. Bass presented some【C10】______ideas to help societies deal with the structural【C11】______generated by a robot-heavy workforce, including taxing economic output rather than income, or【C12】______a "negative income tax," in which governments pay citizens a subsidy in order to【C13】______a level of income. "With our【C14】______and imagination, we will find harmony with the robots," Bass said. 【C15】______, other discussions focused on identifying jobs which were likely to remain 【C16】______from robots. For example, hairdressers might be considered safe. But not because robots can"t cut hair—the relationship between hairdressers and their【C17】______simply can"t be robotized. (And, some people might be【C18】______of a robot holding a sharp blade so close to their necks,【C19】______ plenty of robots already perform delicate surgery.) Another job【C20】______ safe? Roboticist.

Parenthood isn't a career-killer. In fact, economists with two or more kids tend to produce more research, not less, than their one-child or childless colleagues. But female economists【C1】______can pay a price in terms of productivity after becoming mothers, especially【C2】______they're young or unmarried. That' s according to a new research from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. There is widespread【C3】______that motherhood is【C4】______costly in terms of professional career advancement. "In particular, it is often【C5】______that the only way for young women to【C6】______a challenging career is to remain childless, " they wrote. Our study of the academic labor market arrives at a somewhat less【C7】______picture: We do not observe a family gap in research productivity among female academic economists.【C8】______, motherhood-induced decreases in research productivity are less pronounced than usually purported. The authors in early 2012 【C9】______about 10, 000 economists through the Research Papers in Economics online platform, 【C10】______the academics' answers with their publication records. They gauged an economist's productivity【C11】______looking at their output: published research, weighted by journal【C12】______. Among their findings: Mothers of at least two children are, 【C13】______, more productive than mothers of only one child, and mothers in general are more【C14】______than childless women. Fathers of【C15】______two children are also more productive than fathers of one child and childless men. Toward the end of their careers, however, childless men appear to be somewhat more productive than fathers of one child. Parenthood does appear linked to【C16】______productivity while the children are 12 and younger: mothers average a 17.4% loss, while fathers average a 5% loss. A female economist with three children, on average, 【C17】______the equivalent of four years of research【C18】______by the time her kids become teenagers. Women who are married or in a【C19】______relationship do not have any drop in research productivity in the three years following childbirth. For single mothers, research output drops by roughly a third【C20】______the same period.

How could anybody dislike the notion of fairness? Everything is better when it is fair: a share, a fight, a maiden, or a game. Even defeat sounds more attractive when it is fair and square. For the British fair play is especially important: without it, life isn"t cricket. Their country becomes quite pleasant when the weather is fair, though unfortunately it rarely is. And these days fair-trade goods crowd their supermarket shelves. Fairness is not only good, but also moderate, which is another characteristic that the British approve of. It does not claim too much for itself. Those who, on inquiry, admit that their health and fortunes are fair-to-middling navigate carefully between the twin dangers of boastfulness and ill-temperedness, while gesturing in a chin-up sort of way towards the possibility of future improvement. Fairness appeals to the British political class, for it has a common sense down-to-earthiness which avoids the grandiosity of American and continental European political discourse while aspiring to do its best for all men—and of course for maidens too, fair and otherwise, for one of its virtues is that it does not discriminate on grounds of either gender or skin colour. Not surprising, then, that Britain"s government should grab hold of the word and cling to it in the buffeting the coalition has had since the budget on June 22nd proposed higher taxes and even sharper spending cuts. "Tough but fair" is what George Osborne, the Conservative chancellor of the exchequer, called the cuts he announced. "It is going to be tough, but it is also very fair," said Vince Cable, the Liberal Democrat business secretary. At last, something they could agree on. "Fairness" suits Britain"s coalition government so well not just because its meanings are all positive, but also because they are wide-ranging. To one lot of people, fairness means establishing the same rules for everybody, playing by them, and letting the best man win and the winner take all. To another, it means making sure that everybody gets equal shares. Those two meanings are not just different: they are opposite. They represent a choice that has to be made between freedom and equality. Yet so slippery— and thus convenient to politicians—is the English language that a single word encompasses both, and in doing so loses any claim to meaning.

SuccessandPersistenceWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

You made a travel with a travel agency a few days ago and you were disappointed with its service. Write a letter to the related department to: 1) complain about their bad service; 2) prompt your suggestions. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently (1)_____ qualitatively but quantitatively-how the world works. We might (2)_____ a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that (3)_____ a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain (4)_____ as massive as the universe. It seems (5)_____ that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because being and brains (6)_____ some degree of internal stability and order. But (7)_____ in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much (8)_____ than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy. (9)_____ for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have (10)_____ us to understand something of the workaday world. When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition (11)_____ highly unreliable guides. It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light our mass (12)_____ indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness (13)_____ the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like. Many people think that this is silly, and every week (14)_____ I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it. But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einstein"s (15)_____ analysis of space and time called the Special Theory of Relativity. It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us. We are not (16)_____ the habit of traveling close to the speed of light. The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities. The idea that the world places restrictions on (17)_____ humans might do is frustrating. Why shouldn"t we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why can"t we (18)_____ faster than the speed of light? But (19)_____ we can tell, this is the way the universe is constructed. Such prohibitions not only (20)_____ us toward a little humility; they also make the world more knowable.

Potential AIDS victims who refuse to be tested for the disease and then defend their right to remain ignorant about whether they carry the virus are entitled to that right. But ignorance cannot be used to rationalize irresponsibility. Nowhere in their argument is their concern about how such ignorance might endanger public health by exposing others to the virus. When a disease selectively attacks the socially disadvantaged, such as homosexuals and drug abusers, it seems an injustice beyond rationalization. Such is the case with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Some crucial facts: AIDS is a communicable disease. The percentage of those infected with the AIDS virus who will eventually contract the disease is unknown, but that percentage rises with each new estimate. The disease so far has been 100 potential. The latency period between the time the virus is acquired and the disease develops is also unknown. We now have tests for the presence of the virus that is as efficient and reliable as almost any diagnostic test in medicine. An individual who tests positive can be presumed with near-certainty to carry the virus, whether he has the disease or not. To state that the test for AIDS is "ambiguous", as a clergyman recently in public, is a misstatement and an immoral act. The test correlates so consistently with the presence of the virus in bacteria cultures as to be considered 100 percent certain by experts. Everyone who tests positive must understand that he is a potential person for the AIDS virus and has a moral duty and responsibility to prevent others from infection. We are not just dealing with the protection of the innocent but with an essential step lo contain the spread of an epidemic as horrible as any that has befallen modern man. It may seem unfair to burden the tragic victims with concern for the welfare of others. But moral responsibility is not a luxury of the fortunate, and evil actions committed in despair cannot be condemned out of pity. It is morally wrong for a healthy individual who tests positive for AIDS to be involved with anyone except under the strict precautions now defined as safe sex. It is morally wrong for someone in a high risk population who refuses to test himself to do other than to assume that he tests positive. It is morally wrong for those who, out of sympathy for the heartbreaking victims of this epidemic, as though well-wishing and platitudes about the ambiguities of the disease are necessary in order to comfort the victims while they contribute to enlarging the number of those victims. Moral responsibility is the burden of the sick as well as the healthy.

My inspiration is my grandmother, who"s still alive at 96. She raised me from the time I was 8 on a dairy farm in Wisconsin. In another era she could have done what I do, although I didn"t know what a CEO was then. I"m a real go-getter and don"t know any other way. I tell my 12-year-old daughter, if you have a test, why not try for an A? I don"t believe in half doing something. In my career, the biggest shock came in my 20"s. I loved my job as a field systems analyst at 3M, and wanted my first manager"s job at headquarters. They even told me I was the best candidate, totally qualified. Then they told me, "It"s not possible because you"re a woman." I was so shocked that I quit. I had this feeling of being totally blown away as I crawled back to Atlanta. I preach to people: there are no bad bosses. You learn how not to treat people. My worst boss was full of himself and wanted to micromanage. The man didn"t have a complimentary bone in his body. I still have my performance review he wrote in small anal print. It was winter in Minnesota. I didn"t want to drive. I was out the door at 5 p.m. because the bus left the front door at 5:06. He put that down in my review how fast I was out the door. It didn"t matter the rest of the year I was there until 6 or 7. Later, when I switched companies. I attended an off-site strategy meeting in Florida. There was a barbecue and the meeting continued on into the evening. My boss" boss threw a towel across the room and said, "Clean up, Carol." I caught the towel, went over and scrubbed his face. Everybody in the room went "Ohhhh." The luckiest thing in my career is that I have a computer science degree. Doors opened wide at a time when it wasn"t necessarily great for women. If I could wave a magic wand, I"d have every girl pass college freshman calculus.

Many young people go to university without clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. If a student goes to a university to 【B1】_______ a broader perspective, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think 【B2】_______ himself, he will undoubtedly【B3】______. Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its timetables and【B4】______, to allow a student much time for independent assessment of his work. Students should have longer time to decide the subjects they want to 【B5】_______ for their degrees, so 【B6】_______ in later life they do not look back and say "I should like to have been an architect. If I had not taken a 【B7】_______ in Modern Languages, I should not have ended up 【B8】_______ the job as an interpreter, 【B9】_______ it's so late." Another question is how to make the best【B10】______of one's time at university. This is the case of the student who excels【B11】______a particular branch of learning. He is immediately【B12】______to the university of his choice, and spends his four years becoming specialized in this field, finally emerging with a first-class Honor Degree, but very【B13】______knowledge of what the【B14】______of the world is all about. It【B15】______becomes more and more important that if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be【B16】______detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a【B17】______of specialists【B18】______of anything【B19】______their own subject, or on the other hand ever-increasing number of graduates qualified in subject for which there is little or no【B20】______in the working world.

The entertainment industry and technology companies have been warring for years over the dazzling ability of computers and the Internet to copy and transmit music and movies. A crucial battle ended this week with a ruling by America"s Supreme Court in favour of copyright holder and against two companies that distribute peer-to-peer (P2P) software, which lets users share files online with others. The court"s decision, though ostensibly a victory for content providers, is nevertheless unlikely to stamp out file sharing—much of which will continue from outside America—or stop the technological innovation that is threatening the current business models of media firms. The court was asked to decide whether two firms, Grokster and StreamCast, were liable for copyright infringement by their customers. Two lower courts had said that the firms were not liable, citing a 1984 ruling in favour of Sony"s Betamax video recorder. This held that a technology firm is immune from liability so long as the device concerned is "capable of substantial noninfringing uses". The court did not reinterpret the 1984 decision in light of the Internet. Instead the justices ruled that the case raised a far narrower issue: whether Grokster and StreamCast induced users to violate copyrights and chose not to take the simple steps available to prevent it. Such behaviour would make the firms clearly liable for copyright infringement and end their immunity, even under the Betamax standard. The court reasoned that there were sufficient grounds to believe that inducement occurred, and sent the case back to lower courts for trial. Although the Grokster decision will probably not squelch innovation as much as many tech firms fear, it should certainly make IT and electronics firms more cautious about how they market their products—and quite right, too. But the Supreme Court"s narrow ruling makes this unlikely—indeed, the justices noted the technology"s widespread legitimate use. Yet their decision will surely embolden the entertainment industry to pursue in court any firms that they can claim knowingly allow infringement. This could kill off some small innovative start-ups. On the other hand, the ruling could also provide legal cover for tech firms with the wit to plaster their products with warnings not to violate the law. But judged from a long-term perspective, this week"s victory for copyright holders seems likely to prove a Pyrrhic one. The Internet and file sharing are disruptive technologies that give consumers vastly more ability to use all sorts of media content, copyrighted or not. Surely entertainment firms must devise ways to use this technology to sell their wares that will also allow copyright to be protected. So long as technology continues to evolve in ways that enable legitimate content sharing, piracy will also probably continue to some degree. Happily, in this case the piracy seems to have prompted content fir-rug to compete by offering better fee-based services. The challenge for content providers is to use new technology to create value for customers, and to make those who use content illegally feel bad about it.

TheOnlyChildWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

The growth of the use of English as the world' s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades. 【F1】 But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. 【F2】 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities. David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, 【F3】 many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads. 【F4】 The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK' s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly ￡1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to ￡ 10 billion a year more. As the International education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage. The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant; 【F5】 It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.