Enzo Ferrari is not well known outside Italy. (46) Evan as his cars were racing to victory all over the world, the man at the helm of the racing team preferred to stay in Modena and watch the races on television at home. This intimate account of Ferrari"s early days and his emergence as the spirit behind the team fills the gap neatly. Ferrari now owned by Fiat, has long been synonymous with Formula One racing. (47) Over the years, McLaren, Benetton and Williams may between them have won more races, but it is the glamour as well as the singular success of Ferrari that draws the crowds. As a young man Ferrari had neither the money nor the killer instinct to become one of the great racing drivers. "If you want spectacular results, you have to know how to treat your car badly. The fact is I don"t drive just to get from A to B. I enjoy feeling the car"s reactions, becoming part of it. I couldn"t inflict suffering on it". What Ferrari liked was to be "an agitator of men". The first Ferrari team raced Alfa Romeos, though the partnership did not last. (48) In 1947 Ferrari relaunched on his own, making the first of the cars that would wear the badge of the black prancing horse on a yellow background. By the early 1950s, in the hands of such drivers as Alberto Ascari and Juan Fangio, Ferraris were leading the world championships. Meanwhile, Luigi Chinetti, a great salesman, persuaded Ferrari that road versions of the cars would sell well to rich Americans. In Italy road Ferraris became the film star"s must-have car in Cinecitta. (49) Roberto Rossellini even got to drive one in the famous Mille Miglia before his wife, Ingrid Bergman, persuaded him to abandon the race halfway through in Rome. (50) The accounts of early races, such as the Mille Miglia from Brescia to Rome and back and Tazio Nuvolari"s win in a Ferrari-run Alfa Romeo at Nurburgring in Germany in 1935, are among the highlights of Richard Williams"s book. As the Italian crossed the winning line, Hitler"s sports minister ground his teeth and crumpled his prepared speech lauding a Mercedes victory. Mr. Williams is a talented writer; he loves Italy and motor racing, and his passion for both shines through.

The value of the stock has increased two-fold since we bought it.

[A]An Elemental Curriculum [B]Expectations of Early Teachers [C]Education as a Preparation for Working Life [D]Escalating Teacher Expectations [E]Teachers as Cleaners [F]Students Being Classroom Researchers [G]Teaching as a Mirror of Social faith In the late 1800s and early 1900s, teaching was very different from today. Rules for teachers at the time in the USA covered both the teacher' s duties and their conduct out of class as well. Teachers at that time were expected to set a good example to their pupils and to behave in a very virtuous and proper manner. Women teachers should not marry, nor should they "keep company with men". They had to wear long dresses and no bright colours and they were not permitted to dye their hair. No teachers were allowed to drink alcohol. They were allowed to read only good books such as the Bible? 【C1】______ As well as this long list of "dos" and "don'ts," teachers had certain duties to perform each day. In country schools, teachers were required to keep the coal bucket full for the classroom fire, and to bring a bucket of water each day for the children to drink. They had to make the pens for their students to write with and to sweep the floor and keep the classroom tidy. However, despite this list of duties, little was stipulated about the content of the teaching, nor about assessment methods. 【C2】______ Teachers would have been expected to teach the three "r"s—reading, writing and arithmetic, and to teach the children about Christianity and read from the Bible every day. Education in those days was much simpler than it is today and covered basic literacy skills and religious education. They would almost certainly have used corporal punishment such as a stick or the strap on naughty or unruly children. They would have been expected to sit quietly and to do their work, copying long rows of letters or doing basic maths sums. 【C3】______ Compare this with a country school in the USA today! If you visited today, you would see the children sitting in groups round large tables, or even on the floor. They would be working together on a range of different activities, and there would almost certainly be one or more computers in the classroom. Children nowadays are allowed and even expected to talk quietly to each other while they work, and they are also expected to ask their teachers questions and to actively engage in finding out information for themselves, instead of just listening to the teacher. 【C4】______ There are no rules of conduct for teachers out of the classroom, and they are not expected to perform caretaking duties such as cleaning the classrooms or making pens, but nevertheless their jobs are much harder than they were in the 1900s. Teachers today are expected to work hard on planning their lessons, to teach creatively and to stimulate children's minds, and there are strict protocols about assessment across the whole of the USA. 【C5】______ These changes in educational methods and ideas reflect changes in our society in general. Children in western countries nowadays come from all parts of the globe and they bring different cultures, religions and beliefs to the classroom. It is no longer considered acceptable or appropriate for state schools to teach about religious beliefs. Ideas about the value and purpose of education have also changed and with the increasing sophistication of workplaces and life skills needed for a successful career, the curriculum has also expanded to try to prepare children for the challenges of a diverse working community.

Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects. Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President of the Scientists" Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology. At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard to demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior. "The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying", Orlans said. Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers" policy change and the impression it has created. "The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Orlans", said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. "Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The new policies throw cold water on students" inquisitiveness", he said. Grafton said he wouldn"t deny that there hasn"t been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply with the international fair"s rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said. He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups lobbied for change. The teachers adopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation—in states including Missouri and New York—that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals. Officials of the two teachers organizations say that they don"t know how many animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers" association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better animal care to its members.Notes:pathology 病理学。lizard 蜥蜴。tabletop 桌面。short-tempered 脾气急躁的。lobby for 游说支持。fend off 躲开。

Every spring migrating salmon return to British Columbia"s rivers to spawn. And every spring new reports detail fresh disasters that befall them. This year is no different; The fisheries committee of Canada"s House of Commons and a former chief justice of British Columbia, Bryan Williams, have just examined separately why 1.3m sockeye salmon mysteriously "disappeared" from the famed Fraser river fishery in 2004. Their conclusions point to a politically explosive conflict between the survival of salmon and the rights of First Nations, as Canadians call Indians. In 2004, only about 524,000 salmon are thought to have returned to the spawning grounds, barely more than a quarter the number who made it four years earlier. High water temperatures may have killed many. The House of Commons also lambasted the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) for poor scientific data, and for failing to enforce catch levels. Four similar reports since 1992 have called for the department"s reform. In vain: its senior officials are "in denial" about its failings, said the committee. Mr. Williams" report added a more shocking twist. He concluded that illegal fishing on the Fraser river is "rampant and out of control", with "no-go" zones where fisheries officers are" told not to confront Indian poachers for fear of violence. The judge complained that the DFO withheld a report by one of its investigators which detailed extensive poaching and sale of salmon by members of the Cheam First Nation, some of whom were armed. Some First Nations claim an unrestricted right to fish and sell their catch. Canada"s constitution acknowledges the aboriginal right to fish for food and for social and ceremonial needs, but not a general commercial right. On the Fraser, however, the DFO has granted Indians a special commercial fishery. To some Indians, even that is not enough. Both reports called for more funds for the DFO, to improve data collection and enforcement. They also recommended returning to a single legal regime for commercial fishing applying to all Canadians. On April 14th, Geoff Regan, the federal fisheries minister, responded to two previous reports from a year ago. One, from a First Nations group, suggested giving natives a rising share of the catch. The other proposed a new quota system for fishing licenses, and the conclusion of long-standing talks on treaties, including fishing rights, with First Nations. Mr. Regan said his department would spend this year consulting "stakeholders" (natives, commercial and sport fishermen). It will also launch pilot projects aimed at improving conservation, enforcement and First Nations" access to fisheries.

Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group. Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate in language. But these aspects of human behavior, or "culture", can also be found in the lives of certain animals. We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimp removes it and eats them off the end—not unlike our use of a fork! For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals couldn"t be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread through out the group. It became learned behavior, not from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus we have a "cultural" difference among animals. We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held out the last feature—language. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept another forms rather than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, "talk" is made through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response. Of course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studies of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.

Until recently, mobile radio was to wireless communications what the Yugo was to transportation. With a mixed clientele ranging from truckers using CBs to police armed with walkie-talkies to taxi drivers dispatched by radio, it was viewed as an unglamorous business and a technological backwater. But specialized mobile radio, as it is known, has been rediscovered. It is now considered one of the biggest prizes in the all-out war for the public airwaves. The reason: high-tech companies have figured out how to profitably rebuild the antiquated dispatching system into an advanced cellular-telephone network that can take on the likes of AT＆T and the giant Baby Bells. Upstart Nextel Communications sent shock waves through the industry last week when it agreed to buy Motorola"s SMR frequencies for $1.8 billion. That could pose a serious threat to cellular hegemony. Although both systems are based on the same basic technology, SMR systems are digital and cover almost 25 times as much area as the average cellular network. SMR handsets won"t work on cellular systems and tend to be bulkier than cellular phones, though they provide more features, like a digital pager service. And while cellular growth has tripled to some 13 million subscribers since 2000, the technology has been losing ground. It is running out of channel capacity so fast, in fact, that 40% of cellular calls in high-density areas like Manhattan and Los Angeles fail to be completed. SMRs have capacity to spare, and service could eventually be priced 10% to 15% less than cellular. Dispatchers predict they will have at least 10 million subscribers by the end of the decade. There are now about 1.5 million users of SMRs. The addition of another contender to an already crowded field of telephone systems will surely multiply the confusion. By the year 2010, consumers will be able to choose from at least half a dozen vendors of a dizzying array of wireless-communications services, including pagers, voice mail answering machines and cellular phones. Phone and cable television operators, such as Bell South, MCI and Cox Enterprises, are developing so-called personal-communications networks, or PCNs, a highly advanced portable-phone system that is expected to cover a wider area, connect to a greater variety of services and be cheaper to operate than conventional cellular. And many companies that have gambled on the wrong technological standards, and invested billions trying to develop the same markets, will undoubtedly lose a great deal of money before the shakeout is over. "The winners", says Nextel chairman Morgan O"Brien, "will be those who can make the choice for consumers easy". With all the anticipated confusion—mindful of the early years of personal computers—it is likely to be years before anyone calls the purchase of wireless products an "easy" choice.

You hear a great many complaints today about the excessive security consciousness of our young people. My complaint is the (1)_____:in the large organizations especially, there are not enough job opportunities for those young people who need challenge and risk. Jobs in which there is greater emphasis on (2)_____ performance of well-organized duties (3)_____ on imagination especially for the beginner—are to be found, for instance, in the inside jobs (4)_____ banking or insurance, (5)_____ normally offer great job security but not rapid promotion or large pay. The same is (6)_____ most government work, of the railroad industry, particularly in the clerical and engineering branches, and (7)_____ most public (8)_____. The book keeping and accounting areas, especially in the larger companies, are generally of this type, too (9)_____ a successful comptroller is an accountant (10)_____ great management and business imagination. At the other extreme are (11)_____ areas as buying, selling, and advertising, in which the (12)_____ is on adaptability, on imagination, and on a desire to do new and different things. In those areas, (13)_____, there is little security, either personal or economic. The rewards, (14)_____, are high and come more rapidly. Major premium on imagination—though of a different kind and coupled (15)_____ dogged persistence on details (16)_____ in most research and engineering work. Jobs in production, as supervisor or executive, also demand much adaptability and imagination. (17)_____ to popular belief, a very small business requires, above all, close attention to daily routine. Running a neighborhood drugstore or a small grocery, or being a toy jobber, is largely attention to details. But in very small business there is also (18)_____ for quite a few people of the other type of personality—the innovator or imaginer. If successful, a man of this type soon ceases to be in a very small business. (19)_____ the real innovator (20)_____ is, still, no more promising opportunity in this country than that of building a large out of a very small business.

The Net success of "Lazy Sunday" represents a defining moment for the film and television business. Advances in digital video and broadband have vastly lowered the cost of production and distribution. Filmmakers are now following the path blazed by bloggers and musicians, cheaply creating and uploading their work to the Web. If it appeals to any of the Net"s niches, millions of users will pass along their films through e-mail, downloads or links. It"s the dawn of the democratization of the TV and film business—even unknown personalities are being propelled by the enthusiasm of their fans into pop-culture prominence, sometimes without even traditional intermediaries like talent agents or film festivals. "This is like bypass surgery," says Dan Harmon, a filmmaker whose monthly L.A.-based film club and Web site, Channel 101, lets members submit short videos, such as the recent 70s" music mockumentary "Yacht Rock", and vote on which they like best. "Finally we have a new golden age where the artist has a direct connection to the audience;" The directors behind "Lazy Sunday" embody the phenomenon. When the shaggy-haired Samberg, 27, graduated from NYU Film School in 2001, he faced the conventional challenge or, crashing the gates Of Hollywood. With his two childhood friends Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone, he came up with an unconventional solution: they started recording music parodies and comic videos, and posting them to their Web site, TheLonelyisland.com. The material got the attention of producers at the old ABC sitcom "Spin City", where Samberg and Taccone worked as low-level assistants; the producers sent a compilation to a talent agency. The friends got an agent, made a couple of pilot TV sketch shows for Comedy Central and Fox, featuring themselves hamming it up in nearly all the roles, and wrote jokes for the MTV Movie Awards. Even when the networks passed on their pilots, Samberg and his friends simply posted the episodes online and their fan base—at 40,000 unique visitors a month earlier this year—grew larger. Last August, Samberg joined the "SNL" cast, and Schaffer and Taccone became writers. Now they share an office in Rockefeller Center and "are a little too cute for everyone", Samberg says, "We are friends living our dream". Short, funny videos like "Lazy Sunday" happen to translate online, but not everything works as well. Bite-size films are more practical than longer ones; comedy plays better than drama. But almost everything is worth trying, since the tools to create and post video are now so cheap, and ad hoc audiences can form around any sensibility, however eccentric.

Without an oversized calendar tacked to their kitchen wall,-Fern Reiss and her family could never keep track of all the meetings, appointments, home-schooling lessons, and activities that fill their busy days. "I"m not sure they make a calendar large enough for us," says Ms. Reiss of Newton, Mass., explaining that her life revolves around "two companies, three children, a spouse, a lot of community involvement, a social life l the kids" social life, and volunteering in a soup kitchen every week." "Everybody we know is leading a frenetic life," she adds. ""Ours is frenetic, too, but we"re spending the bulk of our time with our kids. Even though we"re having a crazy life, we"re having it in the right way. Although extreme busyness is hardly a new phenomenon, the subject is getting renewed attention from researchers. "A good life has to do with life having a direction, life having a narrative with the stories we tell ourselves," Chuck Darrah, an anthropologist, says. "Busyness fragments all that. We"re absolutely focused on getting through the next hour, the next day, the next week. It does raise questions: If not busyness, what? If we weren"t so busy, what would we be doing? If people weren"t so busy, would they be a poet, a painter?" For the Reisses, part of living a good life, however busy, means including the couple"s children in volunteer work and community activities. "We want the kids to see that that"s a priority," she says. Between working full time as a publicist, caring for her home, spending time with her husband and extended family, and helping her grandmother three times a week, a woman says, "I am exhausted all the time." Like others, she concedes that she sets "somewhat unrealistic expectations" for what she can accomplish in a day. Being realistic is a goal Darrah encourages, saying, "We can do everything, but we can"t do everything well and at the same time." He cautions that busyness can result in "poor decisions, sloppy quality, and neglect of the things and people that matter most in the long run." He advises: "Stop taking on so much, and keep in perspective what"s most important to you." Darrah"s own schedule re mains full, but he insists he does not feel busy. His secret? Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do. He and his wife do not overschedule their children. To those with one eye on the calendar and the other on the clock, Darrah offers this advice: "Before you take anything on, ask yourself: Do you have to do this? Do you want to do this? Live with a kind of mindfulness so you don"t wake up and discover that your life is a whirl of transportation and communication, and you"ve hollowed yourself out."

The planet"s wild creatures face a new threat from yuppies, empty nesters, singletons and one parent families. Biologists studying the pressure on the planet"s dwindling biodiversity today report on a new reason for alarm. Although the rate of growth in the human population is decreasing, the number of individual households is exploding. Even where populations have actually dwindled—in some regions of New Zealand, for instance—the number of individual households has increased, because of divorce, career choice, smaller families and longer lifespans. Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University and colleagues from Stanford University in California re port in Nature, in a paper published online in advance, that a greater number of individual house holds, each containing on average fewer people, meant more pressure on natural resources. Towns and cities began to sprawl as new homes were built. Each household needed fuel to heat and light it; each household required its own plumbing, cooking and refrigeration. "In larger households, the efficiency of resource consumption will be a lot higher, because more people share things," Dr. Liu said. He and his colleagues looked at the population patterns of life in 141 countries, including 76 "hotspot" regions unusually rich in a variety of endemic wildlife. These hot spots included Australia, New Zealand, the US, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, and Italy. They found that between 1985 and 2000 in the "hotspot" parts of the globe, the annual 3.1% growth rate in the number of households was far higher than the population growth rate of 1.8 %. "Had the average household size remained at the 1985 level," the scientists report, "there would have been 155m fewer households in hotspot countries in 2000. Paradoxically, smaller households do not mean smaller homes. In Indian River County, Florida, the average area of a one-storey, single family house increased 33 % in the past three decades." Dr. Liu"s work grew from the alarming discovery that the giant pandas living in China"s Wolong reserve were more at risk now than they were when the reserve was first established. The local population had grown, but the total number of homes had increased more swiftly, to make greater inroads into the bamboo forests. Gretchen Daily of Stanford, one of the authors, said: "We all depend on open space and wild places, not just for peace of mind but for vital services such as crop pollination, water purification and climate stabilization. The alarming thing about this study is the finding that, if family groups continue to become smaller and smaller, we might continue losing biodiversity—even if we get the aggregate human population size stabilised."

TheNegativeInfluenceoftheInternetBarStudythepicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyit,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200words.

A war on sugar has begun in the UK that echoes the nation"s successful campaign against salt. The effort is【C1】______because it could help to reduce obesity, but cutting sugar out of people"s diets poses【C2】______challenges. Last week, a group of academics and policy【C3】______specializing in medicine and【C4】______announced that they had formed a campaign group, Action on Sugar. Their idea is to convince manufacturers to【C5】______and gradually lower the【C6】______of sugar added to foods—so slowly that it isn"t missed by【C7】______. It is essentially the same【C8】______as a campaign that is【C9】______credited with reducing British people"s salt intake. Over the past decade, CASH, a non-government organisation, helped to create anti-salt【C10】______aimed at the general public,【C11】______year-by-year targets for companies to reduce salt levels. These were【C12】______but had the backing of the government, and it was【C13】______that the targets would be legally enforced if companies【C14】______. Most manufacturers lowered their salt levels —and,【C15】______, there has been a 15 per cent【C16】______in salt intake in the UK, according to CASH. Repeating the trick with sugar may be more【C17】______not least because we do not know for sure if our palates(sense of taste)can adjust to eating food that is less【C18】______. By contrast, studies have shown that if volunteers are forced to eat a less salty diet, over several weeks they gradually begin to【C19】______food that is less salty. "There"s no reason to think that would not hold【C20】______for sweet taste too," says Charles Spence, a neurogas-tronomist at the University of Oxford.

An E-mail to a Roommate You are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an e-mail to tell him about your living habits, and ask for advice about living there. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) In the late 1960"s many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. (41)______. Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts—enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day. (42)______.. The heat loss(or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings. (43)______. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year—as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109,000. Skyscrapers also interfere with television reception, block bird flyways, and obstruct air traffic. (44)______. (45)______.A. Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.B. Tall buildings are an inevitable building form and part of the contemporary landscape.C. In Boston in the late 1960"s, some people even feared that shadows from skyscrapers would kill the grass on Boston Common.D. Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city"s sanitation facilities, too.E. Still, people continue to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them—personal ambition, civic pride, and the desire of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space.F. Some of these ideas may soon appear in the city as a more holistic approach is taken in balancing environmental and social factors with the economics of building development.G. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.

Could money cure sick health-care systems in Britain, which will be the place to look for proof in 2003. The National Health Service (NHS), which offers free health care financed by taxes, is receiving an emergency no-expense-spared injection of cash. By 2007, total health spending in Britain will reach over 9% of GDP—the same share France had when it was rated the world"s best health service by the World Health Organization in 2000. The Labor government"s response was not to conduct a fundamental review about how best to reform health care for the 21st century. Rather, it concluded that shortage of money, not the form of financing or provision, was the main problem. In 2002, Gordon Brown, the powerful chancellor of the exchequer, used a review of the NHS"s future financing requirements to reject alternative funding models that would allow patients to sign up with competing insurers and so exercise greater control over their own health care. Alan Milburn, the health minister, has made some tentative steps back towards the internal market introduced by the Conservative government. It means that a dozen top-ranking hospitals will also have been given greater freedom to run their own affairs. However, these reforms will not deliver real consumer power to patients. As a result, the return on the money pouring into the NHS looks set to be disappointingly meager. Already there are worrying signs that much of the cash cascade will be soaked up in higher pay and shorter hours for staff and bear little relation to extra effort, productivity and quality. Some improvements will occur but far less than might be expected from such a financial windfall. Health-care systems in the developed world share a common history, argues David Cutler at Harvard University. First governments founded generous universal systems after the Second World War. With few controls over the demand for medical care or its supply, costs then spiraled up. Starting in the 1980s there was a drive to contain expenditure, often through crude constraints on medical budgets which ran counter to rising patient expectations Now this strategy has run its course: a third wave of reforms is under way to increase efficiency and restrain demand through cost-sharing between insurers and patients. Viewed from this perspective, the government"s plan to shower cash on a largely unreformed NHS looks anomalous. But before more fundamental change can be contemplated in Britain, the old system must be shown to be incapable of cure through money. This harsh lesson is likely to be learnt as early as 2003.

The government"s chief prosecutor has launched an outspoken attack on plans by David Blunkett, the home secretary, to try terrorists without juries and in secret. Ken Macdonald QC, the director of public prosecutions, says in an article in today"s Sunday Times that plans for trials without juries of some terror suspects would undermine public faith in the criminal justice system. In his attack on proposals expected in Blunkett"s forthcoming draft terrorism bill to limit the right to jury trial for Al-Qaeda and other Islamic terror suspects, Macdonald says: "To be effective against...terrorism, we need to call on legislation that is clear, flexible and proportionate to the threat." Nobody wants to throw out the baby with the bath water; we do not want to fight terrorism by destroying precisely those things terrorism is trying to take away from us. "Open, liberal democracies fail if they try to protect themselves by becoming illiberal, closed and repressive." Macdonal says he favours proposals by ministers to allow telephone-tapping evidence from MI5 and police to be used in open court. He also believes that "minor players" in terrorist plots should be offered some immunity from prosecution in return for information. But he emphasizes: "Changes to the criminal trial process have to be approached with great caution and a clear head." Macdonald, who as head of the Crown Prosecution Service, has overall responsibility for charging and prosecuting all terrorist suspects in England and Wales, says that some basic rights "cannot be negotiated away in a free and democratic society". So criminal trials must remain routinely open and take place before independent and impartial tribunals. In Britain people have great affection for trial by jury. Public faith in public justice will not survive abandonment of these fundamental principles. Macdonald waited to launch his broadside until after last week"s Queen"s speech, when the Home Office said draconian new counter-terrorism measures would be contained in a draft bill, expected to be published in the new year. The bill would allow for anti-terror courts without juries, which are expected to hear evidence in secret before special security-cleared judges. Macdonald"s strong comments amount to the clearest signal yet that Blunkett will face a fierce battle not just in parliament but in Whitehall over the plans. Other senior legal figures including Lord Woolf, the lord chief justice, have previously criticised government plans to limit trial by jury in ordinary criminal trials. However, Macdonald is the first to come out against the new proposals to limit the right to a jury trial in terrorism cases.

Don"t talk: your cell phone may be eavesdropping. Thanks to recent developments in "spy phone" software, a do-it-yourself spook can now wirelessly transfer a wiretapping program to any mobile phone. The programs are inexpensive, and the transfer requires no special skill. The would-be spy needs to get his hands on your phone to press keys authorizing the download, but ittakes just a few minutes—about the time needed to download a ringtone. This new generation of user-friendly spy-phone software has become widely available in the last year— and it confers stunning powers. The latest programs can silently turn on handset microphones even when no call is being made, allowing a spy to listen to voices in a room halfway around the world. Targets are none the wiser: neither call logs nor phone bills show records of the secretly transmitted data. More than 200 companies sell spy-phone software online, at prices as low as $50. Vendors are loath to release sales figures. But some experts claim that a surprising number of people carry a mobile that has been compromised, usually by a spouse, lover, parent or co-worker. Many employees, experts say, hope to discover a supervisor"s dishonest dealings and tip off the top boss anonymously. Max Maiellaro, head of Agata Christie Investigation, a private-investigation firm in Milan, estimates that 3 percent of mobiles in France and Germany are tapped, and about 5 percent or so in Greece, Italy, Romania and Spain. James Atkinson, a spy-phone expert at Granite Island Group, a security consultancy in Gloucester, Massachusetts, puts the number of tapped phones in the U.S. at 3 percent. Even if these numbers are inflated, clearly many otherwise law-abiding citizens are willing to break wiretapping laws. Spyware thrives on iPhones, BlackBerrys and other smart phones because they have ample processing power. In the United States, the spread of GSM networks, which are more vulnerable than older technologies, has also enlarged the pool of potential victims. Spyware being developed for law-enforcement agencies will accompany a text message and automatically install itself in the victim"s phone when the message is opened, according to an Italian developer who declined to be identified. One worry is that the software will find its way into the hands of criminals. The current embarrassment is partly the result of decisions by Apple, Microsoft and Research In Motion (producer of the BlackBerry) to open their phones to outside application-software developers, which created the opening for spyware. Antivirus and security programs developed for computers require too much processing power, even for smart phones. Although security programs are available for phones, by and large users haven"t given the threat much thought. If the spying keeps spreading, that may change soon.

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This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.