探究科研领域的发展趋势 ——1996年英译汉及详解 The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】 Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.【F2】 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.【F3】 This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.【F4】 However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world" s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 【F5】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

OnCustomerServiceWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.

The physicist investigating the relationship between time and space, the chemist is exploring the properties of a new substance, the biologist probing the mysteries of the continuity of life, and the anthropologist searching for human origins share a common trait curiosity. Not that nonscientists are not curious; most people possess this characteristic. The scientist, however, uses a specific method to make researches into these enigmatic problems—the scientific method. Unfortunately, science and its method are misunderstood. The multiplication of our knowledge in medicine and technology has led to idea that science can cure all and explain all and that only enough time, money and intelligence are needed. In truth, science can"t provide all answers. In fact, many phenomena are not even subject to scientific explanations. On the other side of the coin, science has been attacked as a cause of most contemporary problems. It is said to be responsible for the depersonalization of the individual, for stripping creativity from human behavior, and for creating massive threats to the species through the development of nuclear power, insecticide and polluting machinery. If we analyze the situation, we can see that it was not the original intent of the people who developed computers to debase humankind, nor was mass production proposed as a method to crush creativity. It is what society, policymakers especially, does with scientific and achievements that makes them social or antisocial. There is nothing inherently good or bad about science.

The US $ 3 -million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number -sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What' s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.

BSection III Writing/B

We are the sum of our actions. I believe that the actions you take determine who you are. But, you say, I had an abusive father/mother, I was poor growing up, I just wasn"t born smart, I have a disease.. . All of these things do not make you who you are, they only broaden your knowledge or experience, they are things that happen to you, circumstances. You are not the sum of your circumstances, but of your re"actions" to them. This is why rich kids become drug addicts or wife beaters, kids from the ghetto become doctors or loving fathers, and everything in between. All walks of life produce all walks of life, which proves that the environmental variables are not the determining factors. It is all about your choices/reactions/ actions/behavior. Every human being has within them a mechanism that guides their actions. The more you rebel against your inner guide, the more you tune your selective hearing to the "me" channel, the farther down the "bad" side of the scale you will slide. On the other hand, if you not only listen to but act upon, the "universal" channel, the farther up the "good" side of the scale you will fly. Even Psychiatrists have in recent years discovered that in order to change thinking, a person must first change behavior. At first thought, it would seem the opposite is true, it is not. We all have the same range of human emotions. When we feel slighted, it sounds in our heads like "I want to slap them, curse them, get even, and cause them the same pain they caused me". Acting upon these thoughts perpetuates cycles of abuse, addiction, and pain. It"s when you choose not to act upon these thoughts, and instead, forgive and heal, that your thoughts and perceptions will start to change also. You change because right actions produce right results. You are choosing to heal properly by forgiving, and accepting life and mankind as it is, and in turn yourself as you are, which is the only way to have peace, joy, and true happiness. I will admit that if you have a parent who accepts you as a whole person, inclusive of "good and bad", you may have an edge or jumpstart on understanding life, yourself, and others. If you don"t, it may just take you longer to understand, accept, and act on it. Either way, who you are is determined by you, and you are determined by your actions. So, tune in everybody, to that universal channel, and act right!

As the baby-boomer generation contemplates the prospect of the Zimmer frame there has never been more interest in delaying the process of ageing. One consequence has been a(n) 【B1】______rise in the popularity of brain-training games. But how 【B2】______ really is a daily dose of cryptic crossword? Robert Wilson, a neuropsychologist at Rush University in Chicago, and his colleagues decided to【B3】______out, 【B4】______following a group of people without dementia. Participants were asked to【B5】______how frequently they engaged in cognitively【B6】______activities. The researchers were looking for such things as reading newspapers, books and magazines, 【B7】______ challenging games like chess, listening to the radio and watching television, and 【B8】______ museums. The good news, as they report in Neurology, is that【B9】______activity of this sort seems to slow the rate of【B10】______decline in those without cognitive【B11】______. The bad news is that in those who do then develop Alzheimer' s disease it is associated with a more rapid【B12】______decline. What seems to be happening is that cognitive stimulation helps【B13】______the effect of theneurodegenerative lesions associated with dementia. It does not,【B14】______, make them go away. They continue to【B15】______, so that when the disease does eventually take【B16】______there are more of them around than there otherwise would be, which results in a more【B17】______cognitive fall off. That is not a message of despair, 【B18】______, because the length of time someone suffers from dementia is thus 【B19】______ and their healthy life prolonged. So the message is,【B20】______on with the crosswords.

In the United States, the first day nursery, was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the【C1】______half of the 19th century; most of【C2】______were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day nursery movement received great【C3】______during the First World War, when【C4】______of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established【C5】______in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship.【C6】______the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose【C7】______, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War,【C8】______, federal State and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control【C9】______the day nurseries, chiefly by【C10】______them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries. The【C11】______of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were【C12】______called up on to replace men in the factories. On this【C13】______the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools,【C14】______$6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities【C15】______this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared【C16】______in daycare centers receiving Federal【C17】______. Soon afterward, the Federal government【C18】______cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later【C19】______them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their【C20】______at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.

This line of inquiry did not begin until earlier this month—more than three months after the accident—because there were "too many emotions, too many egos," said retired Adm. Harold Gehman, chairman of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. Testifying before the Senate Commerce Committee, Gehman said this part of his inquiry was in its earliest stages, starting just 10 days ago. But Gehman said he already has concluded it is "inconceivable" that NASA would have been unable or unwilling to attempt a rescue for astronauts in orbit if senior shuttle managers and administrators had known there was fatal damage to Columbia's left wing.【F1】 Gehman told reporters after the hearing that answers to these important questions could have enormous impact, since they could place in a different context NASA's decisions against more aggressively checking possible wing damage in the days before Columbia's fatal return. Investigators believe breakaway insulating foam damaged part of Columbia' s wing shortly after lift off, allowing superheated air to penetrate the wing during its fiery re-entry on Feb.l, melt it from inside.【F2】 Among those decisions was the choice by NASA's senior shuttle managers and administrators to reject offers of satellite images of possible damage to Columbia's left wing before the accident. The subject dominated the early part of Wednesday' s hearing. Gehman complained managers and administrators "missed signals "when they rejected those offers for images, a pointedly harsh assessment of the space agency's inaction during the 16-day shuttle mission.【F3】 "We will attempt to pin this issue down in our report, but there were a number of bureaucratic and administrative missed signals here," Gehman told senators. "We're not quite so happy with the process." 【F4】 The investigative board already had recommended that NASA push for better coordination between the space agency and military offices in charge of satellites and telescopes. The U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency in March agreed to regularly capture detailed satellite images of space shuttles in orbit.【F5】 Still, Gehman said it was unclear whether even images from America's most sophisticated spy satellites might have detected on Columbia's wing any damage, which Gehman said could have been as small as two inches square. The precise capabilities of such satellites proved to be a sensitive topic during the Senate hearing.

BSection III Writing/B

Suppose you are Li Ming. One week ago, I borrowed a book from your teacher Mr. Smith, which is very important to him. But to your disappointment, you lost the book. Now you want to write a letter of apology to him. Your letter should include the following points: 1) a sincere apology 2) an explanation for the trouble 3) an offer to replace the book You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Of all the components of a good night' s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago' s Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it." Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement)sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system(the "emotional brain")is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day." says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don' t always think about the emotional significance of the day' s events—until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or"we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people' s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you' 11 feel better in the morning.

Write an announcement to your schoolmates, informing them an off-campus activity on September 18th You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American. The largest single source of man-made radiation in medical x-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons-test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. (46) The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; indeed, the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with x-rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given x-rays. (47) These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk. Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant which produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow and lymph systems than would have been expected in a normal population. (48) While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. (49) It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of one percent in the number of 1,000 disorders per million births. In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate Freeport concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. (50) One Federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned.

Write a letter to recommend your student, Li Xu, for a position of administrator in a company. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

Write a letter of about 100 words, making an application to be a postgraduate candidate of a university. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Traditionally, the woman has held a low position in marriage partnerships. While her husband went his way, she had to wash, stitch and sew. Today the move is to liberate the woman, which may in the end strengthen the marriage union. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to friendship in marriage is the amount a couple usually sees of each other. Friendship in its usual sense is not tested by the strain of daily, year-long cohabitation. (46) Couples need to take up separate interests (and friendship) as well as mutually shared ones, if they are not to get used to the more attractive elements of each other"s personalities. (47) Married couples are likely to exert themselves for guests—being amusing, discussing with passion and point—and then to fall into dull exhausted silence when the guests have gone. As in all friendship, a husband and wife must try to interest each other, and to spend sufficient time sharing absorbing activities to give-them continuing common interests, (48) But at the same time they must spend enough time on separate interests with separate people to preserve and develop their separate personalities and keep their relationship fresh. (49) For too many highly intelligent working women, home represents chore obligations, because the husband only tolerates her work and does not participate in household chores. For too many highly intelligent working men, home represents dullness and complaints—from an over-dependent wife who will not gather courage to make their own life. In such an atmosphere, the partners grow further and further apart, both love and liking disappearing. (50) For too many couples with children, the children are allowed to command all time and attention, allowing the couple no time to develop liking and friendship, as well as love, allotting exclusive parental roles.

Man and Computer Write an essay entitled Man and Computer by commenting on the saying, "The real danger is not that the computer will begin to think like man, but that man will begin to think like the computer." You should write 160-200 words.

The Way to Success Write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark, "Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe." You should write 160-200 words.

Parents can easily come down with an acute case of schizophrenia from reading the contradictory reports about the state of the public schools. One sat of experts asserts that the schools are better than they have been for years. Others say that the schools are in terrible shape and are responsible for every national problem from urban poverty to the trade deficit. One group of experts looks primarily at such indicators as test scores, and they cheer what they see: all the indicators—reading scores, minimum competency test results, the Scholastic Aptitude Test scores—are up, some by substantial margins. Students are required to take more academic courses—more mathematics and science, along with greater stress on basic skills, including knowledge of computers. More than 40 state legislatures have mandated such changes. But in the eyes of another set of school reformers such changes are at best superficial and at worst counterproductive. These experts say that merely toughening requirements, without either improving the quality of instruction or, even more important, changing the way schools are organized and children are taught makes the schools worse rather than better. They challenge the nature of the test, mostly multiple choice or true or false, by which children"s progress is measured; they charge that raising the test scores by drilling pupils to come up with the right answers does not improve knowledge, understanding and the capacity to think logically and independently. In addition, these critics fear that the get-tough approach to school reform will cause more of the youngsters at the bottom to give up and drop out. This, they say, may improve national scores but drain even further the nation"s pool of educated people. The way to cut through the confusion is to understand the different yardsticks used by different observers. Compared with what schools used to be like "in the good old days", with lots of drill and uniform requirements, and the expectation that many youngsters who could not make it would drop out and find their way into unskilled jobs—by those yardsticks the schools have measurably improved in recent years. But by the yardsticks of those experts who believe that the old school was deficient in teaching the skills needed in the modern world, today"s schools have not become better. These educators believe that rigid new mandates may actually have made the schools worse.