(46) A "scientific" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. (47) If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were by these "scientific" thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard: for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. (48) Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. (49) Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears. Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the "scientific" view leaves out. If it is weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. (50) But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action must either be liars themselves or be very naive. Pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic. Notes: rhetoric修辞学。discourse 论文，讲演，语篇。as it were 可以说是，姑且这么说。

The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Laura, who was in first-year high, had gone to the same public school that her brothers now attended, but this year she was a pupil at Green Valley Academy, a small country day school on the outskirts of the city. (41)______. They knew Laura was smart, of course, but some of the other Baltimore private schools for girls were excellent and had lower tuitions, and even the public high schools were all right. Lots of nice kids, whose fathers had twice as big an income as Henry Wade, went to them. (42)______. You either spoiled her or made her bitter. These arguments were cogent, Emily Wade admitted, but they simply didn"t apply in Laura"s case. (43)______. Moreover, it was Emily"s theory that children learned love as well as discipline by family example; if you did all you could for them, keeping their best interests in mind, they wouldn"t let you down in a crisis. (44)______. How true that had been, thought Emily, driving slowly because she had a quarter hour to spare and she might as well give Laura time to study. Her mind went back to that black moment, a month before, when she had met Henry for lunch in a restaurant and he had told her that he was out of a job. (45)______. He was pretty sure he could get another and a better position; there was a firm that had been making overtures to him, and only a sense of loyalty to his old firm had made him ignore them up to this point. But the man he"d have to see was out of town and wouldn"t be back until the first of the year. Then, too, he"d just had a letter from his brother in Ohio; it seemed that the whole family out there was shot to hell. His brother, who was a schoolteacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.A. It was a very good school and a very expensive one, and most of the Wades" friends thought they were being rather fancy in sending Laura there.B. Nothing was too good for that child.C. Besides, you weren"t doing a girl a favor when you encouraged her to develop taste she couldn"t afford to gratify.D. The branch sales office he had been managing had been absorbed by a larger firm, and its whole staff was out in the cold without so much as a month"s salary to tide them over.E. And events had certainly proved her theory.F. They made her think of the ballerina dress, and of all the pure, proud, filmy beauty of the world that belonged, by tight, to Laura.G. Christmas has been commercialized out of its real meaning.

Write a composition on the topic: Deepen China"s Reform on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1. 现在的改革成果为进一步深化改革奠定了基础。 2. 然而改革的道路并不平坦。 3. 建议我们要… You should write about 160-200 words neatly.

It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop 【C1】______ them because they are easier to sack. But in【C2】______episodes, such as the recessions of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, older workers were also fired. This time is 【C3】______. During the financial crisis in 2008, and【C4】______, they have done better than other age groups. Why have older employees been【C5】______to young people? In some countries they benefit from job protection not【C6】______to younger workers, but that did not really help them in past recessions. What has changed is that firms now【C7】______the full costs of getting rid of older staff. In the past early-retirement schemes made it【C8】______to push grey-haired workers out of the door. These have【C9】______stopped. Older workers are healthier than they used to be and work is less【C10】______demanding. They are also more【C11】______ to employers than prior generations. Today"s 55- to 64-year-olds belong to the post-war baby-boomers who benefited from better education than their【C12】______. Older workers now have a sharper【C13】______to stay in employment because of the impact of the crisis on【C14】______. In Britain, workers who rely on private pensions have been【C15】______ affected by lower returns on their investment. Many will argue older workers have done better at the【C16】______of the young. That view is wrongheaded. Young and old people are【C17】______not substitutes in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of occupation: younger people gravitate to IT firms, 【C18】______ older folk tend to be employed in more traditional industries. There are a【C19】______of things that should be done to help the young jobless, but【C20】______older workers is not one of them.

Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place. Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students" pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time-wasted. But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique. Now the first and most important part of a language teacher"s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student"s latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings, radio, television and video, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material.Notes:set about 着手，试图articulation 发音latent 潜在的，不明显的at one"s disposal供某人任意支配使用authentic真实的，真正的

SetanExamplefortheChildrenWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

"Target apologizes for any discomfort," said a spokesman for the discount chain, "that may have been caused by the baseball caps and shorts carrying the insignia "88"." He explained that it was not the company"s intent to promote hate. Since when does 88 mean "hate"? It turns out that some neo-Nazis have discovered that the eighth letter of the alphabet is "h", and to them the number 88 is an oh-sosecret coded symbol for "heil Hitler". The Boston Herald recalled the days of dot-and-dash telegraphy, with its two-digit codes for common phrases, and observed that "on CB and ham radio, and at the bottom of an odd e-mail, you still run across "88"—"love and kisses", which no gallant will dare use anymore to pique the interest of the YLs (young ladies) for fear they"ll think he is a bug-eyed, swastika—tattooed nutcake" Fans of Chet Gould"s "Dick Tracy" strip of the 1950"s will remember a piano-playing cartoon character with the musical name "88 Keys", played by Mandy Patinkin in the 1990 movie version. It comes from the number of keys on a piano keyboard, and its symbol can be the opposite of hatred: "Some of those 88 keys are white, and some black," notes Larry Horn of Yale University, "all playing together in peaceful harmony-and each set pretty boring on its own. Makes you wonder." This latest superstition imposed on a number, and its panicky effect on merchants, is nothing new. It"s a variant of 311, throe references to the 11th letter, k, for the Ku Klux Klan. (Manufacturers who may have inadvertently turned out baseball caps with that number on it will now turn white as a sheet.) Before that, 666 was a hot number for the nervous. In the New Testament"s Revelation 13: 9-18, the Apostle John recalls a vision of a boast that was an opponent of Christ: "Count the number of the beast," goes the King James Version, "for it is the number of a man; and his number is six hundred threescore and six." Extrapolating this into a name is an example of gematria, an ancient numbers game that assigns each letter of the alphabet a numerical value. Some scholars point out that the verse characterizes, but does not name, the beast-which aren"t Satan. Numbers are not letters. Hate groups and concerned cabals do not own the numbers, which can be used to stand for anything. So wear 88 all you like, and if you have nightmares about 666, as soda jerks used to say I"m 86 on the mail.

People in the United States in the 19th century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the 19th century.【F1】 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the 18th and early 19th century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the 19th centuries. As the population grew, its makeup also changed.【F2】 Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility — downward as well as upward — touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of the population — in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West — changed their residence each decade.【F3】 As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society," and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded." Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the 19th century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.【F4】 In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household hosted many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a harbor of peace and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture.【F5】 The intimacy of marriage that was common in the earlier periods was disrupted, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.

Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethechartbriefly,2)analyzepossiblereasonsforthetrend,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

If you go down to the woods today, you may meet high-tech trees—genetically modified to speed their growth or improve the quality of their wood. Genetically-engineered food crops have become increasingly common, albeit controversial, over the past ten years. But genetic engineering of trees has lagged behind. Part of the reason is technical. Understanding, and then altering, the genes of a big pine tree are more complex than creating a better tomato. While tomatoes sprout happily, and rapidly, in the laboratory, growing a whole tree from a single, genetically altered cell in a test tube is a tricky process that takes years, not months. Moreover, little is known about tree genes. Some trees, such as pine trees, have a lot of DNA—roughly ten times as much as human. And, whereas the Human Genome Project is more than halfway through its task of isolating and sequencing the estimated 100,000 genes in human cells, similar efforts to analyze tree genes are still just saplings. Given the large number of tree genes and the little that is known about them, tree engineers are starting with a search for genetic "markers". The first step is to isolate DNA from trees with desirable properties such as insect resistance. The next step is to find stretches of DNA that show the presence of a particular gene. Then, when you mate two trees with different desirable properties, it is simple to check which offspring contain them all by looking for the genetic markers. Henry Amerson, at North Carolina State University, is using genetic markers to breed fungal resistance into southern pines. Billions of these are grown across America for pulp and paper, and outbreaks of disease are expensive. But not all individual trees are susceptible. Dr. Amerson"s group has found markers that distinguish fungus-resistant stock from disease-prone trees. Using traditional breeding techniques, they are introducing the resistance genes into pines on test sites in America. Using genetic markers speeds up old-fashioned breeding methods because you no longer have to wait for the tree to grow up to see if it has the desired traits. But it is more a sophisticated form of selective breeding. Now, however, interest in genetic tinkering is also gaining ground. To this end, Dr. Amerson and his colleagues are taking part in the Pine Gene Discovery Project, an initiative to identify and sequence the 50,000-odd genes in the pine tree"s genome. Knowing which gene does what should make it easier to know what to alter.

Microeconomists are on the march, winning top awards, helping battle the crisis, and advising the world's most innovative firms. This week the trend continued, with the Nobel Prize going to two micro-economists. Why are they doing so well? First up, microeconomists seem to be very good at building new findings on old foundations. Take the Nobel Prize, covered by a colleague in the Free exchange print article—Game, set and match—this week. The prize went to economists who built on cooperative game theory, an ancient development by economic standards (one of the main papers was published in 1962). Cooperative game theory looks at how well people can do when acting together; by examining all the possible combinations, theorists can spot outcomes that individuals acting alone cannot achieve. They then focus on something called the "core" of the game—those outcomes that are "stable" in the sense that no subgroup would do better by breaking away and acting alone. But the theory is pivotal in understanding how to set up medical job-matching system in a stable way so that no hospital or medical school wants to break off and set up alone. Cooperative game theory is still being used in cutting edge auction design. And the Nobel is just one example of real-life problems solved by micro. A thoroughly macroeconomic problem—unconventional monetary policy—is another. In 2007 and 2008, central banks and finance ministries decided that it was a good idea to follow this policy which involves exchanging good assets (cash or treasury bills, for example) for illiquid ones. But working out exactly how to do it was a very different question. One major stumbling block was to work out what price to pay for the bad assets: markets were thinly traded and prices often did not exist. Micro theorists came up with the answers. In America, various academics advised the US Treasury in 2008. But the best example of micro in action is Britain, where the Bank of England uses a new type of auction—the Product Mix auction—designed by Paul Klemperer. The Bank's Governor, Sir Mervyn King, clearly finds micro theory useful: There is an important lesson about making cutting edge economics accessible here. Auction theory uses very tough mathematics to grind out results. But micro theorists also work hard on the intuition for their work. As an example, the results from Mr Klemperer's auction can be set out in a simple graphical format. This means non-specialists (like central bank governors) can access it easily, making it much more useful in policy settings. In macroeconomics, the opposite seems to be true: the maths is actually easier, but it is just hard enough to exclude non-specialists, and this shields models from popular scrutiny. Micro has made big recent developments in much more familiar areas too, including how we should think about the economics of Facebook, stock exchanges, newspapers and money. These are all platforms or intermediaries that link two types of user (Facebook connects users and advertisers, exchanges connect buyers and sellers). The economics of these platforms has spawned a new branch of micro, first developed by Jean Tirole and Jean Charles-Rochet in the early 2000s. These types of new insight explain why leading academic microeconomics are also top advisers at innovative technology firms. Hal Varian, probably the world's best known microeconomist, is also the top economist at Google. Granted, this happens with banks and business-school academics too, but in microeconomics the "real world" experience seems to be nourishing the discipline in a way that is less clear in macro. A final strength may come from geographic diversity. In micro, while American universities lead the field, there are lots of other world-class hubs too. Macroeconomics, by comparison, is an all-American affair. Maybe this means a more diverse set of ideas about how firms, consumer and markets work are being brought to academic work in micro. Whatever the reason, microeconomists are on the up.

The idea of public works projects as a device to prevent or control depression was designed as a means of creating job opportunities for unemployed workers and as a "pump priming" device to aid business to revive. It was conceived during the early years of the New Deal Era (1933—1937). By 1933, the number of unemployed workers had reached about 13 million. This meant that about 50 million people—about one-third of the nation—were without means of support. At first, direct relief in the form of cash or food was provided these people. This made them recipients of government charity. In order to remove this stigma and restore to the unemployed some measure of respectability and human dignity, a plan was devised to create governmentally sponsored work projects that private industry would not or could not provide. This would also stimulate production and revive business activity. The best way to explain how this procedure is expected to work is to explain how it actually worked when it was first tried. The first experiment with it was the creation of the Works Project Administration (WPA). This agency set up work projects in various fields in which there were many unemployed. For example, unemployed actors were organized into theater projects, orchestras were organized for unemployed musicians, teaching projects for unemployed teachers, and even writers" projects for unemployed writers. Unemployed laborers were put to work building or maintaining roads, parks, playgrounds, or public buildings. These were all temporary work relief projects—rather than permanent work opportunities. More substantial work projects of a permanent nature were organized by another agency, the Public Works Administration (PWA). This agency undertook the planning of construction of schools, houses, post offices, dams, and other public structures. It entered into contracts with private construction firms to erect them, or it loaned money to local or state governments which undertook their constructions. This created many jobs in the factories producing the material as well as in the projects themselves, and greatly reduced the number of unemployed. Still another agency which provided work projects for the unemployed was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). This agency provided job opportunities for youths aged 16 to 20 to work in national parks or forests clearing land, guarding against fires, building roads, or doing other conservation work. In the event of a future depression, the federate government might revive any or all of the above methods to relieve unemployment and stimulate business.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

So-called "identity theft" occurs when a person pretends to be someone else(say that victim is you)and a financial institution or government agency accepts as proof of identity the criminal"s knowledge of your personal data such as your Social Security account number or birth date. This personal data is then treated like a "master password" that allows access to your accounts—or even allows for the creation of new accounts in your name. Obviously, so-called identity theft is not really a case of stolen identity, but is instead a case of impersonation. To prevent ID fraud, government agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission glibly advise individuals to not disclose their personal data. As we all know, however, that advice is laughable. Most Americans are powerless to prevent disclosure of their personal data to strangers. Take, for example, employer benefits programs. The programs routinely use such data as an employee ID, Social Security account number, and birth date as the required keys to access the employees" accounts. Without disclosing such data to a stranger, who is frequently a person in a call center in a foreign country, many individuals can"t even make appointments for routine dental checkups or eye exams. Considering the growing popularity of companies" relocating their call centers overseas, one can only imagine how much this trend will increase identity theft if unchecked. Criminals can also access our personal data through other means. Wholesale dissemination(sometimes accidentally)of large amounts of personal data happens via government agencies, employers, and other businesses. This can take place through computer backup tapes that are lost or retired without being erased, through the outsourcing of computer operations jobs to people inside as well as outside of the United States, and through lax enforcement of immigration laws thereby allowing foreign criminals to obtain computer jobs in America—just to name a few. In the state of Wisconsin recently a company printed the Social Security numbers of 171 ,000 citizens on 2006 tax booklets that were to be sent through the mail. The printing company is sent a list of Social Security numbers from the state each year. They arc supposed to use parts of each taxpayer"s confidential information to create an identifying code, but they erred. Virtually every Tom, Dick, and Harry in America, along with numerous people in call centers in India and other foreign countries, have access to people"s Social Security account numbers, birth dates, and other personal data. Let"s face it—your personal data just isn"t a secret anymore.