In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today"s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. 【C1】______.Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity. 【C2】______ This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction. Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental change" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004.【C3】______ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community"s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.【C4】______.This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today"s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.【C5】______.That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1, 600 of the 100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) The great American melting pot(熔炉) is beautifully simple in theory: colors, creeds and cultures stirred together in the land of the free. But the daily details are more difficult. (41)______. There are 43.6 million children attending public schools in America, and 2.6 million of them don"t speak English, an increase of 76% in the past decade. (42)______. Citing the close Quebec secession vote in Canada as a warning signal, U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich said last week, "We should insist on English as a common language. That"s what binds us together." Senate majority leader and Republican presidential candidate Robert Dole recently made it an element of his campaign, declaring, "We must stop the practice of multilingual education as a means of instilling (渗透) ethnic pride or as a therapy for low self-esteems." Dole last week endorsed legislation to make English the "official language" of the U.S. (43)______. (44)______. But many critics of polyglot(多语言的) America are more direct than Dole: two pending proposals would virtually dismantle the Federal Government"s 27-year support for bilingual schooling, congressional budget cuts under consideration would slash present funding "as much as two-thirds. Behind these moves lies a backlash against immigration and affirmative action programs to help minorities as well as an impatience with the failures and ideological strictures of some bilingual programs. (45)______. New York City classes, for example, are now taught in Spanish, Chinese, Haitian Creole, Russian, Korean, Arabic, Vietnamese, Polish, Bengali and French. In California the demographic(人口统计学的) change has been the most breathtaking. Thirty years ago, the state"s schools were more than three-quarters filled with white, non-Latino children. Today that proportion has dropped to 44%. A quarter of California"s 5 million public school students "do not speak English well enough to understand what is going on in a classroom" according to a 1993 report of a state watchdog agency. The agency charged that California"s bilingual bureaucracy had "calcified into a self-serving machine—an ideologically based program more concerned with the intrinsic values of bilingualism and biculturalism than with teaching English."A. Whether these students should be taught in their parental language, in the English of their new home or in bilingual classes has suddenly become a national issue.B. Bilingual education refers to using two languages in some proportion in order to facilitate learning by students who have a native proficiency in one language and are acquiring proficiency in the other.C. For a start, in explaining this concept to a child growing up in the U.S. racial mix, what language should be used?D. A "timely fashion" is a difficult expression for someone wrestling with English.E. He says he would not seek to ban the country"s many bilingual education programs, provided they "ensure people learn English in a timely fashion."F. A polyglot is a person having a speaking, reading, or writing knowledge of several languages.G. The biggest test of the language melting pot, is in the five states where three-quarters of the young newcomers live: California, New York, Florida, Texas and Illinois.

My room is three times as large as yours.

萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成 ——2004年英译汉及详解 The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.【F1】 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.【F2】 We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful.【F3】 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Na-tive American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. Sapir"s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.【F4】 Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

Title: Should There Be Compulsory Retirement Age? Time Limit: 40 minutes Word limit: about 200 words Your composition should be based on the outline below: 1. present state; 2. your explanations; 3. your suggestions.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

"It is an evil influence on the youth of our country". A politician condemning video gaming? Actually, a clergyman denouncing rock and roll 50 years ago. But the sentiment could just as easily have been voiced by Hillary Clinton in the past few weeks, as she blamed video games for "a silent epidemic of media desensitisation" and "stealing the innocence of our children". The gaming furor centers on "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas", a popular and notoriously violent cops and robbers game that turned out to contain hidden sex scenes that could be unlocked using a patch downloaded from the internet. The resulting outcry (mostly from Democratic politicians playing to the centre) caused the game"s rating in America to be changed from "mature", which means you have to be 17 to buy it, to "adults only", which means you have to be 18, but also means that big retailers such as Wal-Mart will not stock it. As a result the game has been banned in Australia; and, this autumn, America"s Federal Trade Commission will investigate the complaints. That will give gaming"s opponents an opportunity to vent their wrath on the industry. Skepticism of new media is a tradition with deep roots, going back at least as far as Socrates" objections to written texts, outlined in Plato"s Phaedrus. Socrates worried that relying on written texts, rather than the oral tradition, would "create forgetfulness in the learners" souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves". (He also objected that a written version of a speech was no substitute for the ability to interrogate the speaker, since, when questioned, the text "always gives one unvarying answer". His objection, in short, was that books were not interactive. Perhaps Socrates would have thought more highly of video games.) Novels were once considered too low-brow for university literature courses, but eventually the disapproving professors retired. Waltz music and dancing were condemned in the 19th century; all that twirling was thought to be "intoxicating" and "depraved", and the music was outlawed in some places. Today it is hard to imagine what the fuss was about. And rock and roll was thought to encourage violence, promiscuity and Satanism; but today even grannies buy Coldplay albums.

Suppose you are Li Ming. You are going to graduate from the university two weeks later. You and your classmates will hold a dinner party at that time. You all want to invite Prof. Wang to the party and now you write a letter of invitation. And your writing should include: 1) your invitation, 2) your pleasure for his presence, 3) and your further remarks. You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is【C1】______a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has【C2】______. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted【C3】______1,932 unique subjects which【C4】______pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both【C5】______. While 1% may seem【C6】______, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even【C7】______their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who【C8】______our kin." The study【C9】______found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.【C10】______, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more【C11】______it. There could be many mechanisms working to gether that【C12】______us in choosing genetically similar friends【C13】______ "functional kinship" of being friends with【C14】______! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 【C15】______than other genes. Studying this could help【C16】______why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major【C17】______factor. The findings do not simply corroborate people" s【C18】______to befriend those of similar【C19】______ backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to【C20】______that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.

A new study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B by the teams of Dr. Gregory West and Dr. Veronique Bohbot shows that【B1】______ video game players (VGPs) 【B2】______ more efficient visual attention abilities, they are【B3】______much more likely to use navigation strategies that【B4】______on the brain's reward system and not the brain's spatial memory system. Past research has shown that people who【B5】______the reward system-dependent navigation strategies have decreased grey matter and【B6】______functional brain activity in the memory system. However, the effects of intense video gaming on the brain are only beginning to be【B7】______. The study was conducted【B8】______a group of adult gamers who were spending at least six hours per week on this activity. " For more than a decade now, research has demonstrated that action video game players display more【B9】______visual attention abilities, and our【B10】______study has once again confirmed this【B11】______says first author Dr. Gregory West. "【B12】______ , we also found that gamers rely on the reward system to a greater【B13】______than non-gamers. Past research has shown that people who rely on the reward-system-dependent strategies have lower grey matter and functional brain activity in the hippocampus. This means that people who spend a lot of time playing video games may have【B14】______hippocampal integrity, which is associated with an increased risk of neurological disorders【B15】______Alzheimer' s disease." 【B16】______past research has shown video games as having positive effects on attention , it is important for future research to confirm that gaming does not have a【B17】______effect on the hippocampus. Future research using neuroimaging will be necessary to further【B18】______our current findings, and these studies should investigate the【B19】______effects of specific video games【B20】______the integrity of the reward system and hippocampus.

Ah, the naivety of the older generation. Nearly 500 eminent astronomers, biologists, chemists, physicists and earth scientists have been surveyed to identify the "core traits of exemplary scientists". Their answer? Honesty is critical, second only to curiosity, and we ought to do more to instil it in those considering science careers. Ironically, they are deceiving themselves. Researchers have never been whiter than white. Here are a couple of revealing numbers. About 2 per cent of scientists admit to at least one act of research misconduct. But as a whole, researchers say that around 14 per cent of their colleagues are involved in such behaviour. Someone's not being straight. Those figures come from a 2009 meta-analysis (far more scientifically reliable than a single sample of " honoured" academics) , that also found one-third of scientists confessed to "questionable research practices" such as cooking data, mining it for a significant result that is then presented as the original target of the study, selective publication or concealing conflicts of interest. We may never know for sure how widespread such behaviour is. According to another meta-analysis published in October, scientists are becoming less likely to admit to fabrication, falsification or plagiarism. That study also found that researchers see plagiarism as more heinous than making results up. They are more likely to report a colleague they catch in an act of plagiarism than one fabricating or falsifying data. How can this be so, when honesty is supposedly such an essential attribute? Because it gets the job done. Raymond De Vries at the University of Michigan and colleagues have argued that data manipulation based on intuition of what a result should look like is "normal misbehaviour." They see such common misbehaviours as having "a useful and irreplaceable role" in science. Why? Because of "the ambiguities and everyday demands of scientific research." In other words, data isn't often as clean as you would like. According to Frederick Grinnell, an ethicist at the University of Texas, intuition is " an important, and perhaps in the end a researcher' s best, guide to distinguishing between data and noise." Sometimes you just know that data point was an anomaly to be ignored. Should we do something to make science more virtuous? Probably not. Those eminent academics questioned for the survey by Michigan State University, which was released today at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, are hopelessly optimistic when it comes to improving ethical standards: 94 per cent of them said students can learn scientific values and virtues from "exemplary scientists."

Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical. In (1)_____ world during the fifteenth century the term "reading" (2)_____ meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of (3)_____ that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a(n) (4)_____ to others. Examination of factors related to the (5)_____ development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in (6)_____. The last century saw a steady gradual increase in (7)_____ and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners (8)_____, and thus there was some (9)_____ in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a (10)_____ activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would (11)_____ distraction to other readers. Towards the end of the century there was still (12)_____ argument over whether books should be used for information or treated (13)_____, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way (14)_____ weakening. Indeed this argument still remains with us in education. (15)_____ its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was (16)_____ by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a (17)_____ readership on the other. By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, (18)_____ not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly (19)_____ what the term "reading" (20)_____.

Every First Lady makes an impression, whether she means to or not. Some arrive at the White House already well versed in the outfit requirements of the job.【F1】 Others resent the expectations or struggle with the language of imagery out of insecurity or a failure to grasp why what makes them comfortable should be any business of the public's. In Michelle Obama's case, her image has provided a welcome distraction from the challenges and criticisms her husband faced in his first two years in office. The Administration muddles along-, the President's popularity dips and dives—Mrs. Obama just puts her best outfit outward. 【F2】______ She is as unflappable running a relay race in a pair of athletic pants as she is standing serenely on the steps of the North Portico(北门廊) in a glamorous evening gown. And she seems courageous when taking risks, never plagued by second guessing, unafraid of making a statement. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of Michelle Obama—and it is the essence of her style—is her ability to finesse the differences between the person and the persona: the private self and the projected public image.【F3】 The effortless way Obama carries herself suggests not only that she has mastered the art of blending person and persona but also that she has resolved one of the contradictions that have plagued working women in America for the better part of a century. Which is to say, the mistaken but deeply entrenched belief that style and substance define two mutually exclusive paths and that a woman has to choose one or the other. You can see this contradiction played out in the two approaches First Ladies have taken throughout history.【F4】 The style line runs from Dolley Madison to Jackie Kennedy and includes First Ladies who used style and image to advance their husbands' agendas and cultivate their own influence. The other line follows the course of 20th century feminism. It runs from Eleanor Roosevelt to Hillary Clinton—those First Ladies who broke with the traditional limits of the role and threw themselves into the political conflict, testifying at congressional hearings, challenging conventions and championing causes. What makes Obama exceptional is that she seems so at home in both camps. So at home that the whole debate about style and substance suddenly seems passe, an old-fashioned gender war, a false division enforced by narrow-minded men and women at war with themselves.【F5】 That Michelle Obama does not see style and substance as an either-or choice is a powerful statement that the underlying assumptions about women's roles and images have changed. Embodying the combination of substance and style, she has helped reconcile the long-standing hostility between them. She has, in some sense, made them one and the same.

BSection III Writing/B

It's hard to believe that Dr. Judah Folkman, the pioneering cancer researcher who succumbed to a heart attack on Monday at the age of 74, couldn't ward off death. The man whose mind pulsed with questions, ideas and the arcane details of human biology had survived the most brutal of battles long ago: scientific skepticism. When he first proposed his radical theory of angiogenesis in the 1970s—that cancer tumors grow by recruiting blood vessels for nourishment—he was derided by fellow scientists. Folkman remembered hearing researchers "laughing in the corner" or excusing themselves to go to the bathroom when he got up to speak at scientific meetings. Decades later, in May 1998, a hyperbolic James Watson told the New York Times, "Judah is going to cure cancer in two years. " Not so. But angiogenesis spawned an entire field of research, led to more than 10 new cancer drugs now on the market (with dozens more in clinical trials), and inspired young researchers to investigate bold new avenues in cancer research. Moses Judah Folkman didn't seek the limelight. The son of a rabbi, he spent a lifetime trying to answer the prayers of his patients. He was a healer, a visionary, a compassionate man with a probing intellect and a grandfatherly spirit. During my first interview with him in the midst of the 1998 media glare, Folkman offered me cookies, spent hours poring over the science,then walked me out the front door of Children's Hospital in Boston in his white lab coat to be sure I'd get home safely in a cab. This as some 2,000 newspapers and television crews around the world desperately tried to get his attention. Folkman wasn't interested in being a celebrity—he refused to be photographed alone for our cover story that week because he didn't want to be singled out for research he insisted was collaborative. He was interested in saving his patients' lives. And it was their lives, not just their medical histories, that mattered. During our interview he shared photographs of each of them as if he were showing family albums; he told me about their hobbies and their dreams. His followers—many of whom call him their hero—believe Folkman should have been awarded the Nobel Prize. Folkman believed he just had to keep asking questions. "You have to think ahead," he once told me. "Science goes where you imagine it."

Write a letter to recommend your student, David Smith, who is hunting for a job and interested in the Sales Manager position. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

On his fifty-fifth birthday the president decided to (1)_____ some prisoners of the (2)_____ age as a gesture of good will Not too many, but one, say, from each of the twenty of thirty (3)_____ prisons in the small state. They would have to be carefully selected (4)_____ not to give trouble once they were out. Men perhaps had been so (5)_____ in prison that they had ceased to have and real contact with the outside world. None of them was to be told a (6)_____ of his (7)_____ liberty. Mario was therefore (8)_____ when he was called to the Governor"s office one morning and told he was to be set (9)_____ next day. He had spent almost three quarters of. his life in (10)_____ working out a life sentence (11)_____ stabbing a policeman to death. He was a dull-witted man with no relations (12)_____ and no friends except his prison mates. The following morning was clear and bright. Mario (13)_____ no opportunity to say goodbye to (14)_____ but a guard (15)_____ him to the prison gates and wished him g6dspeed. Alone, he set off up the long white road leading to the town. The traffic, the incessant noise, the absence (16)_____ the secure prison walls terrified him. Presently he "sat down by the side of the road to think (17)_____. After he had thought for a long time, for his brain worked slowly, he (18)_____ a decision. He remained he was, waiting patiently until at last he saw a police car (19)_____ When it was near enough, he darted out into the road, obliging it to stop with a squeal of brakes. He had with him a little knife. When the young police officer got out of the car demanding (20)_____ what was wrong, Mario stabbed him very neatly just behind the right ear.

Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,thenpointoutthereasonsoflaunchingthespaceships,andgiveyourcomment.

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper"s publisher said back in 2010. Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there"s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn"t just expensive; it" s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don"t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print and sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mis take, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti. Peretti says the Times shouldn"t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you"re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you." Sometimes that"s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as a blunder," he said. The more turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in change at the Times"? "I wouldn"t pick a year to end print," he said. "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product." The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they"d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you" re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you"re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $ 500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription. "It"s a really hard thing to do and it"s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn"t have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we"re going to have questions like that where we have things we"re doing that don"t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it"s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."

TV is so often a parent"s good Mend, keeping kids happily occupied so the grownups can cook dinner, answer the phone, or take a shower. But【C1】______that electronic babysitter is not an educational【C2】______According to a recent research, babies who watch TV are more likely to have【C3】______cognitive development and language at 14 months,【C4】______if they"re watching programs【C5】______for adults and older children. It"s surprising that TV-watching made a【C6】______at such a tender age. This new study【C7】______259 lower-income families in New York, most of whom spoke Spanish as their【C8】______language at home. Other studies examining higher-income families have come to the【C9】______conclusion: TV watching not only isn"t educational, but it seems to【C10】______babies" development. Babies who watched 60 minutes of TV daily had developmental【C11】______one-third lower at 14 months than babies who weren"t watching that much TV. The【C12】______may be due to the fact that when kids and parents are watching TV, they"re【C13】______talking, playing, and interactions that are【C14】______to learning and development. But what about "【C15】______" TV, like Sesame Street? The researchers didn"t find any pluses or minuses when【C16】______to non-educational programs designed for small children, like Sponge-Bob SquarePants.【C17】______research by some of the same scientists has found that parents whose children watch non-educational TV programs like SpongeBob SquarePants spend【C18】______time reading to their children or teaching them. The latest study of educational TV programs like Sesame Street adds more【C19】______to a recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics that babies under age【C20】______watch no TV at all.