单选题Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obviousness" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young troublemakers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan (见多识广者的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.

单选题Text 4 As a wise man once said, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, realestate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on Europeans private lives. Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. Once upon a time, people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage twenty something professionals or widowed senior citizens. While pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone, the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative—dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn't leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn't got time to get lonely because he has too much work. "I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult." Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called "The Single Woman and Prince Chaming—, thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don't last long—if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she'd never have wanted to do what her mother did—give up a career to raise a family. Instead, "I've always done what I wanted to do: live a serf-determined life/

单选题Regular child care provided outside home or by someone other than the mother does not in itself undermine(削弱) healthy emotional connections between mothers and their 15-month-old infants, according to a long-term national study. The finding holds even if care begins during the first 3 months after birth and runs for 30 hours or more per week. Among infants who receive unkind and unresponsive care from their mothers, however, the mother-child relationship may be damaged. "This research helps us put apart complexities regarding child care that have not previously been studied in detail." contends Jay Belsky, a psychologist at Pennsylvania State University. Belsky and several of his colleagues announced their findings last week at the international conference. The investigation consists of 1 153 children and their families living in or near Boston. The youngsters, no more than 1 month old when they entered the study in 1991, will be tracked until the age of 7. Experimenters administered questionnaires to mothers in their homes and videotaped baby caretakers interacting with the kids at ages 1, 6, and 15 months. Independent observers rated the quality of each child care efforts and noted infant nervousness. Unlike most previous studies, this one allows researchers to observe each caretaker's personality at child nursing, and kids' emotional reaction by the equipment. After taking family factors into account, other psychologists state that the researchers found no relation between the quality of child care and infants' response. But the experimenters contend that the boys who spent more than 30 hours per week in child care exhibited more emotion for their mothers than other boys who didn't, and the girls who spent the same hours per week in child care showed a modest rise in this emotion. Therefore, quality of child care outside home plays an important role in the connection between mothers and infants.

单选题Speaker A: I"ve got a fever and a really bad headache. Speaker B: ______

单选题 Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages. In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a cheap one. With a TV set in the family people don’t have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, or the cinema. Some people, however, think that this is where the danger comes from. The television viewers need do nothing. He makes no choice and exercises, no judgment. He is completely passive. Television keeps one informed about what is happening. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting room. On television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet here again there is a danger. We get so used to looking at the movements on it, so dependent on its pictures that it begins to control our lives. People often say that their television sets have broken down and that they have suddenly found that they have far more time to do whatever they are interested. It makes us think, doesn't it? There are many other arguments for and against television. We must realize that television itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses that determine its value to society.

单选题Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile (1) mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much (2) likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On (3) hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to (4) than in a comparable accident (5) on the roads. Motorways have no (6) bends, no roundabouts or traffic lights and (7) speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is (8) in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mph limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps (9) ten meters between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups (10) one vehicle stops for some reason--mechanical failure, driver error and so on--have become all too familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television.

单选题He added that the state government has made ______ arrangements for the conference. A. accurate B. absolute C. adequate D. active

单选题Neither the students nor the teacher ______ the movie before. A. saw B. have seen C. has seen D. having seen

单选题What is the viewer's role in the championships?

单选题 {{B}}Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage:{{/B}} Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages. In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a cheap one. With a TV set in the family people don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, or the cinema. Some people, however, think that this is where the danger comes from, The television viewers need do nothing. He makes no choice and exercises, no judgment. He is completely passive. Television keeps one informed about what is happening. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting room. On television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet here again there is a danger. We get so used to looking at the movements on it, so dependent on its pictures that it begins to control our lives. People often say that their television sets have broken down and that they have suddenly found that they have far more time to do whatever they are interested. It makes us think, doesn't it? There are many other arguments for and against television. We must realize that television itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses that determine its value to society.

单选题We are willing to allow you ______ at 10% calculated on gross profits.

单选题(The major advantage) of a large corporation (was that it) can raise large sums of money (to engage in) efficient large-scale (production).

单选题The rest of the stockholders (will receive) (his) reports (in the mail) along with a copy of (today's) proceedings.

单选题______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

单选题It's no use just telling me to do it; give me Upositive/U advice as to how to do it.

单选题Karen: Hello. Could I speak to Justin, please? Justin: ______ A. Yes, you could. B. Speaking. C. Who are you? D. Speak, please.

单选题Too many vulnerable child-free adults are being ruthlessly (无情的) manipulated into parenthood by their parents, who think that happiness among older people depends on having a grand-child to spoil. We need an organization to help beat down the persistent campaigns of grandchildless parents. It"s time to establish Planned Grandparenthood, which would have many global and local benefits. Part of its mission would be to promote the risks and realities associated with being a grandparent. The staff would include depressed grandparents who would explain how grandkids break lamps, bite, scream and kick. Others would detail how an hour of babysitting often turns into a crying marathon. More grandparents would testify that they had to pay for their grandchild"s expensive college education. Planned grandparenthood"s carefully written literature would detail all the joys of grand-child-free life: a calm living room, extra money for luxuries during the golden years, etc. Potential grandparents would be reminded that, without grandchildren around, it"s possible to have a conversation with your kids, who incidentally would have more time for their own parents. Meanwhile, most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grand-childless parents aiming to persuade their kids to produce children. They will take a call from a persistent parent, even if they"re loaded with works. In addition, some parents make handsome money offers payable upon the grandchild"s birth. Sometimes these gifts not only cover expenses associated with the infant"s birth, but extras, too, like a vacation. In any case, cash gifts can weaken the resolve of even the noblest person. At Planned Grandparenthood, children targeted by their parents to reproduce could obtain non-biased information about the insanity of having their own kids. The catastrophic psychological and economic costs of childbearing would be emphasized. The symptoms of morning sickness would be listed and horrors of childbirth pictured. A monthly newsletter would contain stories about overwhelmed parents and offer guidance on how childless adults can respond to the different lobbying tactics that would-be grandparents employ. When I think about all the problems of our overpopulated world and look at our boy grabbing at the lamp by the sofa, I wish I could have turned to Planned Grandparenthood when my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me. If I could have, I might not be in this parenthood predicament (窘境). But here"s the crazy irony, I don"t want my child-free life back. Dylan"s too much fun. (406 words)

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}Directions : Read the following four passages. Answer the questions blow each passage by choosing A, B, C and D． {{B}}Text 1{{/B}} Working at nonstandard times--evenings, nights, or weekends—is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one- third work weekends, according to Harriet B．Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades. The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts. Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents' nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages. Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for dinner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers. Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employers. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours—sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend. Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. "Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention," she says.