[A]Indiarunslikeathreadthroughthistale.CottonwasbeingspunintheIndusValleyin3000BC:Herodotusadmireditsquality.Spinningandweavingcotton(thewordcomesfromqutninArabic)wereintroducedtoEuropebyMusliminvadersinthetenthcentury.InIndiacottonasacottageindustrywassosuccessfulthatitestablishedasubstantialmarketinBritain.Thishadtwoconsequences.Thefirstwastechnologicalinnovationintheindustrialnorth:spinningmachines,theinventionoftheflyingshuttle,thespinningjennyandpowerloomsweretheforerunnersoftheIndustrialRevolution.Thesecond,introducedin1774toassistEnglishspinnersandweavers,wasprotectionistlegislationthatmadeitillegaltosellimportedcotton.[B]SlavesandwideopenspacesinthesouthernstatestransformedAmerica'seconomy,too.Capital,raisedmainlyinLondon,financedtheexpansion.Bythelate1850s,77%ofthecottonconsumedinBritaincamefromAmerica.ProfitssoaredonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Manchesterbecameacentreoftheuniverse,alwaysfeedingoncheaplabour,mostlywomen,who,unlikeslaves,werepaidawage,albeitapoorone.[C]TodaythemainsourcesofrawcottonareChina(29%)andIndia(21%).Supportedbygrotesquesubsidies($35billionbetween1995and2010),Americaclingsoninthirdplace.Producersselltothenewmerchantsofcotton:globalretailerssuchasGapandAdidas.MrBeckert'sstoryisbothinspirationalandutterlydepressing,areflectionofthewhite-knuckleridethathasbeenthecharacteristicofglobalisationthroughthecenturies.[D]By1800mass-producedBritishcottondominatedworldmarkets,includinginIndiawheretheindustrycollapsed.Inthethreedecadesto1820innovationhelpedproductivityinBritain'snewcottonfactoriesincrease370times.MrBeckert,ahistoryprofessoratHarvard,callsthisneweconomicorder"WarCapitalism"asitisbasedonimperialexpansion,expropriationofland,andslavery.[E]Goodeconomichistorytellsdramaticstoriesofingenuityandaspiration,greedandnationalself-interest.SvenBeckertwritesgoodeconomichistory.Butwhycotton?MrBeckert'sansweristhatfor900years,until1900,itwastheworld'smostimportantmanufacturingindustry.Cottonisrelevantnowbecausethestoryexplainshowandwhyanindustrygoesglobal.Itisastoryofwildlyfluctuatingfortunes,fromstunningwealthtodiresocialdisasters.[F]DeprivedofrawAmericancottonwhenthecivilwarbrokeoutin1861,EnglishmanufacturersrediscoveredIndia.RailwayswerebuiltinthenewlyacquiredstateofBerartoshiftrawcottonforexporttoBombay.By1862,75%ofBritain'scottonoriginatedinIndia.Theindustryhadgoneglobal:EgyptandBrazilalsoprovidednewsourcesofsupply.WhennewsoftheUnionArmy'svictoriesin1865reachedIndia,propertypricesinBombaycollapsed,anticipatingtherenewedcompetitionthattheendofthewarmightbring.Intheevent,aspeacereturnedtotheAmericanSouthandformerslavesbecamesharecroppers,theglobalindustryrecoveredquickly,helpedbyasurgeindemand.[G]Inthelate19thcenturythecottonindustryinEnglandbegantodecline.AttheheightoftheGreatDepressionin1932only11%oftheworld'smechanicalspindleswereoperatinginBritain,comparedwith61%in1860.TheterribleblightthathasoverwhelmedcottontownssuchasRochdalebeganthen,andhasgrownworsesince.Bythelate1960sBritainaccountedforonly2.8%ofglobalcottonexports.Order:

Eco-tourism—travel that preserves the environment and promotes the welfare of local people—continues to gain force. Impressed by the success of countries like Costa Rica and Ecuador, which have lured flocks of travelers for mountain treks and jungle safaris, a growing number of regions across the globe are turning to eco-tourism as a strategy" for economic growth. Omar Bongo, the president of Gabon, a developing country in west central Africa, bas set aside about 10 percent of the country"s landmass for 13 national parks. Green Visions, a tourism and environment protection company, based in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, is pioneering an eco-tourism development plan in Central Europe with "green adventures" that promote environmental principles and support local businesses. Even Greece, better known for its pumping night life and archaeological monuments, devotes a section of its national tourism Web site to "Greek nature" and eco-tourism. Over the last four years, at least 48 countries, from Puerto Rico to Portugal, have created or started to define a national strategy for eco-tourism development, according to a 2004 eco-tourism report by Mintel International Group, a market-research company based in Britain. Though eco-tourism has long conjured images of biodiversity hot spots in countries like Belize, parts of the United States are starting to embrace the trend too. For example, the Wisconsin Department of Tourism will begin testing a new certification program in March called Travel Green Wisconsin. Designed to encourage hotels and tour operators to reduce their environmental impact, the program is aimed at protecting the natural areas that play a significant role in defining the state as a tourist destination. If successful, the program will be rolled out statewide next year. For businesses, eco-friendly initiatives not only offer marketing advantages but can help with the bottom line. Hotels can cut costs by doing everything from installing energy-saving light bulbs to asking travelers to reuse their towels. And some 58.5 million U.S. travelers, or 38 percent, would pay more to use travel companies that strive to protect and preserve the environment, according to a study by the Travel Industry Association of America sponsored by National Geographic Traveler. Of those travelers, 61 percent said they would pay 5 to 10 percent more to use such companies. However, selecting among the growing number of eco-friendly choices can be frightening, especially given the ever-broadening category, which now encompasses everything from basic campsites to high-end mountain lodges, lama trekking to motorcycle tours through the jungle. Enter the Sustainable Tourism Certification Network of the Americas—a partnership of certification programs, environmental groups, government organizations and others, led by the Rainforest. Alliance and the International Ecotourism Society—which aims to promote sustainability and higher environmental and social standards for tourism. In September, the network designed a series of baseline criteria for certification to help generate credibility among members and promote local conservation. This year, the document will be put up for public consultation before being fully ratified. "Certification is a way for us to avoid green washing", the practice of promoting something as ecotourism while behaving in an environmentally irresponsible way, said Ronald Sanabria. director of sustainable tourism at the Rainforest Alliance. "Certification for us is a tool to avoid that and to ensure third-party assessments of requirements and really prove the company".

Rent or Buy an Apartment?

You wrinkle your nose and narrow your eyelids if you see a dead rat in the road, but you open your eyes and mouth wide if you see a live one in your bedroom. Why is that? Facial expressions are usually thought of as simple tools of communication, but in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Charles Darwin proposed that they may prepare us to react to situations when he noticed that some expressions seemed to be used across cultures and even species. Now Joshua Susskind and his colleagues at the University of Toronto, Canada, have put that idea to the test. Susskind's team wondered whether the characteristic expressions of fear—eyes wide open, eyebrows raised and mouth agape—might improve how sensory information is acquired and so increase alertness. Conversely disgust—with the face all squeezed up—might blunt the senses, shielding us from unpleasant sights and smells. The researchers asked subjects to complete various tests while holding a fearful, disgusted or neutral expression. In one they had to identify when a spot entered their field of view. In another they were required to shift their focus as quickly as possible between two targets on a computer screen. How much air the volunteers breathed in while expressing fear and disgust was also measured. In each case the wide-eyed Home Alone(the movie series starring Macaulay Culkin)face let significantly more of the world in. Subjects with wide-open eyes detected peripheral objects more quickly and performed side-to-side eye movements faster. They also took in more air with each breath without exerting any extra effort. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan showed the nasal cavity was enlarged while subjects held this expression, which the team suggest could be linked with a greater ability to absorb odors. "These changes are consistent with the idea that fear, for example, is a posture towards vigilance, and disgust a posture towards sensory rejection," says Susskind. His team is already at work on experiments to explore to what extent the brain can use this extra information to enhance performance. "What was nice was the number of different ways they got at this question," says Elizabeth Phelps at New York University. "They were very creative." She thinks the work could open up a whole new way of thinking about facial expressions.

Summer was, for a while, a child"s time, conferring an inviolate right to laziness. It was a form of education that had nothing to do with adult priorities, providing entire afternoons to watch exactly how many ants would dash out of one hill and what they would bring back. The holiness of that kind of summer was first diminished by necessity, when overcrowded classrooms brought us theyear-round school calendar. Next, the battle against social promotion forced many an indifferent student into summer school—while the hard-charging students willingly packed into summer school as well, to get a leg up on the coming year. Then, as though the world of achievement had some sort of legitimate claim on summer, even schools that maintained the old-fashioned schedule began reaching their tentacles into summer. Some school districts start the traditional school year in August, the better to squeeze in a couple of more weeks of instruction before the all-important state standardized tests given in spring. Worse, what used to be recommended summer reading lists are now becoming compulsory assignments. And woe to the ambitious student who"s signed up for Advanced Placement classes, and thus a summer-load of note taking and homework. It"s not just the schools. As a society, we grow itchy at the sight of someone—even a kid-accomplishing nothing more than fun. Thus parents have become suckers for anything that lends a constructive air to summer. Summer camps used to exist for the purpose of marshmallow roasts and putting frogs in your bunkmates" beds. Those still exist, but they compete mightily with the new camps—the ones for improving a child"s writing style, building math skills, honing soccer stardom, learning a foreign language, building dance talents or finessing skills playing a musical instrument. Even many colleges and universities, such as Johns Hopkins, have climbed on board, mailing out silky brochures about their expensive summer programs for supposedly gifted, or at least financially gifted, students. None of this activity is required, of course. Unluckily, other societal changes also have pushed back at summer. Children can"t get together a pickup game of kickball when their streets are the turf of gangs. And without a shove out the door, today"s youngsters are more likely to spend a day clicking away at video games than swinging in a hammock. Still, it is a decision, however unconsciously made, to view summertime as a commodity to be prudently invested, rather than as a gift to be lavishly spent. There is only one sort of skill we are afraid to nurture in our kids—the ability to do nothing more constructive than make a blade of crabgrass, pressed between our thumbs and blown, blast a reedy note into the summer air.

MoreAttentionShouldBePaidtoChineseLearningWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

At school we went over our social networking guidelines.【C1】______the obvious—don"t be inappropriate with students through texting and Facebooking—we were further【C2】______to "always think and write like an educator" and "never use a blog to【C3】______your job duties" and "never blog or write about extremely personal【C4】______". The handout told us that any Facebook pictures that show "the use of alcohol or anything students are prohibited from doing," could【C5】______dis-cipline. All of this is because "community members may hold you to a【C6】______standard of conduct than the【C7】______person." It is also advised that teachers should【C8】______"discussion or revealing【C9】______students personal matters about their private lives" making me【C10】______every piece of writing I have ever shared with my students. Educators have been expected to be super-heroes for a while now,【C11】______poverty, dysfunction,【C12】______curriculums, and time. But now we are expected to be the faultless and faceless【C13】______opinions or personal lives. I understand the Public Face and I have gotten pretty good at【C14】______it. And I【C15】______am not forgiving inappropriate behavior with or around children. But with policies like this, I am【C16】______to buy beer at the grocery store or wear clothes【C17】______break dress code out in public on hot days. But while the rest of the population gets to【C18】______into their averageness(【C19】______President Obama can drink beer in public without losing his job), teachers are expected to live their average lives behind【C20】______doors.

Whoever said that victory has many fathers and defeat is an orphan, surely had never heard of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In the case of the hapless multilateral trade body and its long suffering representatives, the total failure of the opening meeting of the so called Millennium trade round has lots of people boasting of their roles in the violent physical struggle. Well. That"s just brilliant. They are proud of being part of a movement that wants to wreck the most important engine of economic growth, prosperity and overall global rising living standards we have—the freedom of trade and movement of people and goods between nations. The 135-member WTO is composed of sovereign governments wishing to further this goal and ease the settlement of international trade disputes. From the sounds emanating from Seattle, though, it would now seem the WTO has now replaced the Trilateral Commission and the Freemasons as candidate No. 1 to take over the World. Everybody has his favorite Seattle story. The city"s police chief will have plenty of time to think about his, having now resigned in disgrace over the loss of control of downtown Seattle. The Seattle business community may be more inclined to brood over theirs—the poor fools invested $9 million to attract the meeting to their fine city. What stands out more? I would nominate the union of steel workers who were marching in protest. It"s an image that will boggle the mind for years to come. The debate now is over just how effective this anti-globalist coalition will turn out to be. In the heat of the moment, it always looks as though the world as we know it is coming to an end. But the overwhelming likelihood is that we have not actually seen a replay of the anti Vietnam War movement, which had much clearer focus, obviously, though its consequences were far-reaching. How long, after all, can you protest against cheap imports when those same imports are all over your house? No, the real reason for the disaster in Seattle is political, and reports coming out of the meeting point to President Clinton as a major culprit, which may be both good and bad. Taking the long view, other trade rounds have had difficult beginnings, too. It took years to get the Uruguay Round under way, which finally happened in 1986. Thankfully, we will soon be electing another president, and it should be someone whose actions match his rhetoric. Still, it is a disgrace that the world"s greatest trading nation, i.e. the United States, is currently led by a man whose motivations are so narrowly political and egocentric that he has now wrecked any chance of entering the history books as a champion of free trade.

TheShort-sightedStudentsWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

America"s space agency has a legendary love of paperwork. Consequently, NASA has published over 6,000 pages about the contracts for its Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), the craft that will put people into orbit around Earth, allowing them to carry out tasks such as visiting the international space station after the shuttle fleet is retired in 2010. But the CEV is also central to the agency"s new vision of putting people back on the moon. Frank Sietzen, a journalist and coauthor of "New Moon Rising", a chronicle of the development of the new NASA vision, has spent the better part of the past six months leafing through these contracts in order to divine the agency"s plans. He says that because the CEV must be compatible with other components of the vision, the contracts give de tails of how NASA is planning to explore the moon and Mars. According to Mr. Sietzen, the new moonships will have three components that will be launched separately and then bolted together in orbit—unlike NASA"s previous moon rocket, the Saturn 5, in which everything went up at once. One component will be the CEV. The second will be an Earth-departure stage—a rocket that provides the oomph needed to push the ship on its way to the moon. The third will be the "lunar surface access module", or lunar lander, to the man in the street. The decision to assemble the new moonships in orbit lowers the cost of developing the rocket needed to get them off the Earth"s surface. Mr. Sietzeen predicts that in about a month"s time, when NASA picks two bidders for a CEV, it will announce what this rock et will be—and that it will be based on the technology now used to launch the shuttles. It is also, he adds, possible to work out from the contracts what the masses of the different components will be. These suggest that four astronauts will travel to the moon and six astronauts to Mars, and that the access module will sometimes fly as an unmanned truck carrying cargo to the moon"s surface. He predicts that there will be three phases of lunar exploration. Initial landings of two to three days will pick up where Apollo left off. Subsequent trips to rougher terrain will last for a week to ten days. And eventually a base camp will be established at one of the poles. This will be occupied for periods ranging from 90 days to a year, and will lead to a permanent manned presence that would act as a prototype Mars base.

There is a perfect symmetry in what remains of William Shakespeare: the immensity of his plays and the lack of biographical information about the man. From a canon as rich as his, and a documentary record as meager as his, you can infer almost anything. When it comes to privacy, Shakespeare out-Salingers Salinger and out-Pynchons Pynchon. Go looking for the man, and you will find only the person doing the looking . The hunger for more is always there, which is why a portrait—a painting of a very well-dressed Elizabethan man—taken from the private collection of an aristocratic Anglo-Irish family, the Cobbes, has drawn so much attention. Physical evidence confirms the painting"s antiquity, and its provenance links it to Shakespeare"s only literary patron. But while provenance may be a good guide to ownership, it is a very weedy indicator of identity. The most that can really be said is that the Cobbe portrait, which was revealed in London this week, was probably painted in Shakespeare"s lifetime and that it bears a likeness to other reputed Shakespeare portraits—that lengthy nose, those side-glancing eyes, the hairline beginning its retreat over the bedrock of that skull. But given the stylized conventions of Elizabethan portraiture, a police dragnet in London circa 1610 might have turned up many dozens of men with a resemblance to this image. What we have, as always with Shakespeare, is a trail that leads us back to the past and dissolves into uncertainty. The perennial search for a portrait of Shakespeare is really a search for an image that justifies our idea of Shakespeare, our idea of writing. We somehow want the young Shakespeare to look like Joseph Fiennes, fiery and slashing. But what if he looked like Ricky Gervais? Would the plays mean less to us? In a way, the paucity of what we know about Shakespeare"s life is an antidote for our times. We cannot view his Facebook profile or follow him on Twitter. We do not have the phone logs or the financial records. As a man, he is not, to our knowledge, better or worse than any of us. He represents the force of the creative mind, but he also embodies the pastness of the past. Every claim to have found some relic of the original Shakespeare is just another reminder that his work needs no biography at all.

In order to enrich the campus life, a Music Festival will be held by the Students" Union. Write an announcement for it, and it should include: 1. organizer, time and place; 2. detailed activities; 3. attendance.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about some tips for getting the raise you deserve. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A~G for each numbered paragraph(1~5). There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. [A]Make the Right Moves [B]Assess Yourself [C]Know When to Let Go [D]Find out What You"re Worth [E]Check and Double-Check [F]Be Confident [G]Use the Right Words You"ve been working hard - coming in early, staying late， and picking up extra responsibilities. Now you"re looking for a raise to reward your efforts—but you"re not sure how to go about it. "Women typically earn 20 to 30 percent less than men with the same job titles because they struggle with salary negotiating." says Robin Ryan, career counselor. Here she highlights classic negotiating mistakes and shares rules for getting the raise to which you"re entitled. 【C1】______ Many women often don"t realize that they can ask for more money, or they"re afraid that doing so will jeopardize the job offer—a reaction Ryan attributes to the issue of self-worth. "As Black women, we may be sensitive about the stereotype that we all have attitudes. It"s cultural. Most of us are brought up to be "nice", and we don"t like to come across as too aggressive," she says. But being proactive about your career is never wrong. 【C2】______ Incremental raises are standard but may not account for all the work you do. "At least once a year, you need to do your own career checkup," says Ryan. "Ask yourself: Am I happy? Have I taken on additional responsibilities? Am 1 working above my job title?" Create a chart that outlines the job you were hired for in comparison to your current responsibilities. "You might be able to make a good case for a promotion, which would come with a raise," she says. 【C3】______ Resources such as salary, com can give you the average pay for your position in your industry based on your location. Use the average, along with your self-assessment and where you live, to determine your overall worth.(For example, the cost of living in Los Angeles may not stretch a salary of $ 35 ,000 as far as it would in Kansas City.)You can also bargain by asking for additional vacation time and perks to your benefits package. Are you a new hire? Ask about a signing bonus, as well as specific offerings(for instance, flextime, vacation, paid leaves, tuition reimbursement), and work them into your compensation discussion. 【C4】______ If you"ve saved the company time or money with one of your ideas, toot your own horn. "You want to talk about adjusting your salary to compensate you for what the company is receiving," Ryan says. Using these key words can help illustrate your valuable contributions and make a better case for your raise based on merit. And remember, while major life changes — having a baby, buying a house or a car— can certainly be a drain on your income, they do not warrant an increase to your salary, warns Ryan. 【C5】______ You can climb the corporate ladder by broadening your network at your company, letting people know about your goals, or transitioning into other departments where there is opportunity. However, big salary hikes tend to happen when you change jobs from one firm to another. Ryan"s rules when negotiating: Never reveal your prior salary, and always use a range instead of the exact figure when asked about your salary expectations. "You maintain more negotiating power to ask for more money," she says.

BSection III Writing/B

WhatIstheElectricityUsedfor?A.Studythechartcarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints:1)whattheelectricityisusedfor2)possiblereasons

The University Newspaper is recruiting some journalists. Write a memo on December 1, 2014 to all students, explaining 1)the requirements for the applicants; 2)the tasks and time span of the job; 3) where to send the resumes Your memo should be no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

WhoShouldStay?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.