Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1.describethepicturebriefly,2.interpretitsintendedmeaning,andthen3.giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.

Superior customer service can be an essential source of strength as companies emerge from the recession, but managers need to understand the extent to which the consumer landscape has shifted. Weakened brands, customers" easy access to information about vendors, and the erosion of barriers to switching a-mong competitors have combined to create a much more challenging environmentfor service, whether it"s outsourced or delivered in-house. Evidence shows that customers will no longer tolerate the rushed and inconvenient service that has become all too common. Instead, they are looking for a satisfying experience. Companies that provide it will win their loyalty. Our recent research demonstrates that when customers contact companies for service, they care most about two things: Is the frontline employee knowledgeable? And is the problem resolved on the first call? Yet those factors often aren"t even on customer-service managers" dashboards. Most service centers continue to measure time on hold and minutes per call, as they have for decades. Such metrics encourage agents to hurry through calls—resulting in just the kind of experience customers dislike. More than half of the customers we surveyed across industries say they"ve had a bad service experience, and nearly the same fraction think many of the companies they interact with don"t understand or care about them. On average, 40% of customers who suffer through bad experiences stop doing business with the offending company. To get a better understanding of what customers experience, managers should draw on a variety of information sources, including customer satisfaction surveys, behavioral data collected through self-service channels, and recorded customer-agent conversations. In addition, companies must revise processes to give agents the leeway and authority to meet individual customers" needs and provide positive, satisfying experiences. In evaluating service, managers should measure across all channels the percentage of customer problems resolved within the first contact, determine what is at the root of problems that aren"t settled in one call, and make any necessary changes. They should also aim to have consistently high-quality interactions between customers and frontline employees. That may sound costly, but knowledge-management systems, speech recognition for automated calls, and other technologies can help to substantially offset the expense. Some executives believe that irritated customers will forgive vendors and come back for more. Our research indicates that, on the contrary, alienated customers often disappear without the slightest warning. And as companies rebuild themselves after the recession, this silent attrition represents a host of lost opportunities for future sales and positive word of mouth.

These are tough times for Wal-Mart, America"s biggest retailer. Long accused of (1)_____ small-town America mad condemned for the selfishness of its pay, the company has lately come under (2)_____ for its meanness over employees" health-care benefits. The charge is arguably (3)_____: the firm"s health coverage, while (4)_____ less extensive than the average for big companies, is on equal terms (5)_____ other retailers". But bad publicity, coupled with rising costs, has (6)_____ the Bentonville giant to action. WalMart is making changes that should shift the ground in America"s healthcare debate. One (7)_____ is to reduce the prices of many generic, or out-of-patent, prescription drugs. Wal-Mart"s critics dismiss the move as a publicity (8)_____. The list of drugs includes only 143 different medicines and excludes many popular group. True, but short-sighted. Wal-Mart has (9)_____ retailing by using its size to squeeze suppliers and (10)_____ the gains on to consumers. It could (11)_____ the same with drugs. A "Wal-Mart effect" in drugs will not solve America"s health-costs problem: group account for only a small share of drug costs, which in turn make (12)_____ only 10% of overall health spending. But it would (13)_____. The firm"s other initiative is more (14)_____. Wal-Mart is joining the small but fast-growing group of employers (15)_____ are controlling costs by shifting to health insurance with high deductibles. Early evidence (16)_____ these plans do help firms control the cost of health insurance. But critics say that the savings are (17)_____. They argue that the plans shift costs to sicker workers, discourage preventative care and will anyway do little to (18)_____ overall health spending, (19)_____ most of the $2 trillion that America (20)_____ health care each year goes to people with multiple chronic diseases.

The American screen has long been a smoky place, at least since 1942"s Now, Voyager, in which Bette Davis and Paul Henreid showed how to make and seal a romantic deal over a pair of cigarettes that were smoldering as much as the stars. Today cigarettes are more common on screen than at any other time since midcentury: 75% of all Hollywood films—including 36% of those rated G or PG—show tobacco use, according to a 2006 survey by the University of California, San Francisco. Audiences, especially kids, are taking notice. Two recent studies, published in Lancet and Pediatrics, have found that among children as young as 10, those exposed to the most screen smoking are up to 2.7 times as likely as others to pick up the habit. Worse, it"s the ones from nonsmoking homes who are hit the hardest. Now the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH)—the folks behind the designated-driver campaign—are pushing to get the smokes off the screen. "Some movies show kids up to 14 incidents of smoking per hour", says Barry Bloom, HSPH"s dean. "We"re in the business of preventing disease, and cigarettes are the No. 1 preventable cause". Harvard long believed that getting cigarettes out of movies could have as powerful an effect, but it wouldn"t be easy. Cigarette makers had a history of striking product-placement deals with Hollywood, and while the 1998 tobacco settlement prevents that, nothing stops directors from incorporating smoking into scenes on their own. In 1999 Harvard began holding one-on-one meetings with studio execs trying to change that, and last year the Motion Picture Association of America flung the door open, inviting Bloom to make a presentation in February to all the studios. Harvard"s advice was direct: Get the butts entirely out, or at least make smoking unappealing. A few films provide a glimpse of what a no-smoking or low-smoking Hollywood would be like. Producer Lindsay Doran, who once helped persuade director John Hughes to keep Ferris Bueller smoke-free in the 1980s hit, wanted to do the same for the leads of her 2006 movie Stranger Than Fiction. When a writer convinced her that the character played by Emma Thompson had to smoke, Doran relented, but from the way Thompson hacks her way through the film and snuffs out her cigarettes in a palmful of spit, it"s clear the glamour"s gone. And remember all the smoking in The Devil Wears Prada? No? That"s because the producers of that film kept it out entirely—even in a story that travels from the US fashion world to Paris, two of the most tobacco-happy places on earth. "No one smoked in that movie", says Doran, "and no one noticed". Such movies are hardly the rule, but the pressure is growing. Like smokers, studios may conclude that quitting the habit is not just a lot healthier but also a lot smarter.

Punishment depends as much on politics as it does on crime: crime rates have been stable in recent years but there"s been a striking increase in the prison population, And because populism is coming so much to (1)_____ the political agendas, politicians are advocating sharp increases in penalties to take (2)_____ of public unease. The question is how far this will get. In the 21st century weak governments might try to win legitimacy by being especially (3)_____ on crime. That could mean high prison populations and draconian (4)_____ such as those adopted in the United States in recent years. Luckily, there remain significant differences between the UK and the USA: social divisions are less extreme and racial (5)_____ are not as high. (6)_____ there is a great deal of minor violent crime here, rates of murder—(7)_____ particularly fuel public anxieties—are much (8)_____ because guns have not been so widely (9)_____. It"s unlikely that this will change greatly: the (10)_____ to tighten up the gun laws in Britain will continue, and all (11)_____ the toughest criminals will still have a view about what is and what isn"t "acceptable violence". So I don"t believe we will see a huge (12)_____ in violent crime, but I (13)_____ rates of property crime and crimes of opportunity to remain high. There will also be much more electronic fraud because it"s so hard to (14)_____ and prevent. This is an important problem for business, but not one that (15)_____ much popular agitation. It"s unlikely we"ll see the return of the death penalty: the police are (16)_____ about its effectiveness and its reintroduction would be highly problematic (17)_____ the recent Council of Europe protocol outlawing its use. (18)_____ punishment remains a pretty accurate temperature gauge, though: (19)_____ there is significant political pressure for the death penalty, it"s a (20)_____ of harsher attitudes towards crime generally.

WhatIsMoreUrgent?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Shortly after dawn on February 17th 2003, the world"s most ambitious road pricing experiment will start in London. Though cordon toll schemes have been operating in Norway for years, and Singapore has an electronic system, no one has ever tried to charge motorists in a city of the size and complexity of London. For decades, transport planners have been demanding that motorists should pay directly for the use of roads. According to the professionals, it is the only way of civilizing cities and restraining the growth of inter urban traffic. Politicians have mostly turned a deaf ear, fearing that charging for something what was previously free was a quick route to electoral suicide. But London"s initiative suggests that the point where road pricing becomes generally accepted as the most efficient way to restrain traffic is much nearer than most drivers realize. The mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, has pinned his political reputation on the scheme"s success. If it works, cities around the world will rush to copy it. If it fails, he will be jeered from office when he seeks re-election in 2004. But how will success be judged? The mayor claims that congestion charging will produce ￡130m in net annual revenues, reduce traffic in central London by 15% and reduce traffic delays by about a quarter. Unfortunately these ambitious targets are unlikely to be met. For a start, the low level at which the charge has been set owes more to politics than traffic planning. Its impact, modest in comparison with the already high ￡4 an hour on-street parking charges in the area, may be less than anticipated. But most transport experts are cautiously optimistic that it will help improve the capital"s chaotic transport system. As for the mayor, his political prospects look good. Those who drive cars in the center of London during the day are a tiny fraction of the millions who walk or use public transport to get to work. London"s willingness to take the plunge has moved congestion charging from the realm of transport planners into mainstream politics. Yet the low-tech solution it has adopted has been overtaken by modern microwave radio systems allowing cars to communicate with roadside charging units. The next generation of technology will use global positioning satellites (GPS) to track the position of vehicles wherever they are, on a second-to- second basis. The brave new world of paying as you go is not far away. For those who drive in rural areas, the cost will come down. But for motorists who spend most of their time in congested urban areas, travel is rightly going to become much more expensive.

Nowadays people usually prefer driving to being driven.

Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. (46) But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease. From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (47) Costs may even fall as diseases "are brought under control using pinpointed, short-term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma. Spending on nonacute care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine"s success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (48) The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U.S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. (49) There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990. (50) Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years old.

If you"re like most people, you"re way too smart for advertising. You flip right past newspaper ads and never click on ads online. That, at least, is what we tell ourselves. But what we tell ourselves is nonsense. Advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34 billion-a-year business. And if Martin Lindstrom, author of the best seller Buyology and a marketing consultant, is correct, trying to tune this stuff out is about to get a whole lot harder. Lindstrom is a practitioner of neuro-marketing research, in which consumers are exposed to ads while hooked up to machines that monitor brain activity, pupil dilation, sweat responses and flickers in facial muscles, all of which are markers of emotion. According to his studies, 83% of all forms of advertising principally engage only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it. Historically, ads have relied on jingles and slogans to catch our ear, largely ignoring everyday sounds. Weave this stuff into an ad campaign, and we may be powerless to resist it. To figure out what most appeals to our ear, Lindstrom wired up his volunteers, then played them recordings of dozens of familiar sounds, from McDonald"s ubiquitous "I"m Lovin" It" jingle to birds chirping and cigarettes being lit. The sound that blew the doors off all the rest—both in terms of interest and positive feelings—was a baby giggling. The other high-ranking sounds, such as the hum of a vibrating cell phone, an ATM dispensing cash, and etc, were less primal but still powerful. In all of these cases, it didn"t take a Mad Man to invent the sounds, infuse them with meaning and then play them over and over until the subjects internalized them. Rather, the sounds already had meaning and thus triggered a cascade of reactions: hunger, thirst, happy anticipation. "Cultural messages that get into your nervous system are very common and make you behave certain ways," says neuroscientist Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine. Advertisers who fail to understand that pay a price. Lindstrom admits to being mystified by TV ads that give viewers close-up food-porn shots of meat on a grill but accompany that with generic jangly guitar music. One of his earlier brain studies showed that numerous regions, jump into action when such discordance occurs, trying to make sense of it. TV advertisers aren"t the only ones who may start putting sound to greater use, retailers are also catching on. Lindstrom is consulting with clients about employing a similar strategy in European supermarkets.

You have been invited to take part in a speech by your friend, Jerry. Unfortunately, you cannot accept the invitation. Write him a letter to express your apology. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year"s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311．That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. 41．______. Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer"s share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521．This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. 42．______These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959．It appears that the middlemen"s profit has increased more than farmer"s. 43．According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than five percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. 44．______The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don"t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 45. Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day"s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family"s table easily and quickly. "If the housewife wants all of these, " the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier. " It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. [A] However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. [B] Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. [C] Thus, as economists point out: "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor"s plant. " [D] But some economists claim that the middleman"s actual profit was very low. [E] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store"? [F] But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? [G] Economists do not. agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.

At no time and under no circumstances will China be first to use or menace to use nuclear weapons.

TheChineseScienceandTechnologyPapersBeingIncludedinSCIA.Studythechartscarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words.B.Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:1)thechangeofthenumbersoftheChinesescienceandtechnologypapersbeingincludedinSCI2)possiblereasons3)yourpredictions

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them. But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination injury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws. The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination injury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.

欧洲的电视媒体 ——2005年英译汉及详解 It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one"s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.【F1】 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.【F2】 In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.【F3】 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. 【F4】 Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice —that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs.【F5】 In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "United we stand, divided we fall" —and if I had to choose a slogan it would be "Unity in our diversity". A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

If you smoke, you"d better hurry. From July 1st pubs all over England will, by law, be no-smoking areas. So will restaurants, offices and even company cars, if more than one person uses them. England"s smokers are following a well-trodden path. The other three bits of the United Kingdom have already banned smoking in almost all enclosed public spaces, and there are anti-smoking laws of varying strictness over most of Western Europe. The smoker"s journey from glamour through toleration to suspicion is finally reaching its end in pariah status. But behind this public-health success story lies a darker tale. Poorer people are much more likely to smoke than richer ones—a change from the 1950s, when professionals and laborers were equally keen. Today only 15% of men in the highest professional classes smoke, but 42% of unskined workers do. Despite punitive taxation—20 cigarettes cost around ￡5.00($10.00), three-quarters of which is tax—55% of single mothers on benefits smoke. The figure for homeless men is even higher; for hard-drug users it is practically 100%. The message that smoking kills has been heard, it seems, but not by all. Having defeated the big killers of the past—want, exposure, poor sanitation—governments all over the developed world are turning their attention to diseases that stem mostly from how individuals choose to live their lives. But the same deafness afflicts the same people when they are strongly encouraged to give up other sorts of unhealthy behavior. The lower down they are on practically any pecking order—job prestige, income, education, background-the more likely people are to be fat and unfit, and to drink too much. That tempts governments to shout ever louder in an attempt to get the public to listen and nowhere do they do so more aggressively than in Britain. One reason is that pecking orders matter more than in most other rich countries: income distribution is very unequal and the unemployed, disaffected, ill-educated rump is comparatively large. Another reason is the frustration of a government addicted to targets, which often aim not only to improve something but to lessen inequality in the process. A third is that the National Health Service is free to patients, and paying for those who have arguably brought their ill-health on themselves grows alarmingly costly. Britain"s aggressiveness, however, may be pointless, even counter-productive. There is no reason to believe that those who ignore measured voices will listen to shouting. It irritates the majority who are already behaving responsibly, and it may also undermine all government pronouncements on health by convincing people that they have an ultra-cautious margin of error built in. Such hectoring may also be missing the root cause of the problem. According to Mr. Marmot, who cites research on groups as diverse as baboons in captivity, British civil servants and Oscar nominees, the higher rates of ill health among those in more modest walks of life can be attributed to what he calls the "status syndrome". People in privileged positions think they are worth the effort of behaving healthily, and find the will-power to do so. The implication is that it is easier to improve a person"s health by weakening the connection between social position and health than by targeting behavior directly. Same public-health experts speak of social cohesion, support for families and better education for all. These are bigger undertakings than a bossy campaign; but more effective, and quieter.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the planet"s fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth-global warming and the thinning ozone layer—have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive countermeasures. (41)______. CFCs-first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario M01ina, two of this year"s Nobel-prizewinning chemists—have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase the amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earth"s surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and bring disasters to environment. Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual "hole" in the especially vulnerable ozone over Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace dangerous CFCs with safer substances. (42)______. Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: "It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s". Even that timetable could be thrown off by international smugglers who have been bringing illegal CFCs into industrial countries to use in repairing or recharging old appliances. (43)______. Developing countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60% of those funds has been forthcoming. This is a critical time. It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, Methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: and eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sealevels and shifts in climate patterns. (44)______. The encouraging precedent is the Montreal Protocol for ozone protection, which showed how quickly nations can act when they finally recognize a disaster. A related lesson is that if CFCs do disappear, it will be partly because chemical manufactures discover they can make a profit by selling safer replacements. (45)______. If that happens, then all nations, from the rich to the poor, may end up working to save the atmosphere for the same reason they"ve polluted it: pure economic self-interest.A. Says Nelson Sabogal of the U.N. Environment Program: "If developed countries don"t come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate".B. But that doesn"t mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting chemicals by the year 2006.C. The same process may ultimately be what mitigates global warming. After long years of effort, manufacturers of solar-power cells are at last close to matching the low costs of more conventional power technologies. And a few big orders from utilities could drive the price down to competitive levels.D. Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists.E. Last year alone 20 000 tons of contraband CFCs entered the U.S.—mostly from India, where the compounds are less restricted.F. Until recently, laggard governments could to scientific uncertainty about whether global warming has started, but that excuse is wearing thin. A draft report circulating on the Internet has proclaimed for the first time that warming has indeed begun.G. The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world"s governments into taking serious action. For example, though it"s now more costly to generate electricity from solar cells than from would otherwise have to be spent in the future combating the effects of global warming.

Marriage may improve your sleep, and better sleep may improve your marriage, two new studies suggest. Women who are married or who have stable partners 【C1】______ to sleep better than women who have【C2】______ a partner, according to research from an eight-year study【C3】______at the Associated Professional Sleep Societies annual meeting. They also found that marital 【C4】______lowers the risk of sleep problems, 【C5】______ marital disharmony heightens the risk and women who were single at the start of the study but gained a partner had more【C6】______sleep than women who were【C7】______married. The study included 360 middle-aged women. Researchers used in-home sleep studies, activity monitors to【C8】______sleep-wake patterns and relationship histories to look at the【C9】______of stable marriages, unstable marriages and marital changes, such as a【C10】______had on sleep. Another small study of 29 couples found that on a【C11】______basis, the quality of a couple"s relationship and the quality of their sleep are closely linked. In that study, from the University of Arizona, 29 couples who【C12】______a bed and did not have children【C13】______sleep and relationship diaries for fifteen days. The results showed that 【C14】______men get better sleep, they are more likely to feel 【C15】______about their relationship the next day. 【C16】______ for women, problems in the relationship were strongly【C17】______ with poor sleep for both themselves and their partner. The【C18】______from both studies suggest that sleep and relationship happiness are closely linked. The lesson for couples,【C19】______those who are struggling with problems, is that paying attention to sleep habits may help【C20】______other issues in the relationship.