For months the Japanese searched fitfully for the right word to describe what was happening. At the Bank of Japan, the nation"s central bank, officials spoke of "an adjustment phase". Prime Minister admitted only to "a difficult situation". The Economic Planning Agency, the government"s record keeper, referred delicately to a "retreat". Then two weeks ago, for the first time since 1997, the agency dropped its boilerplate reference to the "expansion, from its closely watched Monthly Economic Report, and the word game was over. Japan"s economy, the world"s second largest, conceded the experts, was in recession. That admission confirmed the bad news businessmen had been reading in their spreadsheets for several months. "In 2001 one market after another turned bad", says Yoshihiko Wakamoto, senior vice president of Toshiba Corp., which now admits that its pretax profits for fiscal 2001, ending March 31, may be down a whopping 42%. In April, when many Japanese companies announce their results for 2001 fiscal Year, most will report declining profits. Blue chips like Sony, NEC and Matsushita have all experienced drops of over 40% in pretax profits. Japan"s security houses, hit by declining commissions from a falling stock market, will announce even more dramatic drops. Nomura Securities, once Japan"s most profitable company, is talking about an 80% decline in profits. Auto manufacturers, banks, airlines, steel companies, department stores—all are in a slump. Technically, what is happening to the Japanese economy does not meet American criteria for a recession, normally defined as at least two consecutive quarters of negative growth. While economic growth has slowed in Japan, it has not ceased. Government economists are predicting a 3.5% increase in GNP for 2002. Outside experts are not so optimistic. But nearly everyone agrees that GNP growth in Japan is unlikely to slip into negative numbers, as it did last year in the U.S. and Britain. "There"s no question that we are in a recession", pronounces Kunio Miyamoto, chief economist of the Sumitomo-Life Research Institute. "But it is a recession, Japanese-style". During the last half of the 1990s, Japanese companies based much of their expansion around the world on the wildly inflated values of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Japan"s frenzied real estate market. Now both those markets have collapsed. And with long-term interest rates up from 5% to 7%, Japanese companies are less able to sell vast quantities of high-quality goods at razor-thin profit margins. Added to this are pressures from shareholders for a greater return on investments, from Japan"s trading partners for restraints on its aggressive trade practices, and from its own citizens for a reduction in their working hours so they can enjoy the fruits of 40 years of relentless toil.

What we are doing today is more than donating some money.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Rome, June 13—A law that imposes strict rules on assisted fertility will remain on the books, after the failure on Monday of a hard-fought referendum that rubbed into one of Italy"s sorest spots: the relationship between church and state. (46) The fight leading up to two days of voting on Sunday and Monday mobilized the nation"s political and religious establishments like few others, as the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church—including the new pope, Benedict XVI—urged Italians to boycott the referendum. In the end, the outcome was not even close. Only 26 percent of as many as 50 million eligible Italians voted, meaning that the referendum automatically failed, with the votes uncounted, in its attempt to repeal four crucial sections of a restrictive fertility law passed last year. For the referendum to be valid, 50 percent of eligible voters had to take part. (47) The results would seem an immediate victory for the church and for the young papacy(教皇权利) of Benedict, in a Europe where church influence has declined significantly in recent decades. Similar referendums in Italy on divorce and abortion in the 1970"s and 80"s passed overwhelmingly despite church opposition, and Italians now seem likely to debate whether apathy or a reverse in secularism in the home of the Roman Catholic Church defeated this referendum. "The results of today mean that Italy is maybe more similar to Texas than to Massachusetts", said Rocco Buttiglione, Italy"s culture minister and a friend of Pope Benedict. "Italians want a democracy with values—at values human life—and that is why they rejected this referendum." For the church, the results seemed especially important since the referendum concerned issues central to church teachings on values. (48) The fertility law, passed here under church lobbying last year, defines life as beginning at conception and bans most experimentation on human embryos(胚胎). "I"m struck by the maturity of the Italian people, Cardinal Camillo Ruini, president of the Italian bishops conference, told reporters, according to Reuters. Cardinal Ruini, a top Vatican official and close aide to Benedict, regularly urged Italians to abstain from the referendum. (49) Conceding a heavy defeat the political forces that supported the referendum characterized the results as a blow to the walls between church and state. They warned that the church would next set its sights on Italy"s abortion law. "There is a problem of the climate, of the atmosphere in this country," Emma Bonino, a leader of the Radical Party who spearheaded the fight for legalized abortion in the early 1980"s, told reporters. "It is not secular, and it"s very worrying." (50) But some experts cautioned against reading too much into the results, noting that Italy is a particular nation, where church and state are entwined like nowhere else; that a battle over abortion would be much more difficult; that a similar fight seemed unlikely to gain ground elsewhere in Europe.

China"s entry into the WTO actually represents the result of a three-sided win-win situation—China, the United States and the WTO. China, still a developing country, has a total economic capacity (1)_____ seventh worldwide, and is the 10th largest nation (2)_____ trade worldwide. In the 21st century, China"s economy will greatly (3)_____ the world economy. Without China, the WTO is (4)_____, and its role greatly (5)_____ Thus, China"s entry into the WTO is necessary for the WTO to (6)_____ its universality. (7)_____ the United States, China"s entry into the WTO will realize the general needs of the development (8)_____ and the mutual interests of Sino-U.S. (9)_____ trade, and will help gradually solve the problem of huge deficits in the U.S. trade with China. As for China, through 13 years of difficult negotiations, China has finally realized its (10)_____ of joining the WTO as a developing country: the bilateral agreement between China and the United States (11)_____ this fundamental principle. China"s entry into the WTO as a developing country is (12)_____ great significance, implying as it does that China will enjoy, according to law, a developing country"s preferential arrangements, protection of and export subsidies for its embryonic industries, as well as elastic stipulations in the tariff system. For example, China will (13)_____ for a six-year period a 25 percent import tax rate for its auto industry; in the agriculture sector, most of markets (wheat, maize, rice, cotton, sugar, and fertilizer) will be franchised by the State so as to ensure the State has (14)_____ means of macroeconomic control, there by (15)_____ farmers" interests; and the banking sector will gradually open during a transitional period. Moreover, in some sectors, the markets will still remain closed, or, at least, the "opening of these markets has to be specifically (16)_____ by the Chinese government. Only developing countries have the right to enjoy the above-mentioned buffer opportunities. The Sino-U.S. agreement further contains no (17)_____ prohibiting China from adopting WTO exceptional clauses; instead, China can adopt exceptional clauses which are exclusively (18)_____ to developing countries. This objectively recognizes that China enjoys status of a developing country and means that China can adopt such exceptional clauses as protection of its infant industries. Should its domestic markets be seriously affected or harmed by external factors? China can adopt temporary measures to compensate. In short, China"s (19)_____ to the WTO as a developing country ensures that China"s obligations to the WTO are (20)_____ with its current development level, thus greatly reducing the negative effects to China"s industries resulting from its entry into the WTO.

As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life—food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. (46) Then we either raise our standard of living above the necessary for comfort and happiness or leave it at this level and work shorter hours. Mankind has probably chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. And the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely of the routine operations of the home such as washing the clothes or washing up. (47) By far the most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to meet the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations, when so switched by the housewife. (48) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine. There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution. When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 percent of them have the immediate reaction, "How soon can I buy one?" The other 10 percent have the reaction, "I would be terrified to have it moving about my house". (49) But when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. (50) Now it is generally recognized that there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. Most families are now delighted, no doubt, to have a robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night. Notes: glimmering 迹象。

Offering Help Write a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation: Your roommate Ken is moving to another dorm room this weekend. Now write him a letter to offer your help and send him a little gift. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in hone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American. The largest single source of man-made radiation in medical x-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons-test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. (46) The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; indeed, the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with x-rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given x-rays. (47) These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk. Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant which produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow and lymph systems than would have been expected in a normal population. (48) While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. (49) It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of one percent in the number of 1,000 disorders per million births. In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. (50) One Federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned.

Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and respectable occupations. Personal consultants give better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability. While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Increasingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes. Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required. This is true even in politics. "When the one clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently," says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduates to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them. The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.

Write a letter of about 100 words, making an application to be a postgraduate candidate of a university. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Suppose you were a tourist in a strange city. You left your video camera in the hotel room and didn"t notice it until you arrived home. Write a letter to the hotel, asking them to send it to you? Tell them the type of the camera and other necessary information about this event. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

The idea that music makes you smarter has received considerable attention from scholars and the media. Current interest in【B1】______between music and intelligence stems from two independent areas of research. One focuses on short-term effects of【B2】______listening to music. The other is on a seperate【B3】______of research, which examines whether music lessons have【B4】______benefits that extend to non-musical areas of cognition. Such 【B5】______ could be unique to children who take music lessons for long periods of time 【B6】______ their experiences differ substantially from those of other children. Music lessons【B7】______long periods of focused attention, memorization of【B8】______musical passages, learning about a variety of musical structures, and【B9】______mastery of technical skills and the conventions【B10】______the expression of emotions in performance. This【B11】______of experiences could have a positive impact on cognition, particularly during the childhood years, when brain devolopment is highly【B12】______and sensitive to environmental influence. Previous findings are【B13】______with the hypothesis that music lessons promote intellectual development. For example, natural musical gifts is associated with literacy.【B14】______, correlational and experimental studies【B15】______that music lessons have positive relations with verbal memory, reading ability, selective attention, and mathematics achievement.【B16】______, the simplest explanation of these【B17】______relations is that they come from a common component,such as general intelligence. Put simply, children【B18】______high IQs are more likely than other children to take music lessons. To conclude that music lessons have a casual relation with IQ that is【B19】______to music,one must rule【B20】______potentially confusing factors such as socioeconomic status, and education, and demonstrate that non-musical, extracurricular activities do not have comparable effects on IQ.

No task is so difficult that we can't accomplish it.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) In brand-new offices with a still-empty game room and enough space to triple their staff of nearly 30, a trio of entrepreneurs is leading an Internet start-up with an improbable mission: to out-Google Google. The three started Powerset, a company whose aim is to deliver better answers than any other search engine—including Google—by letting users type questions in plain English. And they have made believers of Silicon Valley investors whose fortunes turn on identifying the next big thing. Powerset is hardly alone. (41)______. And Wikia Inc, a company started by a founder of Wikipedia, plans to develop a search engine that. like the popular Web-based encyclopedia, would be built by a community of programmers and users. (42)______. It also shows how much the new Internet economy resembles a planetary system where everything and everyone orbits around search in general, and around Google in particular. Silicon Valley is filled with start-ups whose main business proposition is to be bought by Google, or for that matter by Yahoo or Microsoft. Countless other start-ups rely on Google as their primary driver of traffic or on Google"s powerful advertising system as their primary source of income. Virtually all new companies compote with Google for scarce engineering talent. (43)______. "There is way too much obsession with search, as if it were the end of the world", said Esther Dyson, a well-known technology investor and forecaster. "Google equals money equals search equals search advertising; it all gets combined as if this is the last great business model". It may not be the last great business model, but Google has proved that search linked to,advertising is a very large and lucrative business, and everyone—including Ms. Dyson, who invested a small sum in Powerset—seems to want a piece of it. Since the beginning of 2004, venture capitalists have put nearly $350 million into no fewer than 79 start-ups that had something to do with Internet search, according to the National Venture Capital Association, an industry group. (44)______. Since Google"s stated mission is to organize all of the world"s information, they may still find themselves in the search giant"s cross hairs. That is not necessarily bad, as being acquired by Google could be a financial bonanza for some of these entrepreneurs and investors. (45)______. Powerset recently received $12.5 million in financing. Hakia, which like Powerset is trying to create a "natural language" search engine, got $16 million. Another $16 million went to Snap, which has focused on presenting search results in a more compelling way and is experimenting with a new advertising model. And ChaCha which uses paid researchers that act as virtual reference librarians to provide answers to users" queries got $6.1 million. Still, recent history suggests that gaining traction is going to be difficult. Of dozens of search start-ups that were introduced in recent years, none had more than a 1 percent share of the United States search market in November according to Nielsen NetRatings, a research firm that measures Internet traffic.A. Powerset could possibly steal a lead if it improves search results by a significant measure with natural language and simultaneously incorporates a near-equivalent to Google"s existing capabilities.B. Even as Google continues to outmaneuver its main search rivals, Yahoo and Microsoft, plenty of newcomers—with names like hakia, ChaCha and Snap—are trying to beat the company at its own game.C. These ambitious quests reflect the renewed optimism sweeping technology centers like Silicon Valley and fueling a nascent Internet boom.D. But in the current boom, there is money even for those with the audacious goal of becoming a better GooSe.E. And divining Google"s next move has become a fixation for scores of technology blogs and a favorite parlor game among technology investors.F. An overwhelming majority are not trying to take Google head on, but rather are focusing on specialized slices of the search world, like searching for videos, blog postings or medical information.G. The venture capitalists made the investment based on an assumption that Powerset would complete the licensing deal,

Caution seems the watchword among the institutional investors surveyed in our latest portfolio poll. The allocation of money between equities, bonds and cash has, on average, remained at the same levels as it did during the third quarter. While Lehman Brothers and Commerz International have increased their overall equity allocations, Daiwa has increased its bond allocation. But given the slowdown in the American economy, it is the reaction of our investors to American equity holdings that is worthy of note. While three of them, including Lehman Brothers, take a dim view of the prospects for American shares, the other four have either marginally increased their allocations, or have maintained them at the same levels as in the previous quarter. Lehman Brothers seems to have decided that the prospect for German shares is better than it is for American ones. Its allocation for American equities dropped by seven percentage points, to 45% of its equity holdings; while its German share portfolio increased by six percentage points, to 11%. Lehman"s share allocation to America has dropped, even as its overall equity holdings have increased. Daiwa and Standard Life are the other two that have cut back on American equities. But Credit Suisse continues to be a cheerleader for American shares. Following its ten percentage-point increase in the third quarter, the Swiss firm increased its exposure to American equities once again in the fourth quarter. Commerz International appears to share Credit Suisse"s bullish outlook: its American equity holdings have increased by four percentage points, to 490. Julius Baer is extremely bullish on American equities, with 60% of its equity funds parked there. But the average American equity holdings, among our institutional investors dropped by a percentage point in the fourth quarter. British equities seem to have become attractive—all our investors have increased their allocations. Credit Suisse, which in the third quarter cut its investment in British shares, appears to have changed its mind. It has increased its allocation by four percentage points, taking the total to 9%. On the other hand, Japanese shares have been given the thumbs-down: all our investors save Julius Baer (unchanged) and Credit Suisse (slightly up) have moved funds out of Japanese equities. It is a relatively similar story for Japanese bonds, where everybody apart from Commerz International has either dropped their yen-denominated bond holdings, or kept them unchanged. Robeco Group seems decidedly bearish, for it has sharply, cut its allocation, from 24% to 15%. Lehman Brothers, appears to have got the timing right, by raising its allocation of dollar-denominated bonds in the fourth quarter. Its increase was followed by the Fed interest-rate cut on January 3rd. Will Lehman"s bearish timing prove right for American shares, too?

Optimation Ltd., a polymer packaging and converting specialist, is one small company that is suffering. Its highly specialised engineering work is in great demand but a lack of qualified staff has hindered growth. "We have a number of potential clients awaiting a visit to discuss new projects, but we are tied up on existing orders because we are short of the necessary skills on the shop floor," Helen Mitchell, the company"s founder, says. And according to Alice Teague, the education and training officer at the Federation of Small Businesses, Ms. Mitchell"s experience is not unique. Many small businesses suffer skill shortages—particularly those at the technical craft level such as engineering and construction companies. "Small companies tend to be more vulnerable to skill shortages because they are unable to offer the same pay or benefits as larger companies so they struggle in the recruitment market." This is borne out by the experiences of Optimation. "Last year, we lost one of our best engineers to a rival company who offered him a better package. Being able to afford the salaries such skills demand is difficult for us," Ms. Mitchell says. The government-funded Learning and Skills Council (LSC) says that apprenticeships offer a solution to the skill shortage problem. "By addressing skills gaps directly apprenticeships can make businesses, small or large, more productive and competitive," Stephen Gardner, the LSC"s director of worked based learning, says. "Apprenticeships allow businesses to develop the specialist skills they need for the latest technology and working practices in their sector." There are 160 different apprenticeships available across 80 different industry sectors. They are open to businesses of all sizes and offer work-based training programmes for 16 to 24-year-olds. The training is run in conjunction with the Sector Skills Council to ensure industry specific skills are taught. Businesses are responsible for the wages of apprentices but the LSC contributes between ￡1,500 and ￡10,000 towards the cost of the training, depending on the industry sector. Slack ＆ Parr Ltd., a manufacturer of precision equipment for the aerospace industry, is one small company that has benefited from the scheme. More than 50 percent of the Kegworth-based company"s employees started as apprentices. "We opened an on-site training centre to ensure apprentices benefited from the highest quality of training," Richard Hallsworth, the managing director, says. "Sixteen of our former apprentices are now in management positions. The scheme works for us because it helps keep costly external recruitment to a minimum." But Ms. Teague of the FSB warns that apprenticeships might not suit all small businesses. The apprenticeship scheme offers valuable vocational training but often small companies don"t have sufficient time or resources to devote to the apprentice. In the past there has also been a problem of poor quality candidates and low completion rates. "But some of these problems are being addressed. I know the Learning and Skills Council is looking at how small businesses might be able to share apprentices and so lessen the risk. Completion rates also seem to be improving so the scheme is certainly worth investigating."

It"s not difficult to understand our desire for athletes to be heroes. On the surface, at least, athletes display a vital and indomitable spirit; they are gloriously alive【C1】______their bodies. And sports do allow us to 【C2】______acts that can legitimately be described as【C3】______, thrilling, beautiful, even noble. In a (n)【C4】______ complicated and disorderly world, sports are still an arena in which we can regularly witness a certain kind of 【C5】______. Yet there" s something of a【C6】______here, for the very qualities a society【C7】______to seek in its heroes— selflessness,【C8】______consciousness, and the like—are precisely the【C9】______of those which are needed to【C10】______a talented but otherwise unremarkable neighborhood kid into a Michael Jordan. To become a star athlete, you have to have an extremely competitive【C11】______and you have to be totally focused on the development of your own physical skills. These qualities【C12】______well make a great athlete,【C13】______they don" t necessarily make a great person. On top of this, our society reinforces these【C14】______by the system it has created to produce athletes a system characterized by【C15】______responsibility and enormous privilege. The athletes themselves suffer the【C16】______of this system. Trained to measure themselves perpetually 【C17】______ the achievements of those around them, many young athletes develop a sense of sociologist Walter Schafer has【C18】______ "conditional self-worth". They learn very quickly that they will be accepted by the important figures in their lives—parents, coaches and peers as long as they are【C19】______as "winner". Unfortunately they become【C20】______and behave as if their athletic success will last forever.

If you want to know why Denmark is the world's leader in wind power, start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen to the small town of Lem on the far west coast of Jutland. You' 11 feel it as you cross the 6.8 km-long Great Belt Bridge: Denmark's bountiful wind, so fierce. But wind itself is only part of the reason. In Lem, workers in factories the size of aircraft hangars build the wind turbines. Most impressive are the turbine's blades, which scoop the wind with each sweeping revolution. But technology, like the wind itself, is just one more part of the reason for Denmark's dominance. In the end, it happened because Denmark had the political and public will to decide that it wanted to be a leader—and to follow through. Beginning in 1979, the government began a determined programme of subsidies and loan guarantees to build up its wind industry. It also mandated that utilities purchase wind energy at a preferential price—thus guaranteeing investors a customer base. As a result, wind turbines now dot Denmark. The country gets more than 19% of its electricity from the breeze and Danish companies control one-third of the global wind market, earning billions in exports and creating a national champion from scratch. The challenge now for Denmark is to help the rest of the world catch up. With Copenhagen set to host all-important U.N. climate change talks in December—where the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol, Denmark's example couldn't be more timely . "We' ll try to make Denmark a showroom," says Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen. "You can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, and achieve economic growth." It' s tempting to assume that Denmark is innately green, but the country' s policies were actually born from a different emotion, one now in common currency: fear. When the 1973 oil crisis hit, 90% of Denmark's energy came from petroleum, almost all of it imported. Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservation. Eventually the Danes themselves began enjoying the benefits of the petroleum and natural gas in their slice of the North Sea. It was enough to make them more than self-sufficient. But Denmark never forgot the lessons of 1973, and kept driving for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy supply. To the rest of the world, Denmark has the power of its example, showing that you can stay rich and grow green at the same time. "Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience, not just painful." says NRDC' s Schmidt.

While you were away from home on business a few days ago, your father fell into a coma. Your neighbor Mary stopped a car and brought your father to the hospital and she served him all the time till he recovered. 1. Write a letter to her to show your gratitude in about 100 words. 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use"Zhang Wei"instead. 3. Do not write the address.

George Bernard Shaw(1856—1950) was born in Dublin, Ireland. At the age of 14, after graduating from middle school, Shaw was put into a job as clerk in a land agent"s office. At 20 he went to London where he remained jobless for 9 years, devoting much time to self-education. Meantime, Shaw took an active part in the socialist movement. A contemporary of Shaw"s thus wrote of him: "I used to be a daily frequenter of the British Museum Reading Room. Even more assiduous in his attendance was a young man. My curiosity was piqued by the odd conjunction of his subjects of research. Day after day for weeks he had before him two books—Karl Marx"s "Das Kapital" (in French), and an orchestral score(管弦乐乐谱) of "Tristan and Isolde"". Though Shaw admitted Marx"s great influence on him, he failed to grasp the necessity of a revolutionary reconstruction of the world. A strong influence was exercised on Shaw by the Fabian society, the English reformist organization. In the early period of his literary career, Shaw wrote some novels, "An Unsocial Socialist" and others, in which he developed the traditions of critical realism, bitterly criticizing the stupidity, snobbishness and petty tyranny of the middle class. In the nineties Shaw turned to the theatre, first working as a dramatic critic, then writing plays for the stage. His role in the development of dramaturgy is very great. Shaw was an enemy of "art for art"s sake". He wrote, "for art"s sake I will not face the toil of writing a sentence". He used the stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He wrote 51 plays in total, the important ones including "Widower"s Houses", "Saint Joan" and "The Apple Cart". In his plays Shaw laid bare the gross injustice and utter inhumanity of the bourgeois society. This he achieved not so much by the structures of plots in his plays as by the brilliant dialogues between the characters. His exposure of capitalist society is very significant and it places Shaw among the most important representatives of critical realism in modern English literature.