In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) In 1959 the average American family paid $989 for a year"s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311. That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer"s share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959. (41)______. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. (42)______. Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen"s profit has increased more than farmer"s. But some economists claim that the middlemen"s actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 percent. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. (43)______. Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. (44)______.Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day"s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family"s table easily and quickly. It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. (45)______.A. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.B. However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord(房主)can charge for an apartment.C. Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don"t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.D. "If the housewife wants all of these," the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier."E. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?F. Thus, as economists point out, "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor"s plant."G. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices

Organised volunteering and work experience has long been a vital companion to university degree courses. Usually it is left to【C1】______to deduce the potential from a list of extracurricular adventures on a graduate"s resume, 【C2】______ now the University of Bristol has launched an award to formalise the achievements of students who【C3】______ time to activities outside their courses. Bristol PLuS aims to boost students in an increasingly【C4】______job market by helping them acquire work and life skills alongside【C5】______ qualifications. "Our students are a pretty active bunch, but we found that they didn"t 【C6】______ appreciate the value of what they did【C7】______ the lecture hall," says Jeff Goodman, director of careers and employability at the university. "Employers are much more【C8】______ than they used to be. They used to look for 【C9】______ and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicant"s skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are【C10】______to the job." Students who sign【C11】______for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or【C12】______work, attend four workshops on employ-ability skills, take part in an intensive skills-related activity【C13】______, crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained.【C14】______efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who【C15】______best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLuS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments. The experience does not have to be【C16】______organised. "We"re not just interested in easily identifiable skills," says Goodman. "【C17】______, one student took the lead in dealing with a difficult landlord and so【C18】______negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives." Goodman hopes the【C19】______will enable active students to fill in any gaps in their experience and encourage their less-active 【C20】______ to take up activities outside their academic area of work.

Judging by the $23 billion it earned last year, these should be the best of times for Shell, the Anglo-Dutch energy giant that ranks third among the top five Western oil companies. But Wall Street isn"t celebrating. Instead, analysts are worried that buried beneath the record profit figures are worrying signs of a business in decline. That"s because Shell hasn"t been able to find nearly as much oil and gas as it"s now pumping out of the ground. In fact, it hasn"t even come close—replacing only 60% to 70% of what it produced in 2005 and only 19% in 2004. Shell has had reserve problems for years—a controversy over improperly booked assets forced it to reduce estimated reserves by roughly 30% and led to the resignation of its CEO, Phil Watts, in 2004. But what"s troubling now is that Shell is falling way behind rivals like Exxon and BP despite spending billions more each year on exploring and drilling new wells. Last year Exxon replaced 112% of production; BP came up with 95%. "I have never seen anything like this," says Fadel Gheit, a veteran energy analyst with Oppenheimer & Co. "Shell used to represent the gold standard in this industry, but lately they can"t get their act together." To be sure, Shell still has huge assets—nearly 12 billion barrels. But in the oil and gas industry, reserve replacement is the best guide to whether a company will be able to maintain-or grow-production in the future. So not replacing what you pump, says longtime industry observer Matthew Simmons, "is like eating your seed corn. If you"re not finding new oil, you"re just liquidating what you"ve got." Indeed, Shell"s daily production figures have been weak lately, falling 6.7 % in 2005, to 3.52 million barrels a day. Privately, Shell execs say the company"s decision to cut spending for exploration when oil prices bottomed out in the late 1990s is partly to blame for the anemic numbers now. Shell CEO Jeroen Vander Veer insists that projects like those on Sakhalin Island off Siberia and in Nigeria and the Gulf of Mexico will enable the company to start catching up with peers in the years ahead. It won"t be easy. "If you"re not adding to reserves, you have a problem," says Sanford Bernstein analyst Oswald Clint. "Shell will have to run twice as hard just to stay in place."

Playing organized sports is such a common experience in the United States that many children and teenagers take them for granted. This is especially true【C1】______children from families and communities that have the resources needed to organize and【C2】______sports programs and make sure that there is easy【C3】______to participation opportunities. Children in low-income families and poor communities are【C4】______ likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often 【C5】______the resources needed to pay for participation【C6】______ , equipment, and transportation to practices and games 【C7】______ their communities do not have resources to build and 【C8】______sports fields and facilities. Organized youth sports 【C9】______ appeared during the early 20th century in the United States and other wealthy nations. They were originally developed【C10】______some educators and developmental experts【C11】______ that the behavior and character of children were【C12】______ influenced by their social surrounding and everyday experiences. This 【C13】______ many people to believe that if you could organize the experiences of children in 【C14】______ways, you could influence the kinds of adults that those children would become. This belief that the social【C15】______influenced a person" s overall development was very 【C16】______to people interested in progress and reform in the United States【C17】______the beginning of the 20th century. It caused them to think about 【C18】______they might control the experiences of children to【C19】______ responsible and productive adults. They believed strongly that democracy depended on responsibility and that a【C20】______capitalist economy depended on the productivity of worker.

Insomniacs(someone who cannot sleep easily)don't just suffer at night. During the day, they often feel sleepy, have trouble concentrating and report greater difficulty with work or school performance than individuals who get adequate sleep. But researchers are intrigued by an apparent【C1】______: Despite what insomnia patients experience subjectively, they often seem able to【C2】______cognitive tasks as well as people getting adequate sleep. One【C3】______is that insomnia doesn't lead to【C4】______performance after all—maybe it just feels that way. Using brain imaging technology, researchers【C5】______25 people with insomnia and 25 normal sleepers as they performed an eight-minute working-memory task【C6】______the processing and storing of short-term memory. As the exercises became more difficult, the people who sleep【C7】______had increased activity in parts of the brain【C8】______the insomnia subjects didn't. And the poor sleepers couldn't turn off the brain's "mind wandering" regions, also known as the "【C9】______mode" network, located generally【C10】______the brain's midline. These regions are ordinarily active when a person isn't【C11】______in goal-directed behavior and they are【C12】______when the person switches to a task. The more the insomnia patients subjectively reported【C13】______and difficulty concentrating, and the【C14】______they subjectively reported performing their task, the greater was their【C15】______to turn off the mind wandering regions, as measured by the MRI. "There's no doubt that what's going on in the brain could be measured as less【C16】______," experts said. More research is needed to understand how insomnia patients were able to【C17】______and perform the tasks equally well despite the apparent【C18】______in brain activity. The ultimate goal of this kind of research is to【C19】______the environmental and genetic causes of insomnia and develop【C20】______treatments.

【F1】 Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers—using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings.【F2】 Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them. The creative shaping process of a technologist" s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists.【F3】 For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist.【F4】 Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools. 【F5】 If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

On September 30th students at the University of Massachusetts threw a toga (a ceremonial gown) party. The cops showed up, uninvited. They charged the host, James Connolly, with underage drinking, making too much noise, and having a keg without a licence. For punishment, he had to put on his toga again and stand in front of the police station for an hour. Dan Markel of Florida State University reckons that such "shaming punishments" are on the rise. In 2003 a couple of teenagers who defaced a nativity scene in Ohio had to parade through town with a donkey. "The punishment must fit the crime," explained the judge, Michael Cicconetti. Several cities have aired the names of men caught soliciting prostitutes on "John TV". In 2004, a federal appeals court agreed that a mail thief could be made to stand outside a California post office wearing a sandwich board. "I stole mail," it read. "This is my punishment." In Virginia, if you fail to pay child support, you may find your car wheel-clamped: pink if you are neglecting a girl, blue for a boy. Many support shaming punishments. Amitai Etzioni of George Washington University has argued that they are a good way to express communal values. Fines, in contrast, imply that you can buy a clear conscience. And shame seems to be a powerful deterrent. Mr. Cicconetti says he sees few repeat offenders. Cheerful Hobbesian types want everyone to know who the bad guys are, so that decent citizens can avoid them. Others are doubtful. According to Mr. Markel, shaming punishments undermine human dignity. He suggests alternative punishments that omit the public-humiliation factor. A landlord who flouts the health code, for example, could be made to stay in one of his own slums. And it is true that there is something unpleasant about the desire to see other people humiliated. Remember the matron who objects to Hester Prynne"s scarlet letter: "Why, look you, she may cover it with a brooch, or suchlike heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever!" But voters appear to be comfortable on the high horse. Ted Poe, a former district judge from Texas, made his reputation by issuing a string of embarrassing sentences. He called this "Poetic justice." Once, he sentenced a man who stole pistols from the Lone Ranger to shovel manure in the Houston police stables. In 2004 Mr. Poe was elected to the House of Representatives at his first attempt.

Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to 1) extend your welcome and 2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (1)_____, the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others (2)_____ to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3)_____ the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4)_____ being classified as "English". Even in England there are many (5)_____ in regional character and speech. The chief (6)_____ is between southern England and northern England. South of a (7)_____ going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8)_____ there are local variations. Further north regional speech is usually " (9)_____ " than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10)_____ to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more (11)_____ They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12)_____ Northerners generally have hearty (13)_____: the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14)_____ at meal times. In accent and character the people of the Midlands (15)_____ a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman. In Scotland the sound (16)_____ by the letter "R" is generally a strong sound, and "R" is often pronounced in words in which it would be (17)_____ in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, (18)_____ inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19)_____ as being more "fiery" than the English. They are (20)_____ a race that is quite distinct from the English. (289 words)Notes: fiery 暴躁的，易怒的。

A natural resource or resource is usually defined as anything obtained from the physical environment to meet human needs. Some resources are available for use directly from the environment. Examples include solar energy, fresh air, rainwater, fresh water in a river or stream, and naturally growing edible plants. Other resources, such as oil, iron, groundwater, fish, and game animals, are not directly available for our use. 【F1】 Whether these and other materials in the environment are considered to be human resources depends on a combination of human ingenuity, economics, and cultural beliefs. 【F2】 Human ingenuity enables us to develop scientific and technological methods for finding, extracting, and processing many of the earth's natural substances and converting them to usable forms. Groundwater found deep below the earth's surface was not a resource until we developed the technology for drilling a well and installing pumps and other equipment to bring it to the surface. Fish and game animals are not a resource unless we have some way of catching and (in most cases) cooking them. Petroleum was a mysterious fluid until humans learned how to locate it, extract it, and refine it into gasoline, home heating oil, road tar and other products. 【F3】 Cars, television sets, tractors, and other manufactured objects' are available only because humans developed methods for converting an array of once useless raw materials from the earth's crust into useful forms. Economics also determines whether something is classified as a resource or a potential resource. Some known deposits of oil, coal, copper, and other potentially useful materials are located so far beneath the earth's surface or in such low concentrations that they would cost more to find, extract, and process than they are worth. 【F4】 In the future, however, their prices may rise due to their scarcity, or cheaper, more efficient mining and processing technologies may be developed, converting these potential resources to actual resources. Cultural beliefs' can also determine whether something is considered a resource. For example, protein-rich grasshoppers and other insects are considered food resources in some parts of Africa, but are viewed with disgust as sources of food in the United States and in most MDCs. In some cultures, religious beliefs prohibit the use of pork or other types of food resources. 【F5】 The perceived or actual degree of risk involved in using a resource such as nuclear power can also play a role in whether or how widely it is used.

Competition and Cooperation

In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the world"s rapidly increasing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impinges on the universities" efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge the imparting of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally sanctioned task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious hind generally. On the one hand, there is the American commitment, entered into especially since WWII, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education. While higher education has become a great "growth industry", it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorities away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita outlay for their students, one crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in rum, to a declining standard of competence in instruction. Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions; organization and functioning to conform to the demands of research rather than those of teaching.

OnFoodSafetyWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

Companies have embarked on what looks like the beginnings of a re-run of the mergers and acquisitions (M&A) wave that defined the second bubbly half of the 1990s. That period was characterized by a collective splurge that saw the creation of some of the most indebted companies in history. Many of them later went bankrupt or were themselves broken up. Wild bidding for telecoms, internet and media assets, not to mention the madness that was Daimler's $40 billion motoring takeover in 1998-1999 of Chrysler or the Time-Warner/AOL mega-merger in 2000, helped to give mergers a thoroughly bad name. A consensus emerged that M&A was a great way for investment banks to reap rich fees, and a sure way for ambitious managers to betray investors by trashing the value of their shares. Now M&A is back. Its return is a global phenomenon, but it is probably most striking in Europe, where so far this year there has been a stream of deals worth more than $600 billion in total, around 40% higher than in the same period of 2004. The latest effort came this week when France's Saint-Gobain, a building-materials firm, unveiled the details of its ￡3.6 billion hostile bid for BPB, a British rival. In the first half of the year, cross-border activity was up threefold over the same period last year. Even France Telecom, which was left almost bankrupt at the end of the last merger wave, recently bought Amena, a Spanish mobile operator. Shareholder's approval of all these deals raises an interesting question for companies everywhere: are investors right to think that these mergers are more likely to succeed than earlier ones? There are two answers. The first is that past mergers may have been judged too harshly. The second is that the present rash of European deals does look more rational, but—and the caveat is crucial—only so far. The pattern may not hold. M&A's poor reputation stems not only from the string of spectacular failures in the 1990s, but also from studies which showed value destruction for acquiring shareholders in 80% of deals. But more recent studies by economists have introduced a note of caution. Investors should look at the number of deals that succeed or fail (typically measured by the impact on the share price), rather than (as you might think) weighing them by size. For instance, no one doubts that the Daimler-Chrysler merger destroyed value. The combined market value of the two firms is still below that of Daimler alone before the deal. This single deal accounted for half of all German M&A activity by value in 1998 and 1999, and probably dominated people's thinking about mergers to the same degree. Throw in a few other such monsters and it is no wonder that broad studies have tended to find that mergers are a bad idea. The true picture is more complicated.

The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints (1)_____ the construction of ideal states, such as (2)_____ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected (3)_____ valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato"s Republic, in (4)_____ the relationship of the individual to the state was (5)_____ out painstakingly without reference to (6)_____ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero"s De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in (7)_____. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it (8)_____ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was (9)_____ to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the "guarantor" of Rome. All constitutional (10)_____ was a method of conferring and administering the (11)_____. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the (12)_____, the family heads who formed the original senate, (13)_____ the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to (14)_____ the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved (15)_____ to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on (16)_____ months, and later extending its possession to lower officials. (17)_____ the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing (18)_____ authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only (19)_____ the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous (20)_____, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.

If you"re like most people, you"re way too smart for advertising. You flip right past newspaper ads and never click on ads online. That, at least, is what we tell ourselves. But what we tell ourselves is nonsense. Advertising works, which is why, even in hard economic times, Madison Avenue is a $34 billion-a-year business. And if Martin Lindstrom, author of the best seller Buyology and amarketing consultant, is correct, trying to tune this stuff out is about to get a whole lot harder. Lindstrom is a practitioner of neuro-marketing research, in which consumers are exposed to ads while hooked up to machines that monitor brain activity, pupil dilation, sweat responses and flickers in facial muscles, all of which are markers of emotion. According to his studies, 83% of all forms of advertising principally engage only one of our senses: sight. Hearing, however, can be just as powerful, though advertisers have taken only limited advantage of it. Historically, ads have relied on jingles and slogans to catch our ear, largely ignoring everyday sounds. Weave this stuff into an ad campaign, and we may be powerless to resist it. To figure out what most appeals to our ear, Lindstrom wired up his volunteers, then played them recordings of dozens of familiar sounds, from McDonald"s ubiquitous "I"m Lovin" It" jingle to birds chirping and cigarettes being lit. The sound that blew the doors off all the rest—both in terms of interest and positive feelings—was a baby giggling. The other high-ranking sounds, such as the hum of a vibrating cell phone, an ATM dispensing cash, and etc, were less primal but still powerful. In all of these cases, it didn"t take a Mad Man to invent the sounds, infuse them with meaning and then play them over and over until the subjects internalized them. Rather, the sounds already had meaning and thus triggered a cascade of reactions: hunger, thirst, happy anticipation. "Cultural messages that get into your nervous system are very common and make you behave certain ways," says neuroscientist Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine. Advertisers who fail to understand that pay a price. Lindstrom admits to being mystified by TV ads that give viewers close-up food-porn shots of meat on a grill but accompany that with generic jangly guitar music. One of his earlier brain studies showed that numerous regions, jump into action when such discordance occurs, trying to make sense of it. TV advertisers aren"t the only ones who may start putting sound to greater use, retailers are also catching on. Lindstrom is consulting with clients about employing a similar strategy in European supermarkets.

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women"s emancipation in Western societies. (46) Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference", or equity as distinct from equality. They contend that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women"s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. (47) By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates women"s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. (48) Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. (49) Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women"s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers. They demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women"s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. (50) But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women"s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge. Notes: emancipation n.解放。equity n.公平。procreative 生育的。undervalue vt. 低估...的价值。celebrate vt.颂扬。quest n.寻求。downplay vt.贬低,低估。lose ground 退却,失利。maternity benefit产妇津贴。pitfall n.隐患。appropriate vt.盗用。adversary n.敌手。endorse vt.赞同。patriarchal家长制的

Today business cards are distributed by working people of all social classes, illustrating not only the uniquity of commercial interests but also the fluidity of the world of trade. Whether one is buttonholing potential clients for a carpentry service, announcing one"s latest academic appointment, or "networking" with fellow executives, it is permissible to advertise one"s talents and availability by an outstretched hand and the statement "Here"s my card." As Robert Louis Stevenson once observed, everybody makes his living by selling something. Business cards facilitate this endeavor. It has not always been this way. The cards that we use today for commercial purposes are a vulgarization of the nineteenth-century social calling cards, an artifact with a quite different purpose. In the Gilded Age, possessing a calling card indicated not that you were interested in forming business relationships, but that your money was so old that you had no need to make a living. For the calling-card class, life was a continual round of social visits, and the protocol(礼遇) governing these visits was inextricably linked to the proper use of cards. Pick up any etiquette manual predating World War I, and you will find whole chapters devoted to such questions as whether a single gentleman may leave a card for a lady; when a lady must, and must not, turn down the edges of a card; and whether an unmarried girl of between fourteen and seventeen may carry more than six or less than thirteen cards in her purse in months beginning with a "J". The calling card system was especially cherished by those who made no distinction between manners and mere form, and its preciousness was well defined by Mrs. John Sherwood. Her 1887 manual called the card "the field mark and device" of civilization. The business version of the calling card came in around the mm of the century, when the formerly, well defined borders between the commercial and the personal realms were used widely, society mavens(内行) considered it unforgivable to fuse the two realms. Emily Post"s contemporary Lilian Eichler called it very poor taste to use business cards for social purposes, and as late as 1967 Amy Vanderbilt counseled that the merchant"s marker "may never double for social purposes".

Title: How to Make a Good Speech in English?Outline:1. The importance of speaking English well is known to all.2. The chief thing about speaking in English is to be brave to speak it.3. Sum up your points of view.You should write about 160-200 words neatly.

A Greeting Card Write a greeting card of about 100 words based on the following situation: Christmas is around the corner, and you think of Professor Liu, a teacher who taught you a lot when you were at university. Now write him a greeting card to express your best wishes to him. Do not sign your own name at the end of the card. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.