On Mar. 14, when Wal-Mart Stores Inc. announced its first foray into Japan, the Bentonville (Ark.) retailing giant placed a big bet that it could succeed where countless other foreign companies have failed. In the past five years, a number of famous Western brands have been forced to close up shop after failing to catch on in Japan, one of the world"s largest—but most variable—consumer markets. May Wal-Mart make a go of it where others have stumbled? One good sign is that the mass marketer is not rushing in blindly. It has taken an initial 6.1% stake in ailing food-and-clothing chain Seiyu Ltd., which it can raise to a controlling 33.4% by yearend and to 66.7% by 2007. That gives Wal-Mart time to revise its strategy—or run for the exits. The question is whether Wal-Mart can apply the lessons it has learned in other parts of Asia to Japan. This, after all, is a nation of notoriously finicky consumers—who have become even more so since Japan slipped into a decade-long slump. How will Wal-Mart bring to bear its legendary cost-cutting savvy in a market already affected by falling prices? Analysts are understandably skeptical. "It is uncertain whether Wal-Mart"s business models will be effective in Japan," Standard Poor"s said in a Mar.18 report. Much depends on whether Seiyu turns out to be a good partner. The 39-year-old retailer is a member of the reputed Seibu Saison retail group that fell on hard times in the early "90s. It also has deep ties to trading house Sumitomo Corp. which will take a 15% stake in the venture with Wal-Mart. Perhaps the best thing that can be said of Seiyu"s 400-odd stores is that they"re not as deeply troubled as other local retailers. Still, there"s a gaping chasm between the two corporate cultures. "We"ve never been known for cheap everyday pricing," says a Seiyu spokesman. Another potential problem is Sumitomo, which may not want to lean on suppliers to the extent that Wal-Mart routinely does. The clock is ticking. Wal-Mart executives say they need several months to "study" the deal with Seiyu before acting on it, but in the meantime a new wave of hyper-competitive Japanese and foreign rivals are carving up the market. If Wal-Mart succeeds, it will reduce its reliance on its home market even further and—who knows?—it may even revolutionize Japanese retailing in the same way it has in the U.S.

Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses to help them navigate. Some (1)_____ by the position of the Sun. Others navigate by the stars. Some use the Sun as (2)_____ guide during the day, and then (3)_____ to star navigation by night. One study shows that the homing pigeon uses the Earth"s magnetic fields as a guide (4)_____ finding its way home, and there are indications that various other animals, from insects to mollusks (软体动物), can also make (5)_____ of magnetic compasses. (6)_____ is of course very useful for a migrating bird to be able to switch to magnetic compass when clouds cover the sun; (7)_____ it Would just have to land and wait for the Sun to come out again. (8)_____ with the Sun or stars to steer by, the problems of navigation are more complicated (9)_____ they might seem at first. For example, a worker honeybee (10)_____ has found a rich source of nectar and pollen flies rapidly home to the hive to (11)_____: A naturalist has discovered that the bee scout (12)_____ her report through complicated dance in the hive, (13)_____ she tells the other workers not only how far away the food is, but also what direction to fly in (14)_____ to the Sun. (15)_____ the Sun does not stay in one place all day. As the workers start (16)_____ to gather the food, the Sun may (17)_____ have changed its position in the sky somewhat. In later trips during the day, the Sun seems to move farther and farther toward the west. Yet the worker bees seem to have no (18)_____ at all in finding the food source. Their inner (19)_____ tell them just where the Sun will be, and they change their course (20)_____.

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn"t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn"t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she"d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. "I"m a good economic indicator", she says. "I provide a service that people can do without when they"re concerned about saving some dollars". So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard"s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don"t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too", she says. Even before Alan Greenspan"s admission that America"s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year"s pace. But don"t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy"s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they"re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, "there"s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses", says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. "Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three", says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn"t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan"s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan Co. may still be worth toasting.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

As college seniors hurtle into the job hunt, little lies on the resume—for example, claiming a degree when they"re three credits shy of graduation—seem harmless enough. So new grads ought to read this memo now: those 20-year-old falsehoods on cream-colored, 32-lb. premium paper have ruined so many high-profile executives that you wonder who in the business world hasn"t got themessage.A.resume listing two fabricated degrees led to the resignation of David Edmondson, CEO of RadioShack, in February. Untruthful resume have also hindered the careers of executives at the U.S. Olympic Committee. The headlines haven"t dented job seekers" desire to dissemble even as employers have grown increasingly able to detect deception. InfoLink Screening Services, a background-checking company, estimates that 14% of job applicants in the U.S. lie about their education on their resumes. Employees who lie to get in the door can cause untold damage on a business, experts say, from staining the reputation and credibility of a firm to upending co-workers and projects to igniting shareholder wrath—and that"s if the he is found out. Even when it isn"t, the falsified resume can indicate a deeply rooted inclination toward unethical behavior. "There"s a lot of evidence that those who cheat on job applications also cheat in school and in life," says Richard Griffith, director of the industrial and organizational psychology program at the Florida Institute of Technology. "If someone says they have a degree and they don"t, I"d have little faith that person would tell the truth when it came to financial statements and so on." Employers" fears have sparked a boom in the background-screening industry. But guarding the henhouse does little good if the fox is already nestled inside. To unmask the deceivers among them, some employers are conducting checks upon promotion. Verified Person markets its ability to provide ongoing employee screening through automated criminal checks. With this increased alertness comes a thorny new dilemma; figuring out whether every lie is really a fireable offense. Many bosses feel that a worker"s track record on the job speaks more strongly than a stretched resume, says John Challenger of the outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas. Rather than booting talented workers, Challenger suggests, employers should offer a pardon period "A moratorium would let anyone who needs to come clean," he says And the culprit could always go back to school and finish that degree—maybe even on company time.

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

"You are not here to tell me what to do. You are here to tell me why I have done what I have already decided to do," Montagu Norman, the Bank of England"s longest serving governor (1920-1944), is reputed to have once told his economic adviser. Today, thankfully, central banks aim to be more transparent in their decision making, as well as more rational. But achieving either of these things is not always easy. With the most laudable of intentions, the Federal Reserve, America"s central bank, may be about to take a step that could backfire. Unlike the Fed, many other central banks have long declared explicit inflation targets and then set interest rates to try to meet these. Some economists have argued that the Fed should do the same. With Alan Greenspan, the Fed"s much-respected chairman, due to retire next year—after a mere 18 years in the job—some Fed officials want to adopt a target, presumably to maintain the central bank"s credibility in the scary new post-Greenspan era. The Fed discussed such a target at its February meeting, according to minutes published this week. This sounds encouraging. However, the Fed is considering the idea just when some other central banks are beginning to question whether strict inflation targeting really works. At present central banks focus almost exclusively on consumer-price indices. On this measure Mr. Greenspan can boast that inflation remains under control. But some central bankers now argue that the prices of assets, such as houses and shares, should also somehow be taken into account. A broad price index for America which includes house prices is currently running at 5.5%, its fastest pace since 1982. Inflation has simply taken a different form. Should central banks also try to curb increases in such asset prices? Mr. Greenspan continues to insist that monetary policy should not be used to prick asset-price bubbles. Identifying bubbles is difficult, except in retrospect, he says, and interest rates are a blunt weapon: an increase big enough to halt rising prices could trigger a recession. It is better, he says, to wait for a housing or stock market bubble to burst and then to cushion the economy by cutting interest rates—as he did in 2001-2002. And yet the risk is not just that asset prices can go swiftly into reverse. As with traditional inflation, surging asset prices also distort price signals and so can cause a misallocation of resources—encouraging too little saving, for example, or too much investment in housing. Surging house prices may therefore argue for higher interest rates than conventional inflation would demand. In other words, strict inflation targeting—the fad of the 1990s—is too crude.

The U. S. Bureau has estimated that the population of the United States could approach 300 million in 2000 and will be 400 million in 2020. And the U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that the average U.S. per capita income will increase from $3,400 in 1969 to the equivalent of $8,300 (assuming a 1967 price level) in the year 2000, 2.5 times as much as that of 1969. According to government statistics, in the United States, there are over 110 million cars and "more people" means "more cars". By the end of twenties of next century, the population of the United States will have doubled that of today and the number of automobiles will be doubled as well. And in twenty-year"s time the per capita income will also be 2.5 times higher than it is. If this increase income is spent on more and larger automobiles, larger houses, and increased consumption of other material goods, the results could cause catastrophic resource exhaustion, and pollution. Take the increase of the consumption of oil for instance. The consumption is so huge that the reserves might last only a decade or two if not supplemented by imports. Ten years ago it appeared that nuclear power would solve the anticipated energy crisis. Although supplies of uranium fuel were known to be limited and might become exhausted in half a century, the nuclear power plant has for a long time been a favorite project. But work on it has met with grave problems. The fear of possible atomic explosion and the problem of disposing of polluting by-product waste have slowed down the construction of further nuclear plants. Eventually atomic technology may be able to control these problems, but at present there seems to be little agreement among atomic scientists about when this can be achieved.

An expression used by Americans for about 100 years is"to pass the buck". It means refusing to take responsibility, letting others decide and act for【C1】______. President Gerald Ford dramatized the phrase after【C2】______Richard Nixon"s place in the White House. Ford announced in a special television broadcast that he had decided to【C3】______Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President. Ford said such a decision had to be【C4】______by him alone, that he could not let others do it for him. "The buck stops here, "said Ford. He remembered another【C5】______Harry S. Truman—who made that expression【C6】______more than 25 years ago. Truman had a sign on his desk which said; "The buck stops here. "The message was dear;【C7】______the President of the United States could not act and make the final decision on important national matters, who【C8】______could? A president who refused take the responsibility and "passed the buck" to someone else would【C9】______find himself in serious trouble. Where did the expression come from? It seems to have come from the【C10】______game of poker where the players, one after the other, mix and pass out the cards. The phrase seems to have come to【C11】______in the gambling houses of the West. There, a silver dollar was put in【C12】______of a player to show that he would be the next dealer to pass out the cards. A dollar, silver or paper, was called a"buck". It still is.【C13】______, nobody seems to know. Forceful leaders,【C14】______, make decisions, take risks and responsibility. The risks can be great. Every choice at times may lead to【C15】______. In a military leader it may be defeat and ruin, in business, financial failure, loss of a job. Therefore, it is easier to pass the【C16】______and let others take the risks. Nobody, however, likes a man who passes the buck. He is soon found out and【C17】______an unpleasant name-buck-passer. Nevertheless, buck-passers are found among us everywhere.【C18】______, the most famous buck-passer in history has been the devil. That is the picture we get of him from the ancient myths. The only time he seems to have acted for himself【C19】______when he rebelled and tried to seize God"s throne. But God threw him out. Since then, he has spent most of his energy in【C20】______the buck, letting others do his work for him.

(46) At a time when Wall Street firms are being punished for misleading investors about dot-com stocks during the bubble, it"s all too easy to confuse financial excitement with technological reality. Many people are quick to dismiss any talk of an "Internet revolution" as so such" 90s chatter. (47) There is a world of difference between crazy evaluations and serious technology, between Internet stocks and the Net itself. While investors have been complaining about their fate, chief executives have been busy embracing the Net. It"s time to get over the bubble talk and get real about technology"s promise. Or risk falling behind. The strong upturn in profits last quarter during a period of weak economic growth is proof to the productivity—enhancing power of the Net. Through boom, bust and recovery, annual productivity growth has powered along at around 2.5%. Without it, companies would have been forced to cut payrolls even further during the worst days of the decline. With it, companies are generating higher profits without big gains in revenues. As the economy picks up steam, productivity will likely boost profits even further. Despite usual wisdom, electronic business has exceeded even the dreamy projections of 1999. Business-to-business commerce conducted online will reach $2.6 trillion in 2003. And many surviving dot-com companies are doing surprisingly well. (48) Some 40% of publicly held Net companies, including Amazon. com Inc., were profitable in the fourth quarter of 2002, and half are expected to be profitable by the end of this year. True, there has been vicious disaster in the field. Venture capitalists poured $100 billion into more than 6,000 Net startups over the past decade, and 2,000 disappeared. Many ideas, some crazy and some not, failed. But eBay, Amazon.com, Yahoo!, Google, Expedia, and others are making money, thanks to a recovery in online advertising and they are changing the face of business. Just as the former IBM Chief Executive Louis V. Gerstner and others predicted, mainstream Corporate America is turning out to be the chief beneficiary of the Internet. Using it, companies are streamlining production, inventory, and sales; cutting costs; and tracking their customers. It apparently takes four to six years after first installing new systems before productivity gains are maximized. (49) Most companies are in their third or fourth year, which may explain why productivity growth has been rising consistently during the downturn, instead of dropping as it usually does in a fall. It may also mean that productivity and profits may be stronger than expected in the second half of 2003 and in 2004. The US economy has had bad luck for three years. The bubble, terrorism, corporate fraud, war, and now SARS. Yet it has weathered these mostly unexpected shocks rather well. Smart financial and economic policy has helped. (50) But the real key has been Internet technology, which provided the flexibility and productivity to adjust quickly without drastic cuts. Think what the Net will do for the economy when we get back to normal.

The most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginning—the first hours after birth. Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that treating a newborn baby like a small child is not the best procedure. This is especially true of "high risk babies", a term applied to babies that are premature, underweight, or born with major organic defects. They need immediate, imaginative, intensive care and observation, not only for survival but also to help circumvent physical problems which may affect the infant for life. Out of this requirement has developed a new branch of medicine called neonatology, which is concerned with the first three months of life. Dozens of major hospitals throughout the United States have opened newborn intensive care units, directed by neonatologists and employing equipment and techniques devised specially for tiny patients. One of the greatest aids in these units is an "isolette"—an electronically equipped glass-enclosed incubator with portholes for sterile access to the baby. Inside the isolette, sensors placed on the infant make him look much like a miniature astronaut. The sensors automatically regulate and record the temperature, humidity, and oxygen in this "artificial womb", as well as signal change or trouble affecting its occupant. In hospitals with newborn intensive care unit, specialists are ready to use their skills as the need arises. They are alerted to pregnancies that may develop complications. For example, if a woman who is pregnant enters the hospital and is under the age of 18 or over the age of 40, is undernourished or obese, has diabetes, heart or kidney trouble, the neonatologists are advised. The neonatologist often attends the delivery of a baby with the obstetrician, and then rushes the newborn infant into his special care unit. There, within a few minutes, the baby is tested, examined thoroughly, and made ready for treatment or surgery if needed. The most common cause of infant deaths is pre-maturity. In some hospitals it is not unusual to find 8 or 9 "preemies" (premature infants) in the special care units at one time. In addition to the technical advances, the health of the infant depends on an ageless ingredient-love. Nurses are essential members of baby-caring teams. Their job is to rock, to feed, and to fondle the very small patients. Even at this early age, doctors find that lack of love has adverse physical and psychological effects on the newborn babies. As the number of neonatologists and special care centers has increased, the survival rate for high-risk babies in the United States has risen from about 75 % a few years ago to an impressively high 90% today. Doctors think that the 90% could be increased if the babies could be brought more quickly under the care of a neonatologist. In some hospitals, teams of doctors and nurses can respond to emergencies with portable isolettes which are carried by airplane, helicopter, or ambulance.

The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660"s was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins" interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660"s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded. The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660"s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated Mike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant"s position was improving during and after the 1660"s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins" interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660"s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630"s on that point to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery, yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins" argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people. The possibility has important ramifications. If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality—explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America, But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed.

For more than a decade, scientists have been trying to determine whether climate change is linked to intense storms, such as 2005"s Hurricane Katrina. Meteorologist Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University, and colleagues attacked the question by turning to the past. They looked through drill cores from coastal waters for signs that sediments had been disturbed by major storms. Eight sites along the U. S. East Coast and Puerto Rico provided a reliable record of the number of significant hurricanes going back about 1500 years. Other climate data and models added clues to water temperatures and hurricane intensity. As the researchers report tomorrow in Nature, they found strong evidence that Atlantic hurricane activity peaked about 1000 years ago, producing up to 15 hurricanes a year on average — a level matched in recent times only over the past decade and a half. At the time, according to estimates constructed from other geologic data, Atlantic water temperatures were relatively warm, "though not as warm as today," Mann says. And Pacific temperatures were relatively cool, thanks to La Nina events. Warmer Atlantic waters whip up more storms, but warmer Pacific temperatures tend to create stronger jet streams that break up those storms. So the twin conditions a millennium ago produced kind of a "Perfect Storm" for hurricanes, he explains. Of particular interest, the sediments reveal a close link between warmer water and the number of hurricanes during the past 150 years or so. Dropping temperatures produced seven or eight hurricanes a year, while a rising thermometer, such as in the earlier part of this decade, pushed the total to 15. "All other things being equal, " Mann says, "this suggests that we are indeed likely to see not only stronger hurricanes in the Atlantic but perhaps more of them" in the near future. Meteorologist James Eisner of Florida State University in Tallahassee agrees with the findings, but adds a caveat. The historical data do show that a link between warmer ocean temperatures and higher hurricane frequencies has existed for at least 1500 years, he says. However, there"s a high degree of uncertainty in the data. That and the fact that the physics explaining the link haven"t yet been established, Eisner explains, "indicate this is not the " smoking gun" we"ve been looking for that would allow us to confidently project what will happen as the oceans continue to warm. "

The first great cliché of the Internet was "Information wants to be free." The notion was that no one should have to pay for "content" words and pictures and stuff like that and, in the friction-free world of cyberspace, no one would have to. The reigning notion today is that the laws of economics are not, after all, suspended in cyberspace like the laws of gravity in outer space. Content needs to be paid for on the Web just as in any other medium. And it probably has to be paid for the same way most other things are paid for. by the people who use it. We tried charging the customers at Slate. It didn"t work. Future experiments may be more successful. But meanwhile, let"s look again at this notion that in every medium except the Internet, people pay for the content they consume. It"s not really true. TV is the most obvious case. A few weeks ago a producer from "Nightline" contacted Slate while researching a possible show on the crisis of content on the Internet. He wanted to know how on earth we could ever be a going business if we gave away our content for free. I asked how many people pay to watch "Nightline". Answer none. People pay for their cable or satellite transmission, and they pay for content on HBO, but "Nightline" and other broadcast programs thrive without a penny directly from viewers. There are plenty of differences, of course, and the ability of Web sites to support themselves on advertising is unproven. But "Nightline" itself disproves the notion that giving away content is suicidal. Now, look at magazines. The money that magazine subscribers pay often doesn"t even cover the cost of persuading them to subscribe. A glossy monthly will happily send out $20 of junk mail—sometimes far more to find one subscriber who will pay $12 or $15 for a yearly subscription. Why? Partly in the hope that she or he will renew again and again until these costs are covered. But for many magazines including profitable ones—the average subscriber never pays back the cost of finding, signing and keeping him or her. The magazines need these subscribers in order to sell advertising. Most leading print magazines would happily send you their product for free, if they had any way of knowing (and proving to advertisers) that you read it. Advertisers figure, reasonably, that folks who pay for a magazine are more likely to read it, and maybe see their ad, than those who don"t. So magazines make you pay, even if it costs them more than they get from you. This madcap logic doesn"t apply on the Internet, where advertisers pay only for ads that have definitely appeared in front of someone"s "eyeballs". They can even know exactly how many people have clicked on their ads. So far advertisers have been insufficiently grateful for this advantage. But whether they come around or not, there will never be a need on the Internet to make you pay just to prove that you"re willing. So maybe the Internet"s first great cliché had it exactly backward: Information has been free all along. It"s the Internet that wants to enslave it.

Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayin160—200words.Youressaymustbewrittenclearlyandshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon,2)andgiveyourcomments.

TwistedEducationWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Sometimes we have specific problems with our mother; sometimes, life with her can just be hard work. If there are difficulties in your【C1】______, it"s best to deal with them,【C2】______remember that any【C3】______should be done【C4】______person or by letter. The telephone is not a good【C5】______because it is too easy【C6】______either side to【C7】______the conversation. Explain to her【C8】______you find difficult in your relationship and then【C9】______some new arrangements that you think would establish a【C10】______balance between you. Sometimes we hold【C11】______from establishing such boundaries because we are afraid that doing【C12】______implies we are【C13】______her. We need to remember that being【C14】______from our mother does not【C15】______mean that we no longer love her. If the conflict is【C16】______and you cannot find a way to【C17】______it, you might decide to give up your relationship with your mother for a while. Some of my patients had【C18】______"trial separations". The【C19】______allowed things to simmer down, enabling【C20】______

【F1】 When people tell me that they love animals because they"re feeling beings and then go on to abuse them, I tell them that I"m glad they don"t love me. Recognizing that animals have emotions is important because animals" feelings matter. Animals are sentient beings experiencing the ups and downs of daily life, and we must respect this when we interact with them.【F2】 While we obviously have much more to learn, what we already know should be enough to inspire changes in the way we treat other animals. We must not simply continue with the status quo because that is what we"ve always done and it"s convenient to do so. What we know has changed, and so should our relationships with animals. Quite often what we accept as "good welfare" isn"t "good enough". Our relationship with other animals is a complex, ambiguous, challenging and frustrating affair, and we must continually reassess how we should interact with our nonhuman kin. Part of this reassessment involves asking difficult questions. Thus, I often ask researchers who conduct invasive work "Would you do that to your dog?" 【F3】 Some are startled to hear this question, but it"s a very important one to ask because if someone won"t do something to their dog that they do daily to other dogs or to mice, rats, cats, monkeys, pigs, cows, elephants or chimpanzees, we need to know why. Humans have enormous power to affect the world any way we choose. Daily, we silence sentience in innumerable animals in a wide variety of venues.【F4】 However, we also know that we"re not the only sentient creatures with feelings, and with the knowledge that what hurts us hurts them comes the enormous responsibility and obligation to treat other beings with respect, appreciation, and compassion. 【F5】 There"s no doubt whatsoever that, when it comes to what we can and cannot do to other animals, it"s their emotions that should inform our discussions and our actions on their behalf.

College sports in the United States are a huge deal. Almost all major American universities have football, baseball, basketball and hockey programs, and (1)_____ millions of dollars each year to sports. Most of them earn millions (2)_____ as well, in television revenues, sponsorships. They also benefit (3)_____ from the added publicity they get via their teams. Big-name universities (4)_____ each other in the most popular sports. Football games at Michigan regularly (5)_____ crowds of over 90,000. Basketball"s national collegiate championship game is a TV (6)_____ on a par with any other sporting event in the United States, (7)_____ perhaps the Super Bowl itself. At any given time during fall or winter one can (8)_____ one"s TV set and see the top athletic programs—from schools like Michigan, UCLA, Duke and Stanford— (9)_____ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences. The athletes themselves are (10)_____ and provided with sch61arships. College coaches identify (11)_____ teenagers and then go into high schools to (12)_____ the country"s best players to attend their universities. There are strict rules about (13)_____ coaches can recruit—no recruiting calls after 9 p. m., only one official visit to a campus—but they are often bent and sometimes (14)_____. Top college football programs (15)_____ scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year, and those student-athletes, when they arrive (16)_____ campus, receive free housing, tuition, meals, books, etc. In return, the players (17)_____ the program in their sport. Football players at top colleges (18)_____ two hours a day, four days a week from January to April. In summer, it"s back to strength and agility training four days a week until mid-August, when camp (19)_____ and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins (20)_____ During the season, practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday. Saturday is game day. Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold. Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect. In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge. Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention, there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students. In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries. Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come be personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.