A.Foronething,manyyoung"vegetarians"continuetoeatthewhitemeatofdefenselesschickens(25%inthecurrentstudy)aswellasthefleshofthoseadorableanimalsknownasfish(46%),evenwhentheyarebutcheredandserveduprawassushi.AndinarecentstudyintheJournalofAdolescentHealth,researchersfoundthatthemostcommonreasonteensgaveforvegetarianismwastoloseweightorkeepfromgainingit.Adolescentvegetariansarefarmorelikelythanotherteenstodietortouseextremeandunhealthymeasurestocontroltheirweight,studiessuggest.Thereverseisalsotrue:teenswitheatingdisordersaremorelikelytopracticevegetarianismthananyotheragegroup.B.Butapproximately20%ofthevegetariansturnedouttobebinge(excessiveeatinganddrinking)eaters,comparedwithonly5%ofthosewhohadalwayseatenmeat.Similarly,25%ofcurrentvegetarians,ages15to18,and20%offormervegetariansinthesameagegroupsaidtheyhadengagedinextremeweight-controlmeasuressuchastakingdietpillsorlaxativesandforcingthemselvestovomit.Only1in10teenswhohadneverbeenvegetarianreportedsimilarbehavior.C.Beingateenagermeansexperimentingwithfoolishthingslikedyeingyourhairpurpleorcandyflippingorgoingdoor-to-doorforapoliticalparty.Parentstendtooverlookseeminglymild,earnestteenpursuits,butanewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanDieteticAssociationsuggeststhatanothercommonteenfad,vegetarianism,isn"talwayshealthy.Instead,itseemsthatasignificantnumberofkidsexperimentwithavegetariandietasawaytomaskaneatingdisorder.D.InanotherresearchventurebyRobinson-O"BriencalledProjectEAT-II:EatingAmongTeens,theresearcherssurveyed2,516youngMinnesotans,ages15to23.Oftherespondents,108(or4.3%)describedthemselvesascurrentlyvegetarian,another268(10.8%)saidtheywereformervegetariansandtherestwerelifelongmeateaters.Theresearchersfoundthatinonesense,thevegetarianswerehealthier:theytendedtoconsumelessthan30%oftheircaloriesasfat,whilenon-vegetariansgotmorethan30%oftheircaloriesfromfat.Notsurprisingly,thevegetarianswerealsolesslikelytobeoverweight.E.Thestudy,ledbynutritionistRamonaRobinson-O"Brien,foundthatwhileadolescentandyoungadultvegetarianswerelesslikelythanmeateaterstobeoverweightandmorelikelytoeatarelativelyhealthfuldiet,theywerealsomorelikelytobingeeatAlthoughmostteensinRobinson-O"Brien"sstudyclaimedtoembarkonvegetarianismtobehealthierortosavetheenvironmentandtheworld"sanimals,theresearchsuggeststheymaybemoreinterestedinlosingweightthanprotectingcattleorswine.F.Thatbeingsaid,evenamongtheyoungadults,currentvegetariansreportedbingeeatingmoreoftenthantheirpeers,whichtheauthorstheorizecanbeexplainedbythefactthatvegetariansaresimplymoreawareanddisciplinedaboutwhattheyeatandare,therefore,morelikelytoreportoverindulging.Therefore,theauthorssuggestthatparentsanddoctorsshouldbeextravigilantwhenteenssuddenlybecomevegetarians.G.Thisdifferenceinextremebehaviordisappearedbetweencurrentvegetariansandlifelongmeateatersintheoldergroup,ages19to23,withabout15%ineachgroupreportingsuchweight-controltactics.Butamongformervegetarians,thatnumberjumpedto27%.Thefindingssuggestthatagematterswhenitcomestovegetarianism:teenagevegetariansaswellasyoungexperimentersmaybeathigherriskforothereatingdisorderscomparedwiththeirpeers.Butbyyoungadulthood,manystill-practicingvegetarianshavepresumablychosenitasalifestyleratherthanadietingploy,thestudysuggests.

Studythetwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"OntheRelationshipbetweenEnvironmentandEconomy".Intheessay,youshould(1)describethepicturesandinterprettheirmeaning;(2)giveyouropinionwithsomeproof;(3)giveyourconclusion.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatly.

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim "behavioral" ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fin e-grained information: should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America"s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track"(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft"s Internet Explorer and Apple"s Safari both offer DNT; Google"s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear in Windows 8, would have DNT as a default. Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. "People will not get fewer ads," he says. "They"ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads." It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft"s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google"s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft"s chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?

Your company intends to purchase some car parts. Now it has received a fax offer(传真报价). Write a letter to the sales department of a car parts company to express your: 1) thanks for the fax offer, 2) willingness to accept all the terms except price, and 3) request of reduction in price. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch"s daughter, Elisabeth,spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions." Integrity had collapsed, she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market. But "it"s us,human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit." Driving her point home, she continued: "It"s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds. In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The Core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing. In today"s world,it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice,fairness,tolerance, proportionality and accountability. The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.

Nonverbal communication is greatly important: in any interaction with others; its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures.【C1】______ Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant, but that people in these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words themselves. In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as a whole. 【C2】______For instance, it may be more socially acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult. In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression, that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or mask sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. 【C3】______ For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem out of place and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interpretations remain culture specific. It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. 【C4】______In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed that the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while US children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. 【C5】______ These examples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.[A] Another variable across cultures has to do with ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations. North Americans tend to prefer a large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces.[B] These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict. Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural belief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.[C] Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of "first come, first served." The French, on the other hand, have a practice of line jumping, that irritates many British and US Americans.[D] Since nonverbal behavior arises from our cultural common sense, we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spatial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attribute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.[E] The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them. If someone is accustomed to standing or sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the other's attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, or a lack of interest.[F] It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted to the floor.[G] Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Differences surface with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom.

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Your heart suddenly starts pounding so hard you think it"s going to leap right out of your chest. You"re sweating even though it"s cold out. You feel unsteady on your feet and generally shaky, like the world around you is spinning out of control and you can"t get a grip. Your hands and feet are numb and useless. You"re gasping for breath and feel like you"re drowning. (41)__________Genetics may be part of the explanation; women are more prone to anxiety or depression, and a history of these mood disorders makes you more likely to have a panic attack. But unhappy life experiences may also increase women"s vulnerability. A particularly active area of research at the moment is the effect of hormones. Women seem most susceptible to panic attacks during times of hormonal changes, such as adolescence, pregnancy, and so on. Dr. Lilian Gonsalves, psychology at the Cleveland Clinic, says some scientists think that hormonal fluctuation may upset the balance of chemicals in the brain that modulate fear and anxiety, triggering a panic attack. It feels like the fight-or-flight response gone wild with no provocation. (42)__________ Fear of another attack often makes people avoid places where an attack took place, and a small percentage of sufferers may eventually become housebound, a condition called agoraphobia. (43)__________ "We used to say that you don"t die of a panic attack, but I"ve stopped saying that," says Gonsalves. "It could be that during a panic attack you get coronary spasms or an irregular heart rate. " (44)__________There"s no single cure that works for everyone, but generally, patients use medication, cognitive behavioral therapy or some combination of the two. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches you a range of techniques—such as relaxation exercises—to deal with everyday anxiety and stress, lessening the chances of another attack. Many people find that drugs help control the problem until they can find a behavioral therapy that works, after which drugs may no longer be necessary. Research has also shown that regular exercise.and activities such as yoga may reduce the severity and number of attacks. (45)__________If there is nothing wrong, then your doctor will probably refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist who can work with you on the problem over what may be a period of several months. It takes a while to feel completely better; generally, antidepressants start working in six to eight weeks, Gonsalves says. But many patients begin to get some relief in just two weeks, she adds. In all, about 80 percent of patients will do well. In the case of the other 20 percent, who don"t respond to treatment, doctors often find that they have missed an underlying medical condition that is behind the attacks. [A] Suffering from frequent panic attacks also means you are at higher risk of depression, substance abuse and suicide. Some research also indicates that women who have repeated attacks are at higher risk of death. [B] Call your doctor even if you"ve had only a single attack, because these symptoms could also signal a wide range of other problems, including thyroid and heart disease. A primary-care physician will first perform a physical exam and probably order an EKG and blood tests to rule out other possible causes of the attacks. [C] You can be standing at a bus stop or shopping at the mall without any danger in sight, and suddenly, you feel like you"re dying. The attack is generally over in a few minutes, but sometimes symptoms—especially feeling faint and dizzy—can linger for mare than an hour. [D] Many women report experiencing their first panic attack in late adolescence. But others have no trouble until they are around 50, when their hormone levels often vary wildly. "These are high functioning women who have never seen a psychiatrist before," says Gonsalves. "They start having hot flashes and they don"t sleep. They become acutely anxious. " [E] If you have felt all of these come on without warning, you may have just suffered a panic attack. These frightening symptoms affect women twice as often as men, although scientists are not sure why. [F] The cure of panic attacks often depends on the cause. If your attacks are triggered by a physical condition, they should be eliminated by treating the physical cause. If you can"t find the cause, continue looking and using the above tips to control the attacks. [G] Because of the possible consequences of untreated panic attacks, it"s important to get help early. And fortunately, there is lot of help available.

In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body" s system for reacting to things that can harm us—the so-called fight-or-flight response . "An animal that can"t detect danger can"t stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons deep in the brain known as the amygdala. LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation—I think this charging dog wants to bite me—and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they"re afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear." Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. That"s not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device ," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action—like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back. Hallowell insists, though, that there" s a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan." He says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we"re familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump. Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it"s been difficult to get fact about how we should respond. That"s why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.

In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $ 16 a barrel. By 2008, it had【C1】______the $ 100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge【C2】______from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread【C3】______in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria"s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have【C4】______the economic and political map of the world, 【C5】______some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 【C6】______major importers — including China and India, home to a third of the world"s population —【C7】______rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central【C8】______of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to【C9】______scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 【C10】______how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 【C11】______these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 【C12】______some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil【C13】______a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 【C14】______costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 【C15】______it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia【C16】______128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose【C17】______higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama【C18】______for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to【C19】______as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems【C20】______the country reported a sharp increase in riders.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

Every year New Zealanders living in London can be seen loading up Kombi vans and heading off to experience the "classic European holiday". The trip usually starts in the north of France, after crossing the channel from Dover in England to Calais, driving down through France, over the Pyrenees into Spain, west into Portugal and then across the Continent to Italy and often beyond. There are numerous reasons young New Zealanders take this rite of passage—as well as seeing all the fantastic sights and tasting the delights of Europe"s food and wine, it"s relatively inexpensive. The Kombi is transport and accommodation all in one, cutting down significantly on costs. There is just one problem. As the Kombis become "antique", these trips are usually punctuated with numerous roadside sessions as the van sits idle, in no hurry to start, while you swelter in the hot sun. But do not let this deter you. Travelling Europe in your own vehicle means no public transport schedules to cramp your style, the ability to explore the quaint, off-the-beaten-track villages where the "real" locals live, freedom to not have to book accommodation in advance—you can nearly always get a campsite and can load your vehicle with cheap, fantastic regional wines and souvenirs. With these bonuses in mind, here are some suggestions for planning the great Europe road adventure. The key to a pleasurable driving experience is a good navigator and a driver with a cool head. If you do not feel relaxed driving around New Zealand"s cities and highways, then you probably will not enjoy driving around Europe. As co-pilot to the driver, you need to read (and understand) maps, look out for turn-offs—and keep the music playing. Language is not a big problem once a few essential terms are mastered. The biggest challenge is in the cities, where traffic can be chaotic and elaborate one-way systems and narrow, cobbled alleyways can make finding your destination hard work. It can be easier to leave the vehicle on the outskirts of town or in a camping ground and use public transport. This also avoids paying for costly parking.

After Los Angeles, Atlanta may be America"s most car-dependent city. Atlantans sentimentally give their cars names, compare speeding tickets and jealously guard any sidestreet where it is possible to park. The city"s roads are so well worn that the first act of the new mayor, Shirley Franklin, was to start repairing potholes. In 1998, 13 metro counties lost federal highway funds because their air-pollution levels violated the Clean Air Act. The American Highway Users Alliance ranked three Atlanta interchanges among the 18 worst bottlenecks in the country. Other cities in the same fix have reorganized their highways, imposed commuter and car taxes, or expanded their public-transport systems. Atlanta does not like any of these things. Public transport is a vexed subject, too. Atlanta"s metropolitan region is divided into numerous county and smaller city governments, which find it hard to work together. Railways now serve the city center and the airport, but not much else; bus stops are often near-invisible poles, offering no indication of which bus might stop there, or when. Georgia"s Democratic governor, Roy Barnes, who hopes for re-election in November, has other plans. To win back the federal highway money lost under the Clean Air Act, he created the Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA), a 15-member board with the power to make the county governments, the city and the ten-county Atlanta Regional Commission co-operate on transport plans, whether they like it or not. Now GRTA has issued its own preliminary plan, allocating $4.5 billion over the next three years for a variety of schemes. The plan earmarks money to widen roads；to have an electric shuttle bus shuttle tourists among the elegant villas of Buckhead; and to create a commuter rail link between Atlanta and Macon, two hours to the south. Counties will be encouraged, with generous ten-to-one matching funds, to start express bus services. Public goodwill, however, may not stretch as far as the next plan, which is to build the Northern Arc highway for 65 miles across three counties north of the city limits. GRTA has allotted $270m for this. Supporters say it would ease the congestion on local roads; opponents think it would worsen over-development and traffic. The counties affected, and even GRTA"s own board, are divided. The governor is in favor, however; and since he can appoint and fire GRTA"S members, that is probably the end of the story. Mr. Barnes has a tendency to do as he wants, regardless. His arrogance on traffic matters could also lose him votes. But Mr. Barnes think that Atlanta"s slowing economy could do him more harm than the anti-sprawl movement.

The sharing economy is a little like online shopping, which started in America 15 years ago. At first, people were worried about security. But having made a successful purchase from, say, Amazon, they felt safe buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or a car-hire service for the first time encourages people to try other offerings. Next, consider eBay. Having started out as a peer-to-peer marketplace, it is now dominated by professional "power sellers" (many of whom started out as ordinary eBay users). The same may happen with the sharing economy, which also provides new opportunities for enterprise. Some people have bought cars solely to rent them out, for example. Incumbents are getting involved too. Avis, a car-hire firm, has a share in a sharing rival. So do GM and Daimler, two car-makers. In future, companies may develop hybrid models, listing excess capacity (whether vehicles, equipment or office space) on peer-to-peer rental sites. In the past, new ways of doing things online have not displaced the old ways entirely. But they have often changed them. Just as Internet shopping forced Walmart and Tesco to adapt, so online sharing will shake up transport, tourism, equipment-hire and more. The main worry is regulatory uncertainty. Will room-renters be subject to hotel taxes, for example? In Amsterdam officials are using Airbnb listings to track down unlicensed hotels. In some American cities, peer-to-peer taxi services have been banned after lobbying by traditional taxi firms. The danger is that although some rules need to be updated to protect consumers from harm, incumbents will try to destroy competition. People who rent out rooms should pay tax, of course, but they should not be regulated like a Ritz-Carlton hotel. The lighter rules that typically govern bed-and-breakfasts are more than adequate. The sharing economy is the latest example of the Internet's value to consumers. This emerging model is now big and disruptive enough for regulators and companies to have woken up to it. That is a sign of its immense potential. It is time to start caring about sharing.

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors" names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2, 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16, 000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report"s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

In 2007 a French food company wanted to buy a family-owned firm in India. The patriarch was 72, and the French firm wanted to send someone of similar experience to talk to him. But because of its youthful corporate culture-most people are hustled out of the door in their mid 40s-it had no one to send. In the end, through Experconnect, an employment agency in Paris which places retired people, it found a 58-year-old former head of a European consumer-goods firm, and sent him out to Mumbai. France has a poor record when it comes to keeping older people in the workforce. The retirement age is 60, not 65 as in most developed countries. In 2005 only 37.8% of people aged 55-64 had jobs, versus 56.8% in Britain and 44.9% in Germany. The main reason is that in the 1980s, when there was high unemployment, the government promoted early retirement. That entrenched the idea that older workers were less productive, says Caroline Young, Experconnect"s founder. Now companies are worried about losing their most skilled workers, especially as the baby boom generation nears retirement. Areva, a nuclear-power group, recently launched a scheme to address the needs of older employees, and plans to use about 100 retired people a year through Experconnect. Because nuclear power was unpopular for decades, Areva stopped training engineers, so that much of its expertise lies with its oldest staff. Now it is taking much more interest in them. "We have to bring about a revolution in opinion," says Jean Cassingena, its human-resources strategist. Unlike other recruitment agencies, Experconnect keeps its workers on its own books, so they can carry on drawing their pensions. They tend to work part-time on one-off projects. Engineers and people with high levels of technical skill are most in demand in France, says Ms Young, as younger people increasingly choose to go into fields such as marketing. Thales, a defence and aerospace firm, is using a former radar expert, for instance, and Louis Berger France, an engineering firm, often uses retired engineers to manage big infrastructure projects. Softer industries also make use of Experconnect. Danone, a food firm, hires people for one-off management roles. "Older people have seen it all and they are level-headed," says Thomas Kunz, its head of beverages. The beauty industry is short of toxicologists to determine whether new lotions are safe, and one firm has just taken on a 75-year-old. Two famous French luxury-goods companies plan to use retired workers in their handbag divisions. One wants to safeguard its knowledge of fine leathers and sewing; the other wants to apply expertise from the aerospace industry to make new kinds of materials for handbags. Despite an impressive handful of high-profile clients, Experconnect has found it difficult to convince French companies that older workers can be valuable. It has 2,700 retired people on its books, and has so far placed just 50 of them on "missions". Old prejudices, as they say, die hard.

European farm ministers have ended three weeks of negotiations with a deal which they claim represents genuine reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP). Will it be enough to kickstart the Doha world trade negotiations? On the face of it, the deal agreed in the early hours of Thursday June 26th looks promising. Most subsidies linked to specific farm products are, at last, to be broken—the idea is to replace these with a direct payment to farmers, unconnected to particular products. Support prices for several key products, including milk and butter, are to be cut—that should mean European prices eventually falling towards the world market level. Cutting the link between subsidy and production was the main objective of proposals put forward by Mr. Fischler, which had formed the starting point for the negotiations. The CAP is hugely unpopular around the world. It subsidises European farmers to such an extent that they can undercut farmers from poor countries, who also face trade barriers that largely exclude them from the potentially lucrative European market. Farm trade is also a key feature of the Doha round of trade talks, launched under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in November 2001. Developing countries have lined up alongside a number of industrial countries to demand an end to the massive subsidies Europe pays its farmers. Several Doha deadlines have already been missed because of the EU"s intransigence, and the survival of the talks will be at risk if no progress is made by September, when the world"s trade ministers meet in Cancun, Mexico. But now even the French seem to have gone along with the deal hammered out in Luxembourg. Up to a point, anyway. The package of measures gives the green light for the most eager reformers to move fast to implement the changes within their own countries. But there is an escape clause of sorts for the French and other reform-averse nations. They can delay implementation for up to two years. There is also a suggestion that the reforms might not apply where there is a chance that they would lead to a reduction in land under cultivation. These let-outs are potentially damaging for Europe"s negotiators in the Doha round. They could significantly reduce the cost savings that the reforms might otherwise generate and, in turn, keep European expenditure on farm support unacceptably high by world standards. More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim. Close analysis of what is inevitably a very complicated package might confirm the sceptics" fears.

One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process. Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens of thousands of years, while others have a life span closer to a quarter of a million years. Various methods have been used to date, but all have revealed weaknesses, forcing scientists to continue their search. The nuclear process involves several stages, with the danger of radioactivity constantly present. Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore, which, when mined,, spontaneously produces radioactive substances as byproducts. This characteristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time resulting in the death, due to cancer, of hundreds of uranium miners. The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in containers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holding a million gallons. For a long time it was believed that the nuclear waste problem had been solved, until some of these tanks leaked, allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into the environment. Canada presently stores its nuclear waste in underwater tanks, with the long-term effects largely unknown. However, plans are under consideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors. These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers, which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of two football fields. Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and storing them in underground caverns, or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice, thereby sinking down adverse effect on the ice sheets.

As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a "common law", or law made by courts【C1】______a monarch or other central governmental 【C2】______ like a legislature. The jury, a【C3】______of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an【C4】______ part of our common-law system. Use of juries to decide cases is a 【C5】______feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. 【C6】______the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result 【C7】______would be obtained using a judge 【C8】______, as many countries do. 【C9】______ a jury decides cases after "【C10】______", or discussions among a group of people, the jury" s decision is likely to have the 【C11】______from many different people from different backgrounds, who must as a group decide what is right. Juries are used in both civil cases, which decide【C12】______among 【C13】______ citizens, and criminal cases, which decide cases brought by the government【C14】______that individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens and【C15】______. Jurors, consisting of 【C16】______numbers, are called for each case requiring a jury. The judge【C17】______to the case【C18】______the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states,【C19】______jurors are questioned by the judge; in others, they are questioned by the lawyers representing the【C20】______under rules dictated by state law.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

An Invitation for Joint Research Write an e-mail of about 100 words based on the following situation: Professor Chen is going to spend one year away from his institution to pursue research in atmospheric science. You want to invite him to join your research group. You can offer him some facilities. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Professor Li" instead. Do not write the address.