Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes！"【B1】______helping you feel close and【B2】______to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a【B3】______of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you【B4】______getting sick this winter. In a recent study【B5】______over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs【B6】______the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being【B7】______to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come【B8】______with a cold, and the researchers【B9】______that the stress-reducing effects of hugging【B10】______about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.【B11】______among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe【B12】______. "Hugging protects people who are under stress from the【B13】______risk for colds that' s usually【B14】______with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps【B15】______the feeling that others are there to help【B16】______difficulty." Some experts【B17】______the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone"【B18】______it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it【B19】______in the brain, where it【B20】______mood, behavior and physiology.

Time was, old people knew their place. Power was passed to sons and daughters, crowns placed on younger heads. Not any more. The elderly are no longer a sidelined sliver of society, but its mainstream. During the next two generations, the number of the world"s people older than 60 will quadruple, rising from 606 million now to 2 billion in 2050. For the first time in human history,the elderly will outnumber children. More and more, it"s not the children who are our future, it"s the seniors. The graying of the globe is quite simply the "most significant population shift in history," says Ann Pawliczko of the United Nations Population Fund. And growing old doesn"t mean what it used to. Better medical care has increased the average global life expectancy by two decades—to 66—in as many generations. "One hundred is the new 60," says Marty Davis, of the American Association of Retired People. In the West, technology and wealth are empowering the aged. They are an increasingly vocal political lobby and muscular consumers. The portfolio of Senioragency, Europe"s only ad agency aimed at the 50-plus market, used to consist of hearing aids and insurance. Now mainstream companies like Coca-Cola and Siemens are approaching the firm. "We"re used to thinking of a 60-year-old who looks like" Whistler"s Mother, "but we should be thinking about someone who looks like Tina Turner," says Gloria Gutman, president of the International Association of Gerontology. The rapidly shifting demographics are forcing a radical rethinking of many facets of our lives. Two billion elderly will need new systems of care and support. The growing number of old people who want to live independently will need housing, streets and cityscapes that will accommodate their slower pace. Smart technology will have to plug nursing shortages; architects and social planners will have to start catering for populations with dementia and failing eyesight or hearing. In contrast to the youth-driven culture of the last half century, the elderly will set the agenda for how the late-21st century lives. Already societies have begun facing the pension crisis, the scariest specter haunting Western treasuries. For one thing, 80 percent of the world already can"t afford to retire. Even in Western Europe and the United States, say experts, the very concept of retirement may soon be viewed as a historical aberrational social curiosity from the era between World War II and the war on terror. And paying for the elderly is just a fraction of the massive upheaval underway. What"s been dubbed "the silent revolution" is changing everything from politics to tax structures to the width of the world"s doorways (for wheelchairs).

The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full【C1】______in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of【C2】______use, and a knowledge and understanding of the【C3】______subject-matter in his field of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional equipment.【C4】______this, it is desirable that he should have an【C5】______mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to【C6】______quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work【C7】______his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others【C8】______his own knowledge not always prove【C9】______to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a nodding【C10】______with printing techniques and proofreading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to【C11】______rapidly from one source language to another, as well as from one subject-matter to another,【C12】______this ability is frequently【C13】______of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator's work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking,【C14】______that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage【C15】______a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with. It is,【C16】______, desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages【C17】______this is restricted to knowing how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same【C18】______to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does not【C19】______. There are many other skills and【C20】______that are desirable in a translator.

Happiness Is an Attitude

Data has a habit of spreading. It slips past military security and it can also leak from WikiLeaks. It even slipped past the bans of the Guardian and other media organisations involved in this story when a rogue copy of Der Spiegel accidentally went on sale in Basle, Switzerland. Someone bought it, realised what they had, and began scanning the pages, translating them from German to English and posting up-dates on Twitter. It would seem digital data respects no authority, be it the Pentagon, WikiLeaks or a newspaper editor. Individually, we have all already experienced the massive changes resulting from digitisation. Events or information that we once considered momentary and private are now accumulated, permanent, public. Governments hold our personal data in huge databases. It used to cost money to disclose and distribute information. In the digital age it costs money not to. But when data breaches happen to the public, politicians don't care much. Our privacy is expendable. It is no surprise that the reaction to these leaks is different. What has changed the dynamic of power in a revolutionary way isn't just the scale of the databases being kept, but that individuals can upload a copy and present it to the world. To some this marks a crisis, to others an opportunity. Technology is breaking down traditional social barriers of status, class, power, wealth and geography—replacing them with an ethos of collaboration and transparency. Leaks are not the problem; they are the symptom. They reveal a disconnect between what people want and need to know and what they actually do know. The greater the secrecy, the more likely a leak. The way to move beyond leaks is to ensure a strong managing system for the public to access important information. We are at a key moment where the visionaries in the leading position of a global digital age are clashing with those who are desperate to control what we know. WikiLeaks is the guerrilla front in a global movement for greater transparency and participation. It used to be that a leader controlled citizens by controlling information. Now it' s harder than ever for the powerful to control what people read, see and hear. Technology gives people the ability to band together and challenge authority. The powerful have long spied on citizens as a means of control, now citizens are turning their collected eyes back upon the powerful. This is a revolution, and all revolutions create fear and uncertainty. Will we move to a New Information Enlightenment or will the strong resistance from those who seek to maintain control no matter the cost lead us to a new totalitarianism? What happens in the next five years will define the future of democracy for the next century, so it would be well if our leaders responded to the current challenge with an eye on the future.

British cancer" researchers have found that childhood leukaemia is caused by an infection and clusters of cases around industrial sites are the result of population mixing that increases exposure. The research published in the British Journal of Cancer backs up a 1988 theory that some as yet unidentified infection caused leukaemia—not the environmental factors widely blamed for the disease. "Childhood leukaemia appears to be an unusual result of a common infection", said Sir Richard Doll, an internationally-known cancer expert who first linked tobacco with lung cancer in 1950. "A virus is the most likely explanation. You would get an increased risk of it if you Suddenly put a lot of people from large towns in a rural area, where you might have people who had not been exposed to the infection". Doll was commenting on the new findings by researchers at Newcastle University, which focused on a cluster of leukaemia cases around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in Cumbria in northern England. Scientists have been trying to establish why there was more leukaemia in children around the Sellafield area, but have failed to establish a link with radiation or pollution. The Newcastle University research by Heather Dickinson and Louise Parker showed the cluster of cases could have been predicted because of the amount of population mixing going on in the area, as large numbers of construction workers and nuclear staff moved into a rural setting. "Our study shows that population mixing can account for the (Sellafield) leukaemia cluster and that all children, whether their parents are incomers or locals, are at a higher risk if they are born in an area of high population mixing", Dickinson said in a statement issued by the Cancer Research Campaign, which publishes the British Journal of Cancer. Their paper adds crucial weight to the 1988 theory put forward by Leo Kinlen, a cancer epidemiologist at Oxford University, who said that exposure to a common unidentified infection through population mixing resulted in the disease.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. During the past decade, the United States and Russia have joined in a number of efforts to reduce the danger posed by the enormous quantity of weapons-usable material withdrawn from nuclear weapons. Other countries and various private groups have assisted in this task.【C1】______ These risks fall into three classes: the risk that some fraction, be it large or small, of the inventories of nuclear weapons held by eight countries will be detonated either by accident or deliberately; the risk that nuclear weapons technology will diffuse to additional nations; and the risk that nuclear weapons will reach the hands of terrorist individuals or groups. 【C2】______ Indeed, success in containing these risks would fly in the face of historical precedent. All new technologies have become dual-use, in that they have been used both to improve the human condition and as tools in military conflict. Moreover, all new technologies have, in time, spread around the globe. But this precedent must be broken with respect to the release of nuclear technology. 【C3】______ Since the end of the Cold War, the likelihood that one or another country would deliberately use nuclear weapons has indeed lessened, although the consequences of such use would be enormous. Therefore, this risk has by no means disappeared. In particular, nuclear weapons might be used in a regional conflict, such as between India and Pakistan. 【C4】______All other nations of the world have joined the treaty as "Non-Nuclear Weapons States",but one country(North Korea)has withdrawn. Some countries—presumed to include Iran and. until the ouster of Saddam Hussein, Iraq—maintain ambitions to gain nuclear weapons. A much larger number of countries have pursued nuclear weapons programs in the past but have been persuaded to abandon them. 【C5】______In order to decrease the discriminatory nature of the agreement, the nations possessing nuclear weapons are obligated to assist other nations in the peaceful applications of nuclear energy. And, most important of all, the Nuclear Weapons States have agreed to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in international relations and to work in good faith toward their elimination. It is in respect to this latter obligation that the United States has been most deficient. In fact, the current Bush administration"s recent Nuclear Posture Review projects an indefinite need for many thousands of nuclear weapons, and even searches for new missions for them. [A]Therefore, the prevention of nuclear catastrophe caused by terrorists has to rely either on interdicting the explosive materials that are essential to making nuclear weapons(highly enriched uranium and plutonium, in particular)or on preventing the hostile delivery of such weapons. [B]The risk of proliferation of nuclear weapons among countries has been limited in the past by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT), signed in 1968. The treaty recognizes five countries as "Nuclear Weapons States," and three other countries not party to the treaty are de facto possessors of nuclear weapons. [C]The United States has undertaken diverse programs to reduce these risks. But efforts have been slow and irregular, and the priorities in addressing these problems have been distorted by politics. [D]But many impediments have prevented effective results, and most of the dangers still remain. Even more troubling, this threat is only one of several risks imposed on humanity by the existence of nuclear weapons. [E]Risk is the product of the likelihood of an adverse event multiplied by the consequences of that event. [F]The NPT is a complex bargain that discriminates between have and have-not countries. The have-not nations have agreed not to receive nuclear weapons, their components, or relevant information, whereas the Nuclear Weapons States have agreed not to furnish these items. [G]Although public agencies and private groups in the United States have been working with Russia to improve "materials protection control and accounting" of its dangerous materials, actual achievements have been moderate.

美国的知识分子 ——2006年英译汉及详解 Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?【F1】 I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.【F2】 His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one.【F3】 I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.【F4】 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.【F5】 They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts," as Emerson would say, is something else.

Why aren"t the University Colleges and Institutes just called "University"? The simpler answer is that, with a few exceptions, the University Colleges and Institutes do not usually award all their own degrees. At least some of the degrees, especially at postgraduate level, are likely to be awarded by a large university with which the college or institute is associated. University Colleges and Institutes tend to be much smaller than typical British universities.But it is not only a matter of size, but their origins that make them somewhat different from British Universities, old or new. Typically, the present University Colleges and Institutes have developed and grown from Teachers" Colleges. Until about 20 years ago in most cases, they would have been exclusively concerned with the professional training of teachers. Then they started to offer other courses and degrees, broadly comparable to any university, the only difference being that these institutions do not normally provide degrees in such subjects as Law, Engineering, and Medicine. The particular strengths of the University Colleges and Institutes lie in their somewhat particular origins. In terms of the courses and subjects offered, there is likely to be an emphasis on those subjects that are closely associated with the School curriculum—Arts or Humanities subjects. Teacher education itself, of course, almost certainly remains as a strong component of the whole array of courses taught by a University College or Institute. Professional training for the classroom is something that these institutions have specialized in since their foundation, and no University is likely to do it better. Also associated with the smaller institutions" origins is their strong continuing pastoral(田园式的) tradition and care for the individual student. Perhaps, there is virtue and merit in what is small: sheer size, especially if it means a loss of what is most human and personal, is not something to be sought of its own sake. The relatively small University Colleges and Institutes have all the facilities and equipment of the bigger Universities. Lecturers and tutors have to be well qualified because they teach degree courses that are in every way equal in standard to those taught at Universities. So, parents, students, and sponsors need have no doubt about the quality or standing of the degrees that the Colleges award. Quality assurance is guaranteed. International recognition and comparability with all other British degrees are not, in question. So what else should students, parents, and sponsors worry?

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) One morning, a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. (41)______. Only after a three-month sabbatical—during which he read essayist Lewis Thomas, listened to Ravel and walked with his wife on a Caribbean beach—was he able to return to his post. That week, his picture was on the cover of Newsweek magazine beside the banner headline "Exhausted!" In the relentless busyness of modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. I speak with people in business and education, doctors and day-care workers, shopkeepers and social workers, parents and teachers, nurses and lawyers, students and therapists, community activists and cooks. Remarkably, there is a universal refrain:" I am so busy". The more our life speeds up, the more we feel weary, overwhelmed and lost. (42)______. Instead, the whole experience of being alive begins to melt into one enormous obligation. It becomes the standard greeting everywhere: "I am so busy." We say this to one another with no small degree of pride. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, to be unable to find time for the sunset (or even not to know that the sun has set at all), to whiz through our obligations without time for a single mindful breath—this has become the model of a successful life. Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We lose the nourishment that gives us succor. We miss the quiet that gives us wisdom. Poisoned by the hypnotic belief that good things come only through tireless effort, we never truly rest. This is not the world we dreamed of when we were young. How did we get so terribly rushed in a world saturated with work and responsibility, yet somehow bereft of joy and delight? We have forgotten the Sabbath. (43)______. It is time to be nourished and refreshed as we let our work, our chores and our important projects lie fallow, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world when we are at rest. If certain plant species do not lie dormant during winter, the plant begins to die off. (44)______. So "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply a lifestyle suggestion. It is a commandment, an ethical precept as serious as prohibitions against kilting, stealing and tying. Sabbath is more than the absence of work. Many of us, in our desperate drive to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, feel terrible guilt when we take time to rest. But the Sabbath has proven its wisdom over the ages. Many of us still recall when not long ago, shops and offices where closed on Sundays. Those quiet Sunday afternoons are embedded in our cultural memory.Much of modem life is specifically designed to seduce our attention away from rest. When we are in the world with our eyes wide open, the seductions are insatiable. (45)______. For those of us with children, there are endless soccer practices, baseball games, homework, laundry, housecleaning, errands. Every responsibility, every stimulus competes for our attention. Buy me, Do me, Watch me. Try me. Drink me. It is as if we have inadvertently stumbled into some horrific wonderland.A. Rest is not just a psychological convenience; it is a biological necessity.B. After years of non-stop toil in an atmosphere that rewarded frantic overwork, Rudenstine collapsed.C. Hundreds of channels of cable and satellite television; phones with multiple lines and call-waiting begging us to talk to more than one person at a time; mail, e-mail and overnight mail, fax machines; billboards; magazines; news papers; radio.D. Sometimes you can have a rest on Sundays. But your heart and soul is no longer quiet.E. Sabbath is the time that consecrated to enjoy and celebrate what is beautiful and good—time to light candles, sing songs, worship, tell stories, bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, nap, walk and even make love.F. Once upon a time, Sabbath is our heaven. We often walk in the green parks with friends or have a picnic lunch with the family. Listening to the birds on the trees makes me feel peaceful. But whatever happened to Sunday now?G. Today our life and work rarely feel light, pleasant or healing.

You have bought a vacuum cleaner from a supermarket, but it disappointed you very much. Write a letter to Mr. Robert, the Sales Manager of the supermarket to make a complaint and ask for his help. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

You are a member of the students" union. You want to hold a lecture. Write a notice to the students to inform: 1) the topic and mainly contents of the lecture; 2) time and place; 3) the professor who will give the lecture. You should write about 100 words neatly.

In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences at the bottom up through biology to the "queen" of sciences, sociology, at the top. A science of human social behavior, Comte contended, could help humanity make moral and political decisions and construct more efficient Just governments. Today, social science receives much less federal funding than the biological and physical sciences do. Social scientists are accused of being "soft", of working with theories so lacking in precision and predictive power that they don't deserve to be called scientific. Some social scientists—I'll call them "softies"—shrug off this criticism, because they identify less with physicists and chemists than with scholars in the humanities. 【R1】______ Other social scientists, "hardies" hope for and believe they can eventually attain the same status as hard science, say, biology. Softies and hardies have been fighting for as long as I can remember. 【R2】______ The term "sociobiology" became so controversial that it is rarely used today, except by softies as an insult. Hardies nonetheless embraced the tenets of sociobiology. They attached the term "evolutionary" to their fields—creating disciplines such as evolutionary psychology and evolutionary economics—and churned out unreliable conclusions about the adaptive origins of war and capitalism. Softies look skeptically at the aspirations of hardies—with good reason. The recent recession provides a powerful demonstration of social science's limits. 【R3】______ Even when supported by the latest findings from neuroscience, genetics, and other fields, social science will never approach the precision and predictive power of the hard sciences. 【R4】______ In contrast, the basic units of social systems—people—are all different from each other; each person who has ever lived is unique in ways that are not trivial but essential to our humanity. 【R5】______ So we are left with a paradox: Although social science is in many aspects quite weak, it can also be extraordinarily powerful in terms of its impact, for ill or good, on our lives. Here's a more specific suggestion : Social scientists should not consider identifying with the harder sciences or the humanities. Rather, they should focus more intensely on finding answers to specific problems. [A]The world's smartest economists, equipped with the most sophisticated mathematical models and powerful computers that money can buy, did not foresee—or at any rate could not prevent—the financial calamities that struck the United States and the rest of the world in 2008. [B]However, James Weatherall who has a Ph. D. in physics as well as in philosophy pointed out that the methods of hard sciences can help make social sciences more rigorous. [C]Stevens Institute of Technology is a case in point;Social science falls within the charge of the Stevens College of Arts & Letters, which also encompasses philosophy, history, literature, music and my own humble discipline, science communication. As far as I can tell, my social-science colleagues aren't seething with resentment at being lumped together with the humanities folks. [D]Each individual mind also keeps changing in response to new experiences—watching Lord of the Rings, having a baby, teaching freshman composition. Imagine how hard physics would be if every electron were the unique product of its entire history. [E]Recently, as the prestige of neuroscience has surged, hardies have discovered the benefits of including magnetic-resonance imaging and other brain-scanning experiments in grant proposals, and they have attached the prefix "neuro" to their disciplines, yielding new terms such as neuroeconomics and neuroan-thropology. [F]In 1975, for example, the Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson contended in his blockbuster Sociobiology that social science would only become truly scientific by embracing evolutionary theory and genetics. Horrified softies denounced sociobiology as a throwback to social Darwinism and eugenics, two of the most notorious social applications of science. [G]Physics addresses phenomena—electrons, elements, gravity—that are relatively simple, stable and amenable to precise mathematical definition. Gravity works in exactly the same way whether you measure it in 17th-century England or 21st-century America. Every neutron is identical to every other neutron.

Cigarettes can seriously damage your countryside. Fanned by 112km/h Santa Ana winds, fire swept across 4,250 hectares near the mountain community of Alpine, California. More than 650 people were (1)_____ immediately from their homes. As 800 firefighters (2)_____ to control the conflagration (a large, destructive fire 大火), (3)_____ of smoke (4)_____ over 9,000m and sent clouds of (5)_____ drifting across San Diego, nearly 50km away. A (6)_____ of air tankers (a cargo plane carrying water or fuel 运送水或燃料的飞机) and helicopters (7)_____ water and fire-retarding (8)_____ over the area. Firefighters believe the (9)_____ was started by a (10)_____ discarded cigarette. California, (11)_____ raining at this time of year, had only 1mm of precipitation (rain; a quantity of rain in a specific area at a specific time) in December, making (12)_____ the state"s (13)_____ winter month in 70 years. In the 1970"s (14)_____ homes and ranches in the mountains near Alpine were (15)_____ by wildfire. After that (16)_____ resident Mary Titus wrote herself (17)_____ about what to do, should another fire (18)_____ force her to flee. "I had a list of (19)_____ I could take if I had five minutes and a list of what I could take if I had 30 minutes." She said, "I had 30 minutes, I was (20)_____ "

BSection III Writing/B

Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem rather a strange【C1】______to use as money, 【C2】______in countries where were the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an【C3】______necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their 【C4】______, were used as money in some countries until recent 【C5】______, and cakes of salt 【C6】______buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa. Sea shells【C7】______ as money at some time【C8】______another over the greater part of the Old World. These were【C9】______mainly from the beaches of the Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, shells were traded right across the【C10】______from East to West. Medal, valued by weight, 【C11】______coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings, is still used in many countries【C12】______ paper money. It can either be exchanged【C13】______goods, or made into tools, weapons, or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells , was of bronze, 【C14】______in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called "cash". The【C15】______of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old—older than the earlist coins of the eastern Mediterranean. Nowadays, coins and notes have【C16】______nearly all the more picturesque【C17】______of money, and 【C18】______ in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial【C19】______such as weddings and funerals, examples of 【C20】______money will soon be found only in museums.

You have received an invitation to the birthday party of your friend, Tom. But you can"t attend it. Write a note to Tom to 1) thank him for the invitation, 2) give reasons why you can"t go, and 3) apologize and express your wishes. You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Why is foreign text "rendered meaningless" when passed through an on-line translation tool? According to Sabine Reul, who runs a Frankfurt-based translation company, translation tools have limited uses, and problems arise when web users expect too much from them. "A translation tool works for some things," says Reul, "Say a British company wants to order a box of screws from a German supplier. A sentence like "We need one box of a certain type of screw" is something that a machine could translate reasonably accurately—though primitively."B. Yet when it comes to translating blocks of text—words and sentences that convey thoughts and sentiments, on-line tools are bound to fail, she adds. "Beyond simple sentences, the on-line process simply doesn"t work because machines don"t understand grammar and semantics, never mind idiom and style." "Language is not a system of signs in the mechanical sense of the word", says Reul, "It is a living medium that is used to convey thought. And that is where machines fail. Human input is indispensable as long as computers cannot think." Reul and other translators look forward to the day when clever computers might help to ease their workload—but that time has not arrived yet.C. Earlier this month the small German town of Homberg-an-der-Efze, north of Frankfurt, had to pulp an entire print run of its English language tourism brochure after officials used an Internet translating tool to translate the German text. According to one report, the brochure was "rendered meaningless" by the on line tool. Martin Wagner, mayor of Homherg-an-der-Efze, admits that the town made a "blunder". As a result of officials trying to save money by getting the Internet to do a translator"s job, a total of 7,500 brochures had to be binned.D. "It would be nice if computers could do the job. And certainly the quest for machine translation has prompted a lot of linguistic research that may prove valuable in unforeseen ways. But experience to date confirms that even the most subtle computer program doesn"t think and you need to be able to think in order to translate."E. This story highlights some of the pitfalls of translating on line. There are many instant translation tools on the web, but they are best used for individual words and short phrases, rather than for brochures, books or anything complex. For example, one of the joys of the web is that it grants you access to an array of foreign news sources. Yet if you were to use a translation tool to try to make sense of such reports, you could end up with a rather skewed and surreal view of the world.F. Until the dawn of thinking computers, on-line translation tools are best reserved for words, basic sentences and useful holiday phrase. For tourism brochures, newspaper reports and the rest, you will have to rely on some old fashioned "human input".G. Relying on on-line translation tools can be a risky business, especially if you expect too much of it. For the time being, might translation be something best left to the humans?Order: The first paragraph is G and F is the last.

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (46) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (47) "In short", a leader of the new school contended "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions". (48) Over the year% tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo"s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (49) Galileo"s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve mound the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses. Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (50) Whether the Government should in-crease the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

There has arisen during this twentieth century (as it arose before, in ages which we like to call dark) a pronounced anti intellectualism, a feeling that both studies and literature are not merely vain, but also (1)_____ untrustworthy. With people swayed by this wrong (2)_____ that there is little use in arguing, either for history or literature, or for poetry or music, or for the arts (3)_____. With others, there is still faith that any civilization worthy of the name must be (4)_____ in a ceaseless pursuit of truth. Whether truth is (5)_____ through study or through the arts makes no difference. Any pursuit of truth is not only (6)_____; it is the foundation stone of civilization. The (7)_____ for and reading of history is one of those approaches to truth. It is only ones all the arts and sciences are such (8)_____. All have their place; all are good; and each (9)_____ with the other. They are not airtight compartments. It is only in a few institutions, subjected to (10)_____ misinformation, that events like the Industrial Revolution are (11)_____ entirely to the historians, the social scientists, or the physical scientists. Only within the past hundred years have historians (12)_____ that what people have done in literature and art is a part of their history. Books like Uncle Tom"s Cabin have themselves helped to (13)_____ history. Even at the moment, when scientific (14)_____ becomes more and more specialized and the historian concentrates more and more fiercely on periods and (15)_____, it is becoming more (16)_____ to the layman that all this is part of one whole. Even on a (n) (17)_____ when textbooks are being written to introduce to the theoretical physicist his colleagues who are working as chemists or engineers on perhaps the same problem, the layman is far enough (18)_____ from all this specialization to see the whole, possibly even more clearly than do the (19)_____. Between history, biography, the arts and sciences, and even journalism, who could draw airtight (20)_____? Not laymen. Is not yesterday"s newspaper history, and may it not become literature?