Many are aware of the tremendous waste of energy in our environment, but fail to take advantage of straightforward opportunities to conserve that energy. For example, everyone knows that lights should be switched off when no one is in an office. Similarly, when employees are not using a meeting room, there is no need to regulate temperature. Fortunately, one need not rely on human intervention to conserve energy. With the help of smart sensing and network technology, energy conservation processes such as turning off lights and adjusting temperature can be readily automated. Ultimately, this technology will enable consumers and plant managers to better identify wasteful energy use and institute procedures that lead to smarter and more efficient homes, buildings and industrial plants. Until now, wires and cables for power and connectivity have limited the widespread adoption of sensor networks by making them difficult and expensive to install and maintain. Battery-powered wireless networks can simplify installation and reduce cost. But their high power consumption and the corresponding need for regular battery replacement has made wireless networks difficult and costly to maintain. Nobody wants to replace hundreds or thousands of window sensor batteries in a large building on a regular basis. The promise of wireless sensor networks can only be fully realized when the wiring for both the data communication and the power supply is eliminated. Doing so requires a true battery- free wireless solution , one that can utilize energy harvested directly from the environments. To facilitate the widespread deployment of wireless sensor networks, Greenpeak has developed an ultra-low-power communication technology that can utilize environmental energy sources such as light, motion and vibration. This technology, employing on-board power management circuits and computer software to monitor energy harvesters and make the best use of harvested energy, enables sensors to operate reliably in a battery-free environment. Wireless sensor networks deployed in our offices and homes will have an enormous impact on our daily lives, helping to build a smarter world in which energy is recycled and fully utilized. These wireless platforms, equipped with advanced sensing capability, will enable us to better control our lives, homes and environment, creating a truly connected world that enables people worldwide to live in a more comfortable, safer, and cleaner environment.

Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century.【C1】______in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was【C2】______on both sides with many【C3】______businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries.【C4】______, some shops offered【C5】______. These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe-repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops.【C6】______ in the 1950s, a change began to【C7】______. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street【C8】______too few parking places were【C9】______shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces【C10】______the city limits. Open space is what their car-driving customers needed. And open space is what they got【C11】______the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centres, or rather malls,【C12】______as a collection of small new stores【C13】______crowded city centres.【C14】______by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from【C15】______areas to outlying malls. And the growing【C16】______of shopping centres led【C17】______to the building of bigger and better stocked stores.【C18】______the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the【C19】______of one-stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks,【C20】______benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.

My aunt is as old again as I am.

In s perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However. if there is discrimination against one sex. it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus one would expect that. if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women"s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs"s results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown"s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study"s results. Brown"s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown"s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown"s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs"s argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women"s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

The municipal government is going to hold a two-day international financial summit at this coming weekend. During the weekend, traffic around the meeting site will be directed and controlled. Write a notice on behalf of the Traffic Control Bureau under the Public Transportation Department of the Municipal Government to publicize this information. You are expected to imagine some specific measures of traffic control. Write the notice in no less than 100 words and write it neatly. (10 points)

Write an essay of 160-200 words about the title of Scientific Attitude. You should base your composition on the outline given in English below and then write neatly. Outline: 1) The essence of scientific attitude; 2) The important aspects of scientific attitude; 3) Your conclusion.

You are the leader of an English Corner. Write an invitation letter to ask an international student Jim to join you. In the letter, you should write 1) the purpose of the invitation, and 2) the time of the activity. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Once free of Etruscan domination, the Romans developed a Republican form of government which lasted until the first century BC, and provided important continuity for Roman institutions. The motto "S.P.Q.R."—Senatus Populusgue Romanus, "The Roman Senate and People" reflected the philosophy of the early Roman political and social order and remained the watchword of Roman society until Imperial times. It meant that sovereignty rested in the people themselves, and not in any particular governmental form. Yet in many ways the Roman Republic functioned as a democracy. Decisions affecting society were made at a series of assemblies which all citizens attended to express their will. The Senate, on the other hand, conducted the business of government including the passage of legislation and the supervision of elected magistrates. Over the centuries the greatest issues affecting Roman society were played out as dramas created by tensions between people and Senate. The Senate itself was a hereditary institution comprising an assembly of heads, patres of old patrician families and later wealthy members of the citizenry-plebs. The three hundred members therefore represented old and new money, power, and social interest. It was a self-renewing oligarchy. The two most important officers who ruled the state were the consuls, elected by the representative assemblies for one-year terms, at the end of which they became members of the Senate. In Rome the rich ruled via the Senate. The general citizenry were little more than peasants. By the third century BC the division between aristocrat and peasant had widened appreciably-the former growing in riches and the latter sinking further and further into poverty. Yet the constitutional framework of the Republic held the small Roman social order together, warding off revolution, permitting change, and providing the body politic with reasonably well-trained leaders who knew how, above all else, to keep the Republic functioning and alive. It was, in fact, the internal stability of the Republic which made expansion possible, bringing about the next phase of Roman history. Roman expansion was based on military conquest. Very little commerce and industry existed in Rome, unlike Athens, and the quality of life in Rome came to depend directly upon the wealth of conquered regions brought back to Rome as spoils of military victory. By the middle of the second century BC Rome had conquered Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Asia Minor, and had thus assumed a position of political dominance in the Hellenistic world. The internationalization of culture, evident in Hellenic times, increased further under the Romans. Later, Rome would extend its control throughout Europe and eventually to the British Isles.

Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify【B1】______a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are【B2】______of that parent. The things parents do and say—and the【B3】______they do and say to them—therefore strongly influence a child' s【B4】______. However, parents must consistently behave like the type of 【B5】______they want their child to become. A parent's actions【B6】______affect the self image that a child forms【B7】______identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their 【B8】______ will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly 【B9】______ qualities in their parents will have difficulty【B10】______positive qualities in themselves. Children may【B11】______their self image, however, as they become increasingly 【B12】______ by peers'group standards before they reach 13. Isolated events,【B13】______dramatic ones, do not necessarily have a permanent【B14】______on a child's behavior. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can,【B15】______, accept the divorce of their parent's or a parent's early 【B16】______. But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events【B17】______a sign of rejection or punishment. In the same way, all children are not influenced【B18】______by toys and games, reading matter, and television programs.【B19】______in the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the【B20】______of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it.

科学技术影响人类的未来生活 ——2001年英译汉及详解 In less than 30 years" time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain" s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 【F1】 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 【F2】 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. According to BT"s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1, 000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 【F3】 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says.【F4】 But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century." Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.【F5】 And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder— kitchen rage.

BSection III Writing/B

Many newcomers to the United States find themselves strange to the American ways. It usually takes some time for them to get to know the social customs that are so different from ours. 1. Women of marked individuality It is now becoming more and more common for a female in the U.S. to ask a male for a date or a dance. 2. The world of the young More striking than the changing relationships between men and women is the profound gulf that often separates the old from the young. I have found America to be a very youth-oriented society, in sharp contrast to the importance we attach to age. 3. Attitude towards work Work in general is something that is highly valued in American society. Since hard work is believed to help people get ahead, Americans often work long hours and do not take afternoon naps as we do. 4. Individualism Overall, the most difficult obstacle will be in coping with American individualism and self-reliance. This is because Americans prefer to do things on their own. Even in group activities, there is always unstructured time left for individuals to do what they please. 5. Friendly people In spite of the culture shock I have experienced, I have found Americans to be quite friendly, generous and helpful. [A]In the big cities, especially, people tend to eat quickly and the offices and stores remain open during the lunch hour. While some rush out for a bite, others keep watch over the phones, hold meetings or attend to customers. If Americans seem abrupt and impatient at times, it is often because of the pressure of work and the value they put on getting things done. [B]We, for example, were on a group trip to other cities, yet those traveling together did not always eat together, nor did they spend all of their sightseeing hours as a group. [C]My nephew was recently involved in a case of this kind. He was waiting upon an American young lady in a Chinese restaurant and was astonished when she remarked that he was an attractive man. When she paid her bill, she left a note for him: "If you're not married, I'd like to see you again. Here's my address and phone number!" Later he did call and explained that he had little money and could not pick her up because he did not have a car. She didn' t seem worried: she offered to come to pick him up in her car! [D]I believe that you too, despite some possible unexpected difficulties, will have such positive experiences. With time and patience you will gradually come to understand a society different from ours. [E]For example, we care for the old and infirm in the home, but old people here usually live in separate places either because they do not wish to be a burden to their children or because they prefer to maintain their individual lifestyles. When they cannot take care of themselves, they are often placed in special nursing homes for the aged. [F]I was particularly grateful for the assistance I received when I did a work / study project last summer at Newsday, the major newspaper in the area. Since there was no direct transportation between my home and the newspaper office, a fellow worker drove me back and forth to work. On days when she was unable to do this, she saw to it that someone else provided transportation. All told, seven people were involved in driving me on different occasions.

What"s your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom (1)_____ events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, (2)_____ children younger than three or four (3)_____ retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety of explanations have been (4)_____ by psychologists for this "childhood amnesia". One argues that the hippo-campus; the region of the brain which is (5)_____ for forming memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory (6)_____ that, since adults don"t think like children, they cannot (7)_____ childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8)_____ one event follows (9)_____ as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental (10)_____ for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don"t find any that fit the (11)_____. It"s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary. Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12)_____ for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren"t any early childhood memories to (13)_____. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else"s spoken description of their personal (14)_____ in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15)_____ of them into long-term memories. In other (16)_____, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about (17)_____—Mother talking about the afternoon (18)_____ looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19)_____ reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form (20)_____ memories of their personal experiences.Notes: childhood amnesia 儿童失忆症。

What do National Semiconductor, Maxwell House Coffee, Deloitte Touche, and Hearst Magazines have in common? All these organizations are headed by women. (46) Moreover, according to a recent study by Catalyst(卡特利思特), a national nonprofit organization assisting women in business, more than 80 percent of Fortune 500 companies have at least one woman on their boards of directors, up from 69 percent two years earlier. Despite all this, there is evidence that women are not commonly found at the executive level. No fortune 500 companies has a female CEO; women executives are extremely underrepresented in some industries, such as manufacturing, engineering, and financial services; and responses to the Catalyst survey show that six in ten women believe women suffer discrimination in obtaining executive business positions. (47) Although the climb up the corporate ladder seems to be going slowly for women, corporate America would benefit from having more women in senior management positions. Not only do women represent a large untapped pool of talent, they also bring an alternative perspective to management teams. In addition, women account for about 80 percent of U.S. consumer spending, making their input at the executive level invaluable. Industry experts have pinpointed several stumbling blocks to women"s progress up the corporate ladder. Among these barriers are the stereotypes and preconceived notions of women that some men in managerial positions still bring to the recruiting process. (48) In addition, because women are often excluded from the informal network outside the office. For example, by not being given season tickets to sporting events and by not being invited to play golf, they miss out on the opportunity of build relationships. Other impediments include difficulties in balancing career and family (women are still the primary caregivers in our society), lack of general management experience, reluctance to travel or to relocate, and" inhospitable corporate cultures that drive women away before they are ready for executive position. Although a growing number of women choose to step off the traditional career by starting their own businesses, many are finding ways to keep climbing to the top. Catalyst"s interviews with women in executive positions suggest "three essential factors for their advancement. (49) Women must consistently exceed performance expectations, develop a style with which male management is comfortable, and seek out difficult high-visibility assignments. Valerie Salembeir, publisher of Esquire, advises women to look for companies that have the reputation of being good places for them to work. Linda Srere, executive vice president of the advertising agency Young & Rubicon, stresses the need to take risks. (50) Whatever methods they are using, one thing is clear: women are going after equality themselves instead of waiting for organizations to deliver it. They know that of all the reasons given for why women should run companies, the single best reason is simply that they can.

That' s nothing less than a miracle.

【F1】 Petroleum is the largest source of liquid fuel, and, in spite of attempts to develop synthetic fuels, and the continued use of solid fuels, world consumption of petroleum products is about four times greater now than in 1940. Crude petroleum oil from different oilfields is never exactly identical in composition. Although all petroleum is composed essentially of a number of hydrocarbons, they are present in varying proportions in each deposit, and the properties of each deposit have to be evaluated.【F2】 Samples are subjected to a series of tests in the laboratory, the object of which is largely to determine the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case. Petroleum is not normally used today in the crude state.【F3】 The mixture of oils of which it is composed must be separated out into a number of products such as petrol, aviation spirit, kerosene, diesel oils and lubricants, all of which have special purpose. The main method of separation used, in refineries is fractional distillation, although further processing is normally required to produce marketable petroleum products. The different hydrocarbons present in petroleum have different boiling temperatures, and the fractions can therefore be isolated according to their boiling temperatures. Petrol, for instance, is a mixture of the lower-boiling hydrocarbons, with boiling temperatures ranging from 100℃ to 400℃. Diesel oils on the other hand have boiling temperatures of upwards of 400℃. 【F4】 Distillation was originally carried out in batch—stills and, although this is still done for special purposes, the development of the pipe—still has revolutionized refinery processes, since it allows continuous vaporization and rectification of the fractions. The pipe-still consists of a bricok-lined furnace, in which is fitted a battery of tubes, through which the crude oil is pumped. The oil is heated, and petrol vaporization occurs. The oil then enters the fractionating tower, where it is distilled by coming into contact with condensed vapor which has previously been evolved from the still. Fractions of different boiling ranges are drawn off at different points in the tower, or, in some plants, in a series of towers, each one distilling successively heavier fractions. 【F5】 The heavier distillates, such as gas oil, undergo various other processes, of which the most important is known as cracking. In this process, they are heated to a temperature of about 550℃, as a result of which the heavier molecules are broken up, lighter oils such as petrol being produced. Catalytic cracking, in which silicon compounds are used as catalysts to aid the process of decomposition, gives higher octane petrols. These are widely used as motorcar fuels, since the high octane value reduces the tendency of the fuel to detonation.

Last year the nation's best-known business consulting firm ran an international survey to try to determine why certain countries—like Canada, Finland, Japan, Singapore and South Korea—seem to have the best schools. The answer came back, somewhat unsurprisingly, that these countries have the best teachers; educators who are respected, rewarded, and held accountable for their performance in the classroom. This may seem obvious, but you would never have guessed watching the Democratic debate in Las Vegas the week before Thanksgiving. All the candidates give lip service to the importance of education to the nation's future. And it goes without saying that accountability is the key to performance in any job. Yet when John Roberts of CNN asked the candidates if school boards should be able to reward teachers or fire them based on performance, all the Democrats headed for the hills, hemming and hawing and obfuscating their answers. What's going on here? In short, the power of the teachers' unions. The National Education Association is a big hitter in the Democratic Party. The NEA is all about job security, so you won't find Democrats leading crusades to weed out bad teachers. The Republicans don't do much better. They say they are reluctant to meddle in local school governance and instead push for vouchers so kids can go to private or parochial schools. In New York City, Mayor Michael Bloomberg hired Joel Klein, a former Justice Department antitrust chief in the Clinton administration, to run the city's chaotic schools. Klein managed to get a third of the school principals to sign an agreement that would allow them to be terminated for cause. And he got the teachers' union to agree to give up this absurd privilege: in New York, for many years, teachers with seniority could show up at any school they wanted and teach there, shoving aside teachers with less seniority. Klein won the right to stop low-performing senior teachers from exercising this droit du seigneur . Some of them just went home rather than teaching wherever they wanted to—and were still paid in full. That doesn't sound like an enormous step toward teacher accountability, but it was a struggle for New York to extract even these comparatively modest concessions from the teachers' union, and it shows how far there is to go. Teacher accountability is at the heart of true education reform. If only the presidential candidates would even dare to discuss the problem.

It is no more than a beginning.

When lab rats sleep, their brains revisit the maze they navigated during the day, according to a new study (1)_____ yesterday, offering some of the strongest evidence (2)_____ that animals do indeed dream. Experiments with sleeping rats found that cells in the animals" brains fire in a distinctive pattern (3)_____ the pattern that occurs when they are (4)_____ and trying to learn their way around a maze. Based on the results, the researchers concluded the rats were dreaming about the maze, (5)_____ reviewing what they had learned while awake to (6)_____ the memories. Researchers have long known that animals go (7)_____ the same types of sleep phases that people do, including rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, which is when people dream. But (8)_____ the occasional twitching, growling or barking that any dog owner has (9)_____ in his or her sleeping pet, there"s been (10)_____ direct evidence that animals (11)_____. If animals dream, it suggests they might have more (12)_____ mental functions than had been (13)_____. "We have as humans felt that this (14)_____ of memory—our ability to recall sequences of experiences—was something that was (15)_____ human", Wilson said. "The fact that we see this in rodents (16)_____ suggest they can evaluate their experience in a significant way. Animals may be (17)_____ about more than we had previously considered". The findings also provide new support for a leading theory for (18)_____ humans sleep—to solidify new learning. "People are now really nailing down the fact that the brain during sleep is (19)_____ its activity at least for the time immediately before sleep and almost undoubtedly using that review to (20)_____ or integrate those memories into more usable forms", said an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases【B1】______the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant【B2】______of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a【B3】______bill that will propose making payments to witnesses【B4】______and will strictly control the amount of【B5】______that can be given to a case【B6】______a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he【B7】______with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not【B8】______sufficient control. 【B9】______of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a【B10】______of media protest when he said the【B11】______of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges【B12】______to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which【B13】______the European Convention on Human Rights legally【B14】______in Britain, laid down that everybody was【B15】______to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. "Press freedoms will be in safe hands【B16】______our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an【B17】______after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were【B18】______to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised【B19】______witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to【B20】______guilty verdicts.