By the time you have completed the essential training, you ______exposed to virtually every new feature of the course.
How much sleep does a person need?【B1】the physiological bases of the need for sleep remain conjectural(猜想), rendering conclusive answers to this question impossible, much evidence has been gathered on how much sleep people do in fact obtain. Perhaps the most important conclusion to be【B2】from this evidence is【B3】there is great variability among individuals in total sleep time. For adults,【B4】between six and nine hours of sleep as a nightly average is not unusual, and 7.5 hours probably best expresses the norm. Such norms, of course, forms inevitably vary with the criteria of sleep employed. The most【B5】and reliable figures on sleep time, including those cited here, come from studies in sleep laboratories, where EEG criteria are employed. 【B6】consistently has been associated with the varying amount, quality, and pattern of electrophysiologically defined sleep. The newborn infant may spend an average of about 16 hours of each 24-hour period in sleep,【B7】the sleep time drops sharply; by two years of age, it may【B8】from nine to 12 hours. Decreases to approximately six hours have been observed among the elderly. 【B9】will be discussed from below, EEG sleep studies have indicated that sleep can be considered to consist of several different stages. Developmental changes in the relative proportion of sleep time【B10】in these sleep stages are as striking as age-related changes in total sleep time.
Peter: Why not join us this Saturday and tell us about your adventures in Russia? Keith: ______.
In the United States elementary education begins at the age of six. At this stage nearly all the teachers are women, mostly married. The atmosphere is usually very friendly, and the teachers have now accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested. The old authoritarian (要绝对服从的) methods of education were discredited (不被认可) rather a long time ago—so much so that many people now think that they have gone too far in the direction of trying to make children happy and interested rather than giving them actual instruction. The social education of young children tries to make them accept the idea that human beings in a society need to work together for their common good. So the emphasis is on cooperation rather than competition throughout most of this process. This may seem curious, in view of the fact that American society is highly competitive; however, the need for making people sociable in this sense has come to be regarded as one of the functions of education. Most Americans do grow up with competitive ideas, and obviously quite a few as criminals, but it is not fair to say that the educational system fails. It probably does succeed in making most people sociable and ready to help one another both in material ways and through kindness and friendliness.
Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern foot-bailer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey(猎物) into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter"s triumph of killing his prey. To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers. Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use—that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
The museum has been temporarily closed______the public.
A: Hi! Aren"t we in the same English class? B: ______. A: Nice to meet you, Sue. I"m George.
Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to【B1】others to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can perform. But in the 19th century the mass production of goods resulting from the Industrial Revolution made person to person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that【B2】the development of the rail way and highway made person-to-person selling too slow and expensive. At the same time mass communication first newspapers and magazines then radio and television made mass selling through【B3】possible. The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best interests to take the action the advertiser is recommending. The action【B4】be to purchase a product use a service vote for a political candidate or even to join the Army. Advertising as a【B5】developed first and most rapidly in the United States. The country that uses it to the greatest extent. In 1980 advertising expenditures in the U.S. exceeded 55 billion dollars or【B6】2 percent of the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.2 percent of its gross national product【B7】advertising. 【B8】advertising brings the economies of mass selling to the manufacturer it produces benefits for the consumer as well. Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far【B9】than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally advertising【B10】for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazine and newspapers.
Living things can sense and ______ changes in their surroundings.
Susan: Do you think we should accept Johnson"s research proposal? Barry: I don"t know. ______
When we conduct foreign trade, the importance of understanding the language of a country cannot be underestimated. The successful marketer must achieve export communication which requires a thorough understanding of the language as well as the ability to speak it. Those who deal with advertising should be concerned less with obvious differences between languages and more with the exact meanings expressed. A dictionary translation is not the same as an idiomatic interpretation, and seldom will the dictionary translation meet the needs. A national producer of soft drinks had the company"s brand name impressed in Chinese characters which were phonetically(按照发音地) accurate. It was discovered later, however, that the translation"s literal meaning was "female horse fattened with wax", hardly the image the company sought to describe. So carelessly translated advertising statements not only lose their intended meaning but can suggest something very different including something offensive or ridiculous. Sometimes, what was translated was not an image the companies had in mind for their products. Many people believe that to fully appreciate the true meaning of a language it is necessary to live with the language for years. Whether or not this is the case, foreign marketers should never take it for granted that they are affectively communicating in another language.
There once was a master who came to India, perhaps from Persia. When he got there, he saw a lot of【C1】______. In India they have plenty of fruit to sell, but much of it is expensive. So he saw a big basket of some very red, long fruit, the cheapest in the shop. He bought a whole kilogram of the fruit and started【C2】______it. But after he ate some of it, his eyes and mouth【C3】______and burned, and his face became red. He coughed and choked, jumping up and down. But he still continued to eat the fruit! Some people who were【C4】______him said, " Those are hot peppers! People use them as a flavor, but only a little bit to put into food for【C5】______. You can"t just eat them【C6】______that; they"re not fruit!" But the stupid master said, "No, I can"t stop! I【C7】______money for them, and now I"ll eat them. It"s my money!" And you think that master was stupid, right?【C8】______, we sometimes do a lot of things like that. We invest money, time or effort in a relationship, business or job. Even though bitter experience tells us it won"t work, we still continue just【C9】______we"ve invested money, time, effort and love into it. Just like the man who ate the peppers and【C10】______so much but couldn"t stop because he didn"t want to waste the money he"d paid.
Passer-by: ______? Local resident: Yes, there is one near the end of the street. It"s behind the church.
In computing, passwords are commonly used to limit access to official users. Yet the widespread use of passwords has serious drawbacks. Office workers now have to remember an average of twelve system passwords. In theory they should use different passwords for each site, but in reality these would be impossible to remember, so many people use the same password for all. An additional problem is that the majority use simple words such as "hello, " or names of family members, instead of more secure combinations of numbers and letters, such as 6ANV76Y. This permits computer hackers to download dictionaries and quickly find the word that allows them access. When system users forget their passwords there is extra expense in supplying new ones, while if people are forced to change passwords frequently they often write them down, making systems even less secure. Therefore, it is clear that the idea of passwords, which have been used as security devices for thousands of years, may need rethinking. One possible alternative has been developed by the American firm Real User, and is called "passfaces. " In order to access the system a worker has to select a series of photographs of faces from a randomly(随机地)generated sequence. If the pictures are selected in the correct order, access is granted. This concept depends on the human ability to recognize and remember a huge number of different faces, and the advantage is that such a sequence cannot be told to anyone or written down, so is more secure. It is claimed that the picture sequence, which used photographs of university students, is easier to remember than passwords, and it has now been adopted for the United States Senate.
It is wise to remember that you do not have to buy anything from any salesperson. You ought to buy only those things you really need or want and can 【B1】. Try not to let your personal feelings about the salesperson 【B2】 you to make a purchase. Remember that you are entitled to ask a salesperson any question you wish 【B3】 the product or service, and you are entitled to get a clear, complete 【B4】 . You can tell the salesperson you want to think about the matter for a few days, 【B5】 that you want to talk to other people who have purchased the product or service. You can walk 【B6】 from a salesperson without a polite end to the conversation. If a salesperson telephones you, you do not have to listen to the person’s entire“lecture”or respond to it in a friendly way. You can simply interrupt the person and state that you are not interested in the product or service. You can simply 【B7】 the telephone without saying anything. There are, of course many salespeople who are genuinely interested in assisting you and in 【B8】 you reasonable products and prices. If you are in 【B9】 about the wisdom of a particular purchase, you might want to 【B10】 another person who has had experience with the product or the service that interests you. If you receive unwanted goods in the mail, you are not obligated to pay for it.
Certainly, the most popular method of traveling used by Americans is the privately-owned automobile. The vast majority of Americans have a car, and many families have two.【B1】during your visit to the United States, you may decide to rent a car to travel outside the city or to travel to other parts of the country. Car rental companies are【B2】in the telephone book and are located in most cities and towns.【B3】, there are usually rental cars at airports and train and bus stations. As is true everywhere in the world, you can rent a car【B4】the day, week, or month. Some companies【B5】have special weekend rates that you may find especially interesting if you have only a limited【B6】of time to travel around the area you are visiting. Since each company has its own rules and rates, it is a good idea to【B7】prices among companies to get the best rates to suit your purposes. For example, most car rental costs【B8】how long you plan to keep the car and how far you travel. However, some companies may include gasoline in their rates, but【B9】do not. Some companies require that you【B10】the car to its starting point; others will permit you to leave the car in another city.
Banking and financial systems filled with______and corruption hinder the region"s Success.
Speaker A: Don"t you smoke? Speaker B:______
WeatherForecastThefollowingforecastshowsforthelistedcitiestheprojectedweatherconditionsandtheexpectedrangeoftemperaturesfromtheafternoonhightotheeveninglow.
Radios today seldom need ______ or the attention of a technician.