There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of "life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds. The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversation, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually, discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have~ it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit. Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious consequences in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, nobody wishes them success. Nor will anyone stir a step or speak a word of favour for their hopes. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will change this bad habit and condescend to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.

Write a letter to your friend Li Xu, and thank him for his help in your physics study for the final exam. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

EndangeredFishWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihood of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical activities, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed "intuition" to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse of capriciousness. Isenberg"s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers" intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and personal experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally suspicious of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to find out a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that "thinking" is inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know" what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is invariably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often initiate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.Notes:capriciousness 多变，反复无常。run counter to与…背道而驰；违反。bypass 绕过。in close concert一齐，一致。given prep.考虑到，由于。

The difference between "writer" and "reporter" or "journalist" isn't that the journalist reports—she【C1】______sources, calls people, takes them out to lunch, and generally【C2】______as an intermediary between her audience and the world of experts. The journalist also writes, of course, but anybody can write.【C3】______few can get their calls returned by key congressmen, top academics, important CEOs. That is the powerful advantage that the journalist has【C4】______her audience: She's got sources and they don't【C5】______the transaction between the journalist and the audience is that the journalist has the time, talent, and【C6】______to clearly communicate the ideas of newsmakers and experts,【C7】______then is the transaction between the journalist and those newsmakers and experts?【C8】______the journalist, and her institution, are profiting, hopefully handsomely, off their contribution to the enterprise. It's not going too【C9】______to say that the whole business would collapse without their【C10】______. Journalists without sources are, well,【C11】______writers. 【C12】______, those sources are giving up something of value. They're giving up【C13】______, for one thing. Some fine folks have spent countless hours【C14】______me through the details of the federal budget. They're giving up information that, in other【C15】______, people pay them for—consider a CEO who gives paid lectures or a life-long academic at a private college. They are【C16】______themselves to considerable professional risk, both by telling the journalist things they're not supposed to share and simply by making themselves【C17】______to being misinterpreted in public. 【C18】______how does the journalist compensate these sources? Well, the【C19】______answer in a market economy would be that the sources to get paid. But, in a brilliant maneuver, journalism as a profession has deemed it【C20】______to pay sources for information.

Currently, the American armed forces are the largest professional military on the planet. Other (1)_____ have professional soldiers, (2)_____ not as many as the United States. For thousands of years, it was (3)_____ that professional soldiers were superior to (4)_____ timers. But (5)_____ most of history, few nations could (6)_____ an army of professionals, at least not on a permanent basis. It wasn"t (7)_____ the late 20th century that countries began to (8)_____ large, permanent, all-volunteer armed forces that were carefully (9)_____ and trained for combat. Britain was the first, when it phased out conscription in 1962. In 1975, the United States followed (10)_____. For over a century, conscription has been seen (11)_____ the way to remain (12)_____ strong without breaking the bank. But the conscripts did not stay in uniform long enough to get really good at fighting. Britain and American were the first two nations to realize that conscription was so (13)_____ that the voters would pay extra to (14)_____ a professional force. Within a decade, an army of professionals begins to pay (15)_____. The professionals are not only more (16)_____ on the battlefield, but are also, if carefully (17)_____ (for education and aptitude) more likely to constantly develop better ways to (18)_____ This produces a tremendous battlefield (19)_____ It doesn"t make you (20)_____, but it does make you very difficult to defeat.

My room is twice as large as yours.

Yasuhisa Shizoki, a 51-year-old MP from Japan"s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), starts tapping his finger on the dismal economic chart on his coffee table. "Unless we change the decision-making process", he says bluntly, "we are not going to be able to solve this kind of problem". With the economy in such a mess, it may seem a bit of a diversion to be trying to sort out Japan"s political structures as well as its economic problems. But Mr. Shiozaki can hardly be accused of time-wasting. He has consistently prodded the government to take a firm hand to ailing banks, and has given warning against complacency after a recent rise in share prices. Far from being a distraction, his latest cause highlights how far Japan is from genuine economic reform. Since cowriting a report on political reform, which was released by an LDP panel last week, Mr. Shiozaki has further upset the party"s old guard. Its legionaries, flanked by columns of the bureaucracy, continue to hamper most attempts to overhaul the economy. Junichiro Koizumi was supposed to change all that, by going over their heads and appealing directly to the public. Yet nearly a year after becoming prime minister, Mr. Koizumi has precious little to show for his efforts. His popularity is now flagging and his determination is increasingly in doubt. As hopes of immediate economic reform fade, optimists are focusing on another potential benefit of Mr. Koizumi"s tenure. They hope that his highly personalized style of leadership will pave the way for a permanent change in Japanese politics, towards more united and authoritative cabinets that are held directly accountable for their policies. As that happens, the thinking goes, real economic reforms will be able to follow. A leading candidate for change is the 40-year-old system—informal but religiously followed—through which the LDP machinery vets every bill before it ever gets to parliament. Most legislation starts in the LDP"s party committees, which mirror the parliamentary committee structure. Proposals then go through two higher LDP bodies, which hammer out political deals to smooth their passage. Only then does the prime minister"s cabinet get fully involved in approving the policy. Most issues have been decided by the LDP mandarins long before they reach this point, let alone the floor of parliament, leaving even the prime minister limited influence, and allowing precious little room for public debate and even less for accountability. As a result, progress will probably remain slow. Since they know that political reform leads to economic reform, and hence poses a threat to their interests, most of the LDP will resist any real changes. But at least a handful of insiders have now bought into one of Mr. Koizumi"s best slogans. "Change the LDP, change Japan".

How to Plug the Brain Drain?

Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for【C1】______in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats. They could not 【C2】______with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws【C3】______an impressive "small-fire" weaponry. They could not even defend themselves【C4】______running swiftly like the horses, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to【C5】______on those terms in the open, they would have been【C6】______to failure and extinction. But they were【C7】______with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors. In the【C8】______for the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had【C9】______efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of colour that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range 【C10】______the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far 【C11】______the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long-distance sight was quite another matter. 【C12】______of long-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range of sight—so【C13】______they had had to do was climb a tree. Out in the open, however, this simple solution was not【C14】______. Climbing a hill would have helped, 【C15】______ in many places the ground was flat. The ape-men【C16】______the only possible solution. They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk upright. This vital change of physical position brought about considerable【C17】______. It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower still. 【C18】______, they persevered and their bone structure gradually became【C19】______ to the new, unstable position that【C20】______them the name Homo Erectus, upright man.

There"s one thing above all wrong with the new British postal codes: not everyone has that sort of memory. Some of us, of course, forget even h6use numbers and the present postal districts, but that matters less when there is a human being at every stage to spot the mistake. When all the sorting is done in one operation by a man sitting at a machine, typing special marks onto an envelope, one slip on your part could send your letter way outside the area where the local postman or a friendly neighbor knows your name. Otherwise the new codes are all the Post Offices claims. They are the most carefully designed in the world, ideal for computers. A confusion of letters and numbers, they have two parts separated by the gap in the middle. Together they classify a letter not only the city where it is going but right down to the round of the particular postman who is to carry it, and even to a group of houses or a single big building. In the long run this will speed the mail and cut costs. The long run is 10 years away, though. In fact there are only 12 Post Offices in the country which have the right machines fully working, and the system cannot work at full efficiency until it is nationwide. Yet the Post Office wants us to start using the codes now, so that we shall be trained when the machines are ready. But will we? A businessman I met, praising the virtues of the new system, explained that large companies like his could have codes of their own. What was his code? "Oh, dear me. Now you"ve got me. Awfully sorry. Hold on a minute while I find a sheet of my headed notepaper." Then he read painfully, as if spelling out a word in a foreign language, "W-I-X-6A-B".

All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star. 【C1】______the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower 【C2】______status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the 【C3】______that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had【C4】______. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and 【C5】______, and one" s life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that 【C6】______were created to enable the gods to 【C7】______ up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to【C8】______the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city. 【C9】______the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the【C10】______of the economic produce of the city were favored【C11】______ their supernatural and material functions【C12】______. When, after 3,000 B. C., growing warfare among the cities made military leadership【C13】______, the head of the army who became king assumed a (n) 【C14】______position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to 【C15】______ . Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society. 【C16】______them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who【C17】______every aspect of the city"s economic life and who developed a rough judicial system. 【C18】______ the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or 【C19】______group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who【C20】______the majority of the population; and slaves.

You learned from today"s paper that your friend Mr. Wang Hui was recently appointed editor-in-chief of The Evening News. Write him a letter to express your cordial congratulations. You should write 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead, you do not need to write your address.

A Letter of Request Write a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation: You are striving to find a job in ABC Company. Now write a letter of request to your teacher Professor Brown, asking him to write a recommendation letter for you. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Condoling with a Friend on His Illness Write a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation: You hear that your friend Ken is ill. Now write a letter to comfort him and offer your help with his missed lessons. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Research has shown that—in both sexes and across numerous cultures—attractive people are judged to be smarter, kinder, more honest and【C1】______. With some regularity we hear about the latest beauty contestant who has【C2】______to a soft-ball of a question with an epic fail of a mistake, a【C3】______opinion or an incoherent ramble. Ridiculous. But what"s even more ridiculous is that our brains【C4】______us toward believing such people—just because they"re【C5】______. In politics, we are also more likely to believe and vote【C6】______people who are attractive. And when it comes to blind【C7】______numerous studies discovered that more-attractive individuals are less likely to be【C8】______of crimes and, if so,【C9】______shorter-than-average sentences for the crime. Why should this be? Some have【C10】______that since it is pleasurable to meet someone attractive and someone good and honest, we【C11】______merge the two. But this convergence(the occurrence of two or more things coming together)of rewarding experiences seems【C12】______. Work by two researchers in Duke University【C13】______something more convincing: one part of the brain is involved in rating both the【C14】______of a face and the goodness of a behavior, and the level of activity in that【C15】______during one of those tasks predicts the level during the other. 【C16】______, the brain does similar things when【C17】______beautiful minds, hearts or cheekbones. It"s a【C18】______finding. But there"s also some good news in this story: The brain can get confused in【C19】______directions. That is to say, the same neural wiring that gives【C20】______to "What is beautiful is good" also generates "What is good is beautiful."

BPart B/B

Title: WEALTH AND HAPPINESSWord limit: 160—200 wordsTime limit: 40 minutesYou are required to develop your essay according to the given topic sentence of each paragraph.Outline:1. Wealth has always been what some people long for.2. There is no doubt that wealth brings happiness especially in a modem society.3. But wealth seldom goes hand in hand with happiness.

Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action. It was 50 years ago this month that America's surgeon-general sounded that warning, marking the beginning of the end of cigarette manufacturing—and of smoking itself—as a respectable activity. Some 20m Americans have died from the habit since then. But advertising restrictions, smoking bans and stigma have had their effect: the proportion of American adults who smoke has dropped from 43% to 18%; smoking rates among teenagers are at a record low. In many other countries the trends are similar. The current surgeon-general, Boris Lushniak, marked the half-century with a report on January 17th, declaring smoking even deadlier than previously thought. He added diabetes, colorectal cancer and other ailments to the list of ills it causes, and promised "end-game strategies" to stamp out cigarettes altogether. Were that to happen America's three big tobacco firms, Altria, Reynolds and Lorillard, could be snuffed out , too. Public health officials plot the same fate for multinationals that supply other markets. The hit list includes Philip Morris International (PMI), which along with Altria makes Marlboro, the top-selling global brand; Japan Tobacco; and British American Tobacco and Imperial Tobacco of Britain. They are a hardy group, unlikely to be frightened. But the methods they have used to withstand a half-century of battering by regulators may be losing power. In the rich world, where the economy is stagnant, smokers are trading down to cheaper puffs. The regulatory climate in developing countries is becoming more hostile. New technologies such as e-cigarettes promise to deliver nicotine less riskily. Big tobacco firms may master them, but it would be a radical shift, similar to converting the car industry from internal-combustion engines to battery power. David Adelman of Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, does not "see anything that's reversing the conventional tobacco business model." But the model needs adjustment. Some reasons for Mr. Adelman's confidence are sound. Advertising bans and the industry's status prevent would-be competitors. When cigarette-makers raise prices, smokers cough up. Global consumption keeps rising, thanks largely to population growth in poorer countries. The cigarette giants indulge investors with big dividends and share buy-backs; they have flocked to tobacco share.

Title: SPRING FESTIVALWord limit: 160-200 wordsTime limit: 40 minutesYou are required to develop your essay according to the given topic sentence of each paragraph. 1. Spring Festival is a wonderful time of a year to spend with one"s family. 2. Spring Festival is also a great time for students to visit old friends. 3. It is also a nice time by yourself.