In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like "serious illness of a family member" were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women"s magazines ran headlines like "Stress causes illness". If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even ff stressful events are dangerous, many—hke the death of a loved one- are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription(处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we"re all vulnerable(脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity(逆境). But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.

On the night of September 2, 1666, a fire broke【B1】in bakers shop near Fish Street Hill in London. Before the flames were finally【B2】, nearly the entire city had been reduced【B3】ashes. Over thirteen thousand homes, fifty churches, and numerous public buildings and hospitals were【B4】in the blaze. For all practical purposes, London was destroyed. The great fire was not seen as a total tragedy,【B5】. The deplorable conditions of the city had been attacked by physicians and humanitarians for years before the fire; thus, with the opportunity clearly presented to create a shining new city, artists and craftsmen from all over England hurried to submit their designs【B6】the rebuilding of London. 【B7】those who submitted plans was Sir Christopher Wren, one of England"s leading architects and the Surveyor General of London. The task of rebuilding the city was【B8】to him. Wren realized that the Great Fire would not have been so【B9】if the city had been better laid out: broader streets were needed to replace the crooked. 【B10】alleys overhung with dilapidated wooden houses and shops. He also felt that redesigning the main thorough-fares of London would result in increased and more effective transportation within the city.

A: Good morning, Peter, how are you? B: ______. A: Very well, thank you.

One of the most pressing challenges that the United States--and indeed, the world--will face in the next few decades is how to alleviate the growing stress that human activities are placing on the environment. The consequences are just too great to ignore. Wildlife habitats are being degraded or disappearing altogether as new developments take up more land. Plant and animal species are becoming extinct at a greater rate now than at any time in Earth"s history. As many as 30 percent of the world"s fish stocks are overexploited. And the list goes on. Yet, there is reason to have hope for the future. Advances in computing power and molecular biology are among the tremendous increases in scientific capability that are helping researchers gain a better understanding of these problems. Recent developments in science and technology could provide the basis for some major, and timely actions that would improve our understanding of how human activities affect the environment. One priority for research is improving hydrological forecasting. It has been estimated that the world"s water use could triple in the next two decades. Already, widespread water shortages have occurred in parts of China, India, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. The need for water also is taking its toll on freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Only 2 percent of the nation"s streams are considered in good condition, and close to 40 percent of native fish species are rare to extinct. Using a variety of new remote sensing tools, scientists can learn more about how precipitation affects water levels, how surface water is generated and transported, and how changes in the landscape affect water supplies. To prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans, more study is needed on how pathogens, parasites, and disease-carrying species--as well as humans and other species they infect--are affected by changes in the environment. The overuse of antibiotics both in humans and in farm animals has contributed to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Researchers can take advantage of new technologies in genetics and computing to better monitor and predict the effects that environmental changes might have on disease outbreaks. Humans have made alterations to Earth"s surface--such as tropical deforestation, reduction of surface and ground water, and massive development--so dramatic that they approach the levels of transformation that occurred during glacial periods. Such alterations cause changes in local and regional climate, and will determine the future of agriculture. Recent advances in data collection and analysis should be used to document and better understand the causes and consequences of changes in land cover and use.

To speed______ your entry, please bring your Admission Card with you.

Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.

A: George, I would like to introduce a friend of mine, if I may, Albert Snow. Albert, this is George Smith. B:______

After a 300 million yuan renovation project, Lidai Diwang Miao, or the Imperial Temple of Emperors of Successive Dynasties, was reopened to the public last weekend. Originally constructed about 470 years ago, during the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, the temple was used by emperors of both the Ming and Qing to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. It underwent two periods of renovation in the Qing Dynasty, during the reigns of emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong. From 1929 until early 2000, it was part of Beijing No. 159 Middle School. The temple"s Jingdechongsheng Hall contains stone tablets memorializing 188 Chinese emperors. The finzhuan bricks used to pave the floor, the same as those used in the Forbidden City, are finely textured and golden-yellow in color. According to Xi Wei, an official from the Xicheng District government present at the re-opening of the temple, jinzhuan bricks were made in Yuyao, Suzhou, specially for imperial use. The renovation was done strictly according to that carded out at the orders of Emperor Qianlong, and only those sections of the temple too damaged to repair have been replaced.

By the time she is 50 years old, she ______ an inmate of the prison for over half of ______ her life.

Susan: I thought you were going to the conference in USA last Saturday. Gordon: ______, but I haven"t been feeling well, so I stayed home.

Medicine Directions Take two tablets with warm water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For maximum nighttime and early morning relief, take two tablets at bedtime. Do not exceed six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the adult dosage. For children under six years old consult your doctor. Reduce dosage if nervousness, restlessness, or sleeplessness occurs.

Application for admission to the Graduate School at this university must be made on forms provided by the Director of Admission. An applicant whose undergraduate work was done at another institution should request that two copies of undergraduate transcripts and degrees be sent directly to the Dean of Graduate School. Both the application and transcripts must be on file at least one month prior to the registration date, and must be accompanied by a nonrefundable ten-dollar check or money order to cover the cost of processing the application. Students who have already been admitted to the Graduate School but were not enrolled during the previous semester should reapply for admission using a special form available in the office of the Graduate School. It is not necessary for students who have previously been denied admission to resubmit transcripts; however, new application forms must accompany all requests for reconsideration. Applications should be submitted at least eight weeks in advance of the session in which the student wishes to enroll.

After a 300 million yuan renovation project, Lidai Diwang Miao, or the Imperial Temple of Emperors of Successive Dynasties, was reopened to the public last weekend. Originally constructed about 470 years ago, during the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty the temple was used by emperors of both the Ming and Qing to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. It underwent two periods of renovation in the Qing Dynasty, during the reigns of emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong. From 1929 until early 2000, it was part of Beijing No. 159 Middle School. The temple"s Jingdechongsheng Hall contains stone tablets memorializing 188 Chinese emperors. The finzhuan bricks used to pave the floor, the same as those used in the Forbidden City, are finely textured and golden-yellow in color. According to Xi Wei, an official from the Xicheng District government present at the re-opening of the temple, finzhuan bricks were made in Yuyao, Suzhou, specially for imperial use. The renovation was done strictly according to that carded out at the orders of Emperor Qianlong, and only those sections of the temple too damaged to repair have been replaced.

Jack: ______ Mary: How are you going to be able to fall asleep if you keep on like this?

In 1985, the Coca-Cola company made the decision to change the formula(配方) of its leading soft drink. The change was based on the findings of many market studies. These studies had shown that the general response to the new product was good. However, the change of the traditional. Coca-Cola by New Coke was rejected by the majority of drinkers. In fact, the company had to step back and restart production of the old formula of Coca-Cola. The most important reason why New Coke was rejected was the emotional relationship that existed between drinkers and the old soft drink formula, Drinking Coca-Cola had become a tradition for many people over its 99 years of existence. The change made by the company was not only in Coke"s formula but also in the traditional values and memories that it represented to the drinkers. "We had taken away more than the product Coca-Cola. We had taken away a little part of them and their past". The drinkers rejected this "improvement" because "they believed that Coke stood for traditional value,…so they felt betrayed when the product changed completely overnight". Although a lot of research was done by Coca-Cola company, it didn"t show the depth of drinkers" emotion for the product. The studies took many forms, but none of the tests was able to measure the degree of personal and emotional reactions caused by the disappearance of the old, traditional Coca-Cola. The weakness of the research was that it was mainly quantitative in form. The result was only numbers that could not show the deep meaning the product had for many people. A more extensive study focusing on the qualitative aspects of the change would perhaps have been able to demonstrate the close relationship existing between drinkers and product.

I didn"t ______ to take a taxi but I had to as I was late.

If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain【B1】consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family【B2】he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance【B3】the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to【B4】old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to【B5】the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation【B6】and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be【B7】. He must either sell some of his property or【B8】extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low【B9】of interest, but loans of this kind are not【B10】obtainable.

Customer: Excuse me! Clerk: Yes, ma"am? What can I do for you? Customer: I have a problem with this coffee maker, and I want my money back. Clerk: ______? Customer: The problem is that it doesn"t work! I"ve only used it three times.

Why are mobiles so popular? Because people love to talk to each other. And it is easier with a mobile phone. In countries like Russia and China, people use the mobile phone in places where there is no ordinary telephone. Business people use mobiles when they"re traveling. In some countries, like Japan, many people use their mobile phones to send e-mail message and access the Internet. They use a new kind of mobile phone called "i-mode". You can even use a mobile phone to listen to music. Mobile phones are very fashionable with teenagers. Parents buy mobile phones for their children. They can call home if they are in trouble and need help. So they feel safer. But teenagers mostly use them to keep in touch with their friends or play simple computer games. It"s cool to be the owner of a small expensive mobile. Research shows that teenage owners of mobile phones smoke less. Parents and schools are happy that teenagers are safer and smoke less. But many people dislike them. They hate it when the businessman opposite them on the train has a loud conversation on his phone. Or when the mobile phone rings in a cafe or restaurant. But there is a much more serious problem. It"s possible that the mobile phone can heat up the brain because we hold the phone so close to our head. Scientists fear that mobiles can perhaps be bad for your memory and even give you cancer.