BPart B/B

BPart B/B

Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person's view of a top-notch employer will differ from somebody else's. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses. "Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it's particularly important for small business," says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. "With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company." Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes: (1)Be inclusive: With a smaller operation, it's essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. (2)Mission, not just money: Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that' s not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set. (3)Nothing to fear but fear itself; Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel free to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun shy about occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. (4)It' s their careers, too: Don't forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it's not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. (5)Made, not necessarily born: One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective leader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top -flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first -rate employees. [A]"It' s important to use that different perspective to educate and encourage. But it' s also important, like a good coach, to lead your team by example. For instance, while you should point out mistakes by your employees, be sure to admit when you yourself make a mistake," says Sheehan. [B]"You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have," says Sheehan. [C]"People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities, " says Sheehan. "To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost." [D]If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans. [E]For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers' health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility)serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. [F]"This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we' re not going to kill each other if things don' t work out," says Sheehan. "I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. 1 swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It's a question of what you want to focus on."

It is difficult to see how one can teach if one is not learning. But there are some distinctions to be made here. To rely on last year"s notes, or—even worse—one"s last year"s memory, as if that would always be an adequate basis for passing on knowledge, is to mistake what human knowledge is. (46) And so the assimilation of books, the reading of articles, the pursuit of matters of concern will be crucial to one"s ability to introduce and develop a student"s ability to participate in a specific universe of discourse. Research might be thought to be another matter especially if it is defined as adding to the sum total of human knowledge. (47) The expansion of higher education which has taken place, and more particularly the expansion which is likely to take place, simply makes it unlikely that all those who are legitimately involved in the teaching and who fulfill their responsibilities utterly in that regard, are themselves all capable of adding anything worth having to the sum total of human knowledge. It seems best, therefore, not to assume it, and not to presume what in principle is undeliverable. On the other hand, an institution of higher education which is not committed as a community to research will be defective. (48) The limit of what we know must be apparent, the means and opportunities of inquiry must be understood, the value of research shared, even if it is only some members of a department, a faculty or an institution who are actually engaged in it. Scholarship is for all; research for those who are most adept. (49) Of course, a proper celebration of the role of teaching and the art of the teacher will help to put fight the very serious disparity of esteem which is affecting our judgment in this area. But all this has implications for staff development. The distribution of resources by the institution will be a judgment on its moral perspective. So the identification and support of ways in which teaching can be improved, will be as important as the development of research in the life of an academic community. (50) Something significant is done by the support of scholarship, by financing attendance at conferences; but attention to teaching styles and learning strategies through courses, discussion, visiting lectures, schools, may all be as important.

Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.【C1】______. The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21 st century" s culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.【C2】______. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences— music, literature, religion and philosophy.【C3】______. For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.【C4】______ . Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.【C5】______. What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness"—creations and experiences to which others adhere. [A]Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity. [B]Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others. [C]Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. [D]This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation—whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. [E]The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F]One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world" s media culture has been defined by a single medium television—and television is defined by downloading. [G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. In a broader【C1】______, Expressionism is one of the main【C2】______of art in the late 19th and the 20th centuries. Its【C3】______subjective, personal self-expression is typical【C4】______a wide range of modern artists and art movements. More【C5】______Expressionism as a【C6】______style or movement refers to a number of German artists, as well as Austrian, French, and Russian ones, who became active in the years before World War I and remained so throughout【C7】______of the War period. The roots of the German Expressionist school【C8】______the works of Vincent Van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor, each of【C9】______in the period 1885-1900【C10】______a highly personal painting style. These artists used the expressive possibilities of color and line to【C11】______dramatic and emotion themes, to convey the qualities of fear, horror, etc. They【C12】______from the literal representation of nature in order to express more subjective outlooks or【C13】______of mind. The【C14】______of Expressionism was brought about by the vagueness of its longing【C15】______a better world, by its use of highly poetic language, and【C16】______the intensely personal and【C17】______nature of its mode of presentation. The partial re-establishment of stability in Germany after 1924 and the growth of more【C18】______political styles of social realism【C19】______the movement's decline in the late 1920s. Expressionism was【C20】______killed by the rise of the Nazis to power in 1933.

The more parents talk to their children, the faster those children's vocabularies grow and the better their intelligence develops. In 1995, Betty Hart and Todd Risley of the University of Kansas found a close【C1】______between the number of words a child's parents had spoken to him【C2】______the time he was three and his【C3】______success at the age of nine. At three, children born into professional families had【C4】______30m more words than those from a poorer background. This observation has profound【C5】______for policies about babies and their parents. It sug gests that sending children to "pre-school"(【C6】______or kindergartens)at the age of four—a favored【C7】______among policymakers—comes too late to【C8】______for educational shortcomings at home.【C9】______, understanding of how children's vocabularies develop is growing. One of the most striking【C10】______came from Anne Fernald, who has found that the difference【C11】______well before a child is three. Even at the【C12】______age of 18 months, when most toddlers speak only a dozen words, those from【C13】______families are several months behind other more favored children.【C14】______, Dr Fernald thinks the differentiation starts at birth. She【C15】______how quickly toddlers process language by sitting them on their mothers' laps and showing them two images; a dog and a ball. A recorded voice tells the toddler to look at the ball while a camera records his【C16】______. This lets Dr Fernald【C17】______the moment the child's gaze begins【C18】______towards the correct image. At 18 months, toddlers from【C19】______backgrounds can identify the correct object in 750 milliseconds—200 milliseconds faster than those from poorer families. This, says Dr Fernald, is a【C20】______difference.

Stanford University"s Irving Weissman has said that he would like to inject human stem cells into the developing brains of fetal mice, with the goal of producing mouse brains composed chiefly of human brain cells. Such mice might be useful for testing drugs to cure or prevent various human brain diseases. Since the brains would have the architecture of mouse brains, it is unlikely that they would become biotech Stuart Littles and exhibit any characteristics that would cause us moral concerns. But what about injecting human brain stem cells into the developing brains of fetal chimpanzees? That"s clearly a bit closer to the line, but if human cells are simply integrated into the typical architecture of a chimpanzee"s brain, then again, it would probably create no new ethical problems. Beside the possibility of giving human characteristics to animals, injecting human stem cells into non-humans could create other moral concerns. For example, stem cells might transdifferentiate into gamete-producing cells, and integrate themselves into the ovaries and testes of mice, where they would produce completely human eggs and sperm. One could imagine such chimeric male and female mice mating and producing a completely human embryo. Of course, that embryo would be unable to develop in the uterus of a mouse, so the world would not have to deal with the birth of a child whose mom was a rodent. But again, what if this research were done with larger chimeric animals—say, cows—that could possibly carry a human baby to term? But chimeric mice could also be used to help people overcome infertility. Bone marrow stem cells from an infertile woman or man might be injected into a fetal mouse, where they could be transdifferentiated into gamete-producing cells. Gametes might be harvested from the mice and used in IVF procedures to engender a child. Assuming it"s medically safe, producing a child in this way would not be unethical. Finally, it has to be asked: would eating a liver composed chiefly of human liver cells grown in a sheep be cannibalism? I say yes; don"t do it. Save them for transplants. As humanity"s biotechnological prowess increases, we will confront again and again the question of what, if any, limits should be placed on research that mixes human and animal genes, cells and tissues. The main ethical concern about such research is not the creation of improved and useful animals, but the risk of producing what would be, in effect, diminished human beings.

When a Shanghai ad consultant was recently asked to recommend young local designers to an international agency, he sent three candidates with years of work experience. But the company decided they weren"t good enough and had to import designers from the West. It"s a common problem that Chinese vocational grads simply haven"t had good enough teaching. Most of the lecturers don"t have any real work experience, so they can"t teach useful things. When graduates do get hired, they basically have to be re-educated. China"s rapid economic expansion has exposed many frailties in its education system, especially on the vocational side. The country can"t produce enough skilled workers. In part that"s because it invests far more in academic than vocational programs. Funding has fallen significantly since the 1990s. Partly as a result, today only 38 percent or so of China"s high-school-age students attend vocational schools, well below the official target of 50 percent. To address this deficit, last year Beijing pledged to spend almost $2 billion on 100 new vocational colleges and 1,000 high schools. And this year it started offering annual subsidies to vocational students. But China"s training is too abstract, what"s urgently required are technicians who can come up with a good idea and turn it into a marketable product. Parts of the country are already adapting; in Shenzhen, local institutes offer "made to order" training for particular businesses. And some vocational colleges have introduced practical research projects. But vocational education faces a deeper problem: its image. China"s middle class is eager to forget its experience with physical labor, and few allow their children to become technical workers. Everyone thinks these are things that low-class people do. Thus China now produces record numbers of college grads—who struggle to find work because they lack the skills for manufacturing, where demand is greatest. One fix would be to re-brand vocational subjects as "professional", not "manual" skills. At the other end of the spectrum are China"s 100 million-plus rural migrant workers, many of whom have little schooling. They have never learned how to work with others, to live in the city, save money or choose the right job. Thus they find it hard to learn from their jobs or plan their careers. This results in extremely high labor turnover. Teaching and training" life skills" to complement vocational programs would help. Yet the urgency of China"s skilled-labor shortfall will force a rethink. For now, China is relying on cheap, low-skilled, labor-intensive production, but it"s not sustainable in the long term, We must raise our skills level, and it"s impossible for state-run colleges to do all the training. Indeed, with the demand for skilled workers growing all the time, China will need all the help it can get.

In a quiet courtroom tucked away in a federal building here, a titanic battle is competing free speech against government efforts to protect children from the seemingly limitless pages of pornography in cyberspace. Titled simply enough, the American Library Association vs. the United States of American, the trial will determine the constitutionality of the Children"s Internet Protection Act (CIPA). (46) Passed by Congress in December 2000, the law requires all libraries that receive federal technology funds to install "protection measures" on all computers that have access to the Internet. In other words, they must have blocking software to prevent youngsters from accidentally, or even intentionally, getting a peek at the multitude of hard-core sites available with just a few well-placed clicks on a computer terminal. To free-speech advocates from librarians to the American Civil Liberties Union, it"s a well-intentioned but dangerous assault on America"s First Amendment freedoms. (47) They argue that even the best blocking software is so flawed that it would also limit adult access to a wide array of constitutionally protected speech. "It"s very easy to suggest that we all believe in the First Amendment, we just want to keep our kids safe", says John Berry, president of the American Library Association in Chicago. (48) "But as soon as you start making those kinds of concessions, you began to undermine one of our founding principles, and you can"t sacrifice those kinds of things for a little temporary security". Supporters of the Internet-filtering law argue that the First Amendment has nothing to do with CIPA because it"s nothing more than a funding bill. If libraries have objections, they simply don"t have to accept the federal funds upon which the blocking software"s use is conditioned. There"s the whole issue of the blocking software itself: Does it work or not? (49) One study of more than 7,000 websites that had been blocked by the various software companies found that between 65 and 70 percent of the sites were "deemed to have potential value" to a library user. As to worries about overblocking, the law"s supporters note the law allows adults to ask a librarian to turn off the blocking software. (50) But the librarians argue that the mandatory filter does take discretion away from librarians and their communities, which pay for about 80 percent of the average library"s budget, and gives it to the federal government. After this three-judge panel rules, one side or the other is expected to file an appeal, and that will go directly to the Supreme Court.

On Mar. 14th, when Wal-Mart Stores Inc. announced its first foray into Japan, the Bentonville (Ark.) retailing giant placed a big bet that it could succeed where countless other foreign companies have failed. In the past five years, a number of famous Western brands have been forced to close up shop after failing to catch on in Japan, one of the world"s largest—but most variable—consumer markets. May Wal-Mart make a go of it where others have stumbled? One good sign is that the mass marketer is not rushing in blindly. It has taken an initial 6.1% stake in ailing food-and-clothing chain Seiyu Ltd., which it can raise to a controlling 33.4% by year end and to 66.7% by 2007. That gives Wal-Mart time to revise its strategy or run for the exits. The question is whether Wal-Mart can apply the lessons it has learned. in other parts of Asia to Japan. This, after all, is a nation of notoriously finicky consumers—who have become even more so since Japan slipped into a decade-long slump. How will Wal-Mart bring to bear its legendary cost-cutting savvy in a market already affected by falling prices? Analysts are understandably skeptical. "It is uncertain whether Wal-Mart"s business models will be effective in Japan," Standard & Poor"s said in a Mar. 18th report. Much depends on whether Seiyu turns out to be a good partner. The 39-year-old retailer is a member of the reputed Seibu Saison retail group that fell on hard times in the early 1990s. It also has deep ties to trading house Sumitomo Corp., which will take a 15% stake in the venture with Wal-Mart. Perhaps the best thing that can be said of Seiyu"s 400odd stores is that they"re not as deeply troubled as other local retailers. Still, there"s a gaping chasm between the two corporate cultures. "We"ve never been known for cheap everyday pricing," says a Seiyu spokesman. Another potential problem is Sumitomo, which may not want to lean on suppliers to the extent that Wal-Mart routinely does. The clock is ticking. Wal-Mart executives say they need several months to "study" the deal with Seiyu before acting on it, but in the meantime a new wave of hyper-competitive Japanese and foreign rivals are carving up the market. If Wal-Mart succeeds, it will reduce its reliance on its home market even further and—who knows?—it may even revolutionize Japanese retailing in the same way it has in the U.S.

One of the most interesting of all studies is the study of words and word origins. Each language is 【C1】______of several earlier languages and the words of a language can sometimes be traced 【C2】______ through two or three different languages to their【C3】______. Again a word from one language may pass into other languages and 【C4】______ a new meaning. The word "etiquette", which is【C5】______French origin and originally meant a label, 【C6】______ a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to【C7】______the small tags which a store 【C8】______to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, 【C9】______, gradually developed a different meaning. It【C10】______became the custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and【C11】______during an important ceremony at the royal court. 【C12】______ the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. 【C13】______ this meaning, the word passed into English. Consider the word "breakfast". "To fast" is to go for some period of time without【C14】______ . Thus in the morning after many hours 【C15】______ the night without food, one 【C16】______one" s fast. Consider the everyday English【C17】______"Good-bye". Many many years ago, people would say to each other 【C18】______parting "God be with you." As this was 【C19】______ over and over millions of times, it gradually became【C20】______ to "Good-bye".

The following is an incomplete letter of inquiry for a job, fill in the blanks to complete it so that it is equivalent to that given in Chinese.亲爱的先生： 我在今天的《西安晚报》上看到贵公司招聘电气技术员的广告，有兴趣申请到贵公司工作。 如蒙惠寄更为详细资料、告之空缺职务、贵公司拟付薪水及录用条件，我将不胜感激。可否请同时惠告贵公司对资历的要求? 期盼回复。 此致敬礼 西安高等专科学校电气工程系(210053) 李明 2008年7月19日 2008/7/19Dear sirs, I saw _____________in today"s Xi"an Evening and ________________with you. I would be grateful if____________ of the jobs available, the rates of____________. Could you also let me know_____________. _____________. Yours faithfully, Li Ming

BPart B/B

Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

At current online-ad rates, it is almost impossible for web publishers that create their own content to make money—just ask any of the two dozen, from Z.com to eCountries that have gone bust in the past month alone. The mason for the bloodbath is simple: advertisers are not willing m pay enough for web ads to support the cost of displaying them. To see why, consider a credit-card firm that wants to find customers online. Say it runs a campaign to display its banner ad to 2 million viewers. Using industry averages, one out of every 200 viewers can be expected to click on the ad: one out of every 100 of those will actually sign up for a credit card. Thus, the campaign would yield 100 new customers. Offline, the firm pays about $150 for each customer it acquires, through anything from direct mail to television ads. Using the same rate, it would therefore be willing to pay $15,000 for those 2 million online-ad views, or a cost-per-thousand-views (CPM) rate of $7.50. Now consider the economics of the website that is running those ads. It probably does not have its own ad sales team, so it is getting those credit-card ads from an advertising network such as DoubleClick. The network takes half the revenues, leaving the site with a CPM of $3.75. Imagine that the site is very successful, say among the top few hundred on the web. If so, it may be able to generate 10m page views "a month. At $3.75 per thousand views, that means revenue of $37,500 a month. Take out hardware, software and bandwidth costs, and enough might be left to support two employees or so.This grim picture can be improved by selling more than one ad per page, but such clutter often comes at the cost of a lower rate of "click-throughs" and, eventually, even lower CPMs. The site can try to charge higher CPMs by providing more information about viewer demographics, to help advertisers target their ads, or by claiming that it has a sign that may justify a fee for brand-building advertisers. But advertisers are skeptical.The biggest web portals get their content almost for free—a mixture of material from other-sites and content created by viewers—and attract so much traffic that they can support huge organizations on low CPMs. But for most smaller websites, there is no way out. Those that cannot find revenue sources beyond advertising will either go bust or be forced to admit that their site is a non-profit enterprise. If truth-in-advertising rules were enforced, most dotcoms would be dotorgs.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. You are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A—G. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you.A. Yet thieves still reap a rich harvest. Inadequate protection of U.S. patents, trademarks and copyrights costs the U.S. economy $80 billion in sales lost to pirates and 250,000 jobs every year, according to Gary Hoffman, an intellectual property attorney at Dickstein, Shapiro he makes unauthorized copies of Kevin Costner"s latest film, sells fake Cartier watches and steals the formula for Merck"s newest pharmaceutical. That"s where the money is.F. One reason is that any countries offer only feeble protection to intellectual property. Realizing that such laxness will exclude them from much world trade as well as hobble native industries, nations everywhere are revising laws covering patents, copyrights and trade names. Malaysia, Egypt, China, turkey, Brazil and even the Soviet Union have all recently announced plans either to enact new laws or beef up existing safeguards. In an effort to win U.S. congressional support for a proposed free-trade pact, Mexico last month revealed plans to double the life of trademark licenses to 10 years and extend patent protection for the first time to such products as pharmaceuticals and food.G. Companies are cracking down on pirates who steal designs, movies and computer programs. The battle is getting hotter—and more important. When Johnson & Johnson introduced a new fiber-glass casting tape for broken bones several years ago, executives at Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing flew into a rage. The tape, which sets fractures faster than plaster, was remarkably similar in design and function to a casting tape developed by 3M scientists. The St. Paul-based company quickly sued, charging J & J with violating four of its patents. Last month a federal court backed 3M and ordered J & J to pay $116 million in damages and interest—the fourth largest patent-infringement judgment in history.Order: G is the first paragraph and F is the last.

Suppose you have messed things up when invited by your friend Frank to an American student party. Write a letter of apology to 1) appreciate for this opportunity, 2) state the detail for why you apologize, and 3) provide the possible way to make up. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. 【C1】______, the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others【C2】______to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, 【C3】______the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed 【C4】______being classified as "English". Even in England there are many 【C5】______in regional character and speech. The chief 【C6】______is between southern England and northern England. South of a 【C7】______going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, 【C8】______ there are local variations. Further north regional speech is usually "【C9】______ " than that of southern Britain. Northerners are【C10】______to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more【C11】______. They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them 【C12】______. Northerners generally have hearty 【C13】______: the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous 【C14】______at meal times. In accent and character the people of the Midlands 【C15】______a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman. In Scotland the sound 【C16】______by the letter "R" is generally a strong sound, and "R" is often pronounced in words in which it would be 【C17】______ in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, 【C18】______ inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently【C19】______as being more "fiery" than the English. They are 【C20】______ a race that is quite distinct from the English.

Latino youths need better education for Arizona to take full advantage of the possibilities their exploding population offers. Arizona"s fast-growing Latino population offers the state tremendous promise and a challenge. Even more than the aging of the baby boomers, the Latino boom is fundamentally reorienting the state"s economic and social structure. Immigration and natural increase have added 600,000 young Latino residents to the state"s population in the past decade. Half of the population younger than 18 in both Phoenix and Tucson is now Latino. Within 20 years, Latinos will make up half of the homegrown entry-level labor pool in the state"s two largest labor markets. What is more, Hispanics are becoming key economic players. Most people don"t notice it, but Latinos bom in Arizona make up much of their immigrant parents" economic and educational deficits. For example, second-generation Mexican-Americans secure an average of 12 grades of schooling where their parents obtained less than nine. That means they erase 70 percent of their parents" lag behind third-generation non-Hispanic Whites in a single generation. All of this hands the state a golden opportunity. At a time when many states will struggle with labor shortages because of modest population growth, Arizona has a priceless chance to build a populous, hardworking and skilled workforce on which to base future prosperity. The problem is that Arizona and its Latino residents may not be able to seize this opportunity. Far too many of Arizona"s Latinos drop out of high school or fail to obtain the basic education needed for more advanced study. As a result, educational deficits are holding back many Latinos—and the state as well. To be sure, construction and low-end service jobs continue to absorb tens of thousands of Latino immigrants with little formal education. But over the long term, most of Arizona"s Latino citizens remain ill-prepared to prosper in an increasingly demanding knowledge economy. For the reason, the educational uplift of Arizona"s huge Latino population must move to the center of the state"s agenda. After all, the education deficits of Arizona"s Latino population will severely cramp the fortunes of hardworking people if they go unaddressed and could well undercut the state"s ability to compete in the new economy. At the entry level, slower growth rates may create more competition for low-skill jobs, displacing Latinos from a significant means of support. At the higher end, shortages of Latinos educationally ready to move up will make it that much harder for knowledge-based companies to staff high-skill positions.