问答题Lange, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines, (1){{U}}But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories.{{/U}} Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. (2){{U}}Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss, but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too.{{/U}} According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive, (3){{U}}Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.{{/U}} Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs

问答题The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition. with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services axe produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen m maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

问答题Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs ＆ Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with about 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Translate the five underlined sentences into Chinese. March 27, 1997, dawned as a normal day at the Collins' home. By the middle of the morning, Jack Collins was at his desk, writing checks, paying bills the way he always had: on time. Then the phone rang, and the nightmare began. (31){{U}}An investigator for a bank was on the line, asking in a severe voice why Collins, a university physicist, was late on payments for a $27, 000 car, bought in Virginia the previous year.{{/U}} "I don't have a car like this," Collins protested. The last time he had set foot in Virginia was as an officer at a submarine base, three decades ago. But his name was on the contract, and so was his Social Security Number. During the months that ensued, he and his wife learned that someone had bought four more cars and 28 other items-worth $113,000 in all-in their name. Their hitherto good credit record had been destroyed. (32){{U}}"After a lifetime of being honest," says Collins, "all of a sudden I was basically being accused of stealing and treated like a criminal. "{{/U}} This is what it means to fall prey to a nonviolent but frightening and fast-growing crime: identity theft. It happens to at least 500, 000 new victims each year, according to government figures. (33){{U}}And it happens very easily because every identification number you have--Social Security, credit card, driver's license, telephone-- "is a key that unlocks some storage of money or goods," says a fraud (欺诈) program manager of the US Postal Service. "{{/U}}So if you throw away your credit card receipt and I get it and use the number on it, I'm not becoming you, but to the credit card company I've become your account. " (34){{U}}One major problem, experts say, is that the Social Security Number (SSN)-- originally meant only for retirement benefit and tax purposes--has become the universal way to identify people. {{/U}}It is used as identification by the military, colleges and in billions of commercial transactions. Yet a shrewd thief can easily snatch your SSN, not only by stealing your wallet, but also by taking mail from your box, going through your trash for discarded receipts and bills or asking for it over the phone on some pretext. Using your SSN, the thief applies for a credit card in your name, asking that it be sent to a different address than yours, and uses it for multiple purchases. A couple of months later the credit card company, or its debt collection agency, presses you for payment. You don't have to pay the debt, but you must clean up your damaged credit record. (35){{U}}That means getting a police report and copy of the erroneous contract, and then using them to clear the fraud from your credit report, which is held by a credit bureau. {{/U}}Each step can require a huge amount of effort.

问答题Directions: Write a summary of the following passage in no less than 80 words. Your summary should contain the main ideas of the original passage and be clearly written down on the AN SWER SHEET. In addition to food and shelter, man has a third basic need. This is clothing. Modern man wears clothing for three purposes: for protection, for decoration, and for modesty. It is thought that prehistoric man wore clothing for a fourth reason, as a kind of magic. For example, he may have worn the skins of animals either to celebrate his victories over them, or perhaps to gain strength and wisdom from the animals he had killed. Until fairly recently it was possible to use only natural materials of various kinds for the making of clothing. Both plants and animals supply these natural materials. From plants we get cotton and linen. From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs. Wool was one of the first fibers to be used for cloth, and for a long time it was the most common textile fiber in Europe. The fiber which we call wool comes mainly from sheep, but the hair of a few other animals is also used for cloth. Cotton has been used for over three thousand years, especially in warm countries. Cotton material was not known in Europe until much later. Material made from the cotton plant can be very soft, cool and comfortable. The finest cotton materials were very expensive at one time, and only the rich people could buy them. Two other fibers, linen and silk, have also been used extensively in the making of clothing. In addition to the natural materials from plants and animals, modern man now has cloth which is made synthetically. In the twentieth century, man has learned to create completely synthetic fibers. These are made from coal, glass, petroleum, milk and wood. Nylon, dacron and orlon are the names of a few of these synthetic fibers. Recent synthetic products include disposable paper clothing and artificial leather. In many ways synthetic fibers are much better than natural fibers. It is possible to create specific fibers to be used for specific purposes. Of all the fibers now used by man, a very large percentage is man-made.

问答题The key position and role of women in the process of development is increasingly being recognized. Although the three great World Conferences of Women were more concerned with recognizing and compiling approaches to emancipation, we can currently confirm a general sharpening of awareness. It has become clear that the Third World cultures, in earlier times strongly matriarchal, have been weakened in this respect by the methods of colonial education which are almost exclusively directed towards the male. Of the many criticisms of this situation let one voice be heard: "Development education groups and programs are very much male dominated and lack woman's perspective". So, too, the hopes placed in vocational training—"vocationalization"—as an aid to equality have been disappointed since this in its turn was to large extent focused on the male. In these circumstances we should not be surprised that until now women have participated least in the educational processes which have been introduced. Only 20% attend primary school and the percentage of those who leave early is highest among girls. Because of the lack of basic training only around 10% take part in Adult Education programs; hence it is vitally important to secure a turning point by increasing the awareness of the need for education.

问答题Part B Directions: In this section, you are required to write a composition entitled "Innovatory Spirit" You should write more than 150 words neatly. Outlines: (1)Significance of innovatory spirit (2)Your understanding about it (3)How to cultivate it

问答题Directions: You are to write a composition on topic "The Problem of Heavy Traffic" in no less than 120 words according to the outline given below. Your composition must be clearly written on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1. The heavy traffic in the cities2. The possible solutions3. The conclusion

问答题在本公司服务期间，他的工作表现相当出色。其工作能力非常好，并且在人际关系上也极有协调能力。

问答题Directions: You bought a digital camera in a store last week, and you have found that there is something wrong with it. Write a letter to the store manager to explain the problem, express your complaints and suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

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问答题Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. (1) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have done. (2) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (3) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental question: is this the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. (4) Arguing from the point of view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical" . In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (5) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

问答题Outline:1. People living in the country may enjoy several advantages that people in the city can not.2. People living in cities have much more to enjoy.3. People will continue to argue over the questions.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethephotobriefly,speculatingaboutwhatsheisthinkingof,2)statedifferentviewsonpart-timejobs,and3)giveyourownopinion.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题The quantity theory of money holds that the money supply, multiplied by the rate at which it circulates (called velocity 称做周转率) , equals nominal income. Nominal income in turn is the product of real output and prices. But does money supply directly boost nominal income, or does nominal income affect velocity and the demand for money? The mechanism is murky. Central banks control the narrowest measure of the money supply, called the monetary base (货币基数) —typically, currency plus the reserves that commercial banks hold with the central bank. But the relationships between the monetary base, broader monetary aggregates and nominal income is highly unstable. Central banks have mostly given up trying to target inflation via the money supply. Instead, they study the "output gap" between total demand and the economy's potential to supply goods and services, determined by such things as the labour force and capital stock, as well as inflation expectations. When demand exceeds supply, inflation rises. When it falls short, inflation falls, and in the extreme becomes deflation. To influence demand, the central banks move a short-term interest rate up or down by adjusting the supply of bank reserves. Changes in the policy rate ripple out to all interest rates paid by borrowers.

问答题Directions: In this part, you are asked to write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should 1 ) interpret the table and 2) give your comments. You should write at least 150 words, Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. 某城市人们度假方式的变化情况 Year 2000 2005 2009 Traveling 37% 51% 76% Staying at home 63% 49% 24%

问答题All other previous attempts to solve the problems of dreams have concerned themselves directly with the obvious dream-content as it is retained in the memory. They have sought to obtain an interpretation of the dream from this content, or, if they did without an interpretation, to base their, conclusions concerning the dream on the evidence provided by this content. We, however, are confronted by a different set of data; for us a new psychic material places itself between the dream-content and the results of our investigation: the latent dream-content, or dream-thoughts, which axe obtained only by our method. We develop the solution of the dream from this latent content, and not from the manifest dream-content. We are thus confronted with a new problem, an entirely novel task — that of examing and tracing the relations between the latent dream thoughts and the manifest dream-content, and the processes by which the latter has grown out of the former. The dream-thoughts and the dream-content present themselves as two descriptions of the same content in two different languages; or, to put it more clearly, the dream-content appears to us as a translation of the dream-thoughts into another mode of expression, whose symbols and laws of composition we must learn by comparing the origin with the translation. The drearn thoughts we can understand without further trouble the moment we have discovered them. The dream-content is, as it were, presented in hieroglyphics(象形文字), whose symbols must be translated, one by one, into the language of the dream-thoughts. It would of course be incorrect to attempt to read these symbols in accordance with their values as pictures, instead of in accordance with their meaning as symbols.

问答题题目要求写的是一封简短的祝贺信。祝贺信的写作要领包括： 1．直接报告喜讯或表达听到喜讯的心情。 2．报告喜讯的详细内容或对喜讯的积极评价。 3．希望对方能够分享快乐或衷心的祝愿。 写祝贺信的时候要特别注意以下几点： 1．祝贺信是与收信人加深友好关系的好机会，信中应该洋溢着喜悦。 2．要写清楚祝贺的具体事项。 3．感情真切，不能言过其实，显得虚伪。 4．信中应该包含与该事项相关的期盼。

问答题The fear of Americanization of the planet is a more ideological paranoia than reality. There is no doubt that, with globalization, English has become the general language of our time, as was Latin in the Middle Ages; and it will continue its ascent, since it is an indispensable instrument for international transactions and communication. But does this mean that English necessarily develops at the expense of the other great languages? Absolutely not. In fact, the opposite is true. The vanishing of borders and an increasingly interdependent world have created incentives for new generations to learn and assimilate other cultures, not merely as a hobby, but also out of necessity, because the ability to speak several languages and navigate comfortably in different cultures has become crucial for professional success. Consider the case of Spanish. Half a century ago, Spanish speakers were an inward- looking community; they projected themselves in only very limited ways beyond their traditional linguistic confines. Today, Spanish is dynamic and thriving, gaining beachheads or even vast landholdings on all five continents. That there are between 25 and 30 million Spanish speakers in the United States today explains why the two recent U.S. presidential candidates—the Texas governor George W Bush and the vice-president A1 Gore—campaigned not only in English, but also in Spanish.

问答题What, then, does Drucker suggest are the new knowledge-based industries on which economic growth will depend? He discusses three categories of such industries. The first of these is the information industry. This industry collects, stores, spreads, and applies knowledge It depends on the computer. In the future, however, the computer itself will probably become less important than communicating and applying knowledge. Drucker foresees a central computer that will make information available to everyone. Another source of new industries is the science of the oceans. New technologies may help to supply food and minerals from the seas. A third new source of economic growth is the materials industry. This industry provides the materials for making objects. One such industry that has already become economically important is the plastic industry. Drucker explains that throughout history our traditional materials have been metals, glass, natural fibers, and paper. Today, with the help of modern science, industries can make many new materials to meet specific needs. Because they will be created to fit a certain product, they will be highly efficient. Consequently, he points out, industries that supply traditional materials such as steel or glass will have trouble competing with those that produce these new materials.