问答题Settlers of the Plains also had to contend with social isolation. The European pattern, whereby farmers lived together in a village and traveled each day to their nearby fields, was rare in the American West. Instead, various peculiarities of land division compelled the rural dwellers to live apart from each other. The Homestead Act of 1862 and other measures adopted to facilitate western settlement offered free or cheap plots to people who would live on and improve their property. Because most homesteads and other plots acquired by small farmers were rectangular--usually encompassing 160 acres--at most four families could live near each other, but only if they congregated around the same four-corner boundary intersection. In practice, farmers usually lived back from their boundary lines, and at least a half-mile separated farmhouses. Often adjacent land was unoccupied, making neighbors even more distant. Many observers wrote about the loneliness and monotony of life on the Plains. Men escaped the oppressiveness by working outdoors and taking occasional trips to sell crops or buy supplies. But women were more isolated, confined by domestic chores to the household, where, as one writer remarked, they were "not much better than slaves. It is a weary, monotonous round of cooking and washing and mending and as a result the insane asylum is 1/3 filled with wives of farmers."

问答题1Being a waitress is an often underrated job. 2A waitress needs the tact of a diplomat, she must be as organized as a business executive, and the ability of an acrobat. 3Serving as the link between customers and kitchen, the most demanding diners must be satisfied and the often-temperamental kitchen help must be kept tamed. 4Both groups tend to blame the waitress whenever anything goes wrong. 5Somehow, she is held responsible by the customer for any delay (even if it's the kitchens fault), for an overcooked steak, or for an unavailable dessert. 6While the kitchen automatically blames her for the diners who change their orders or return those burned steaks. 7In addition she must simultaneously keep straight who ordered what at each table, who is yelling for the check, and whether the new arrivals want cocktails or not. 8She must be sure empty tables are cleared, everyone has refills of coffee, and no one is scowling because a request for more rolls are going unheard. 9Finally the waitress must travel a hazardous route between the busy kitchen and the crowded dining room; she has to dodge a diners leg in the aisle or a swinging kitchen door. 10And you must do this while balancing a tray heaped with steaming platters, 11The hardest task of tile waitress, though, is trying to maintain a decent imitation of a smile on her face—most of the time.

问答题When Chris Lee"s wife got a job transfer from the US to Hong Kong last year, the senior project manager for a web marketing firm decided he would not work full-time anymore and would stay at home with the kids: two girls aged three and one. With his wife bringing home the bacon, Lee took the challenge of being with the kids at all times. "It is definitely rewarding having a successful career in the business world where you are appreciated by employers, customers, and co-workers," he says. "But it is more rewarding watching the kids grow and seeing all the changes they go through on a daily basis." Many fathers around the world are starting to agree with Lee. The time fathers spend with their children has increased considerably since the 1970s, experts say. Today"s dads seem a tot closer to their kids than the dads of previous generations. With these changes, fathers are suddenly a hot topic with researchers. Everything—from their sweat glands to their play habits—is under the microscope.

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问答题Even as the carnage at Lehman Brothers left thousands of employees stranded, the next generation of Wall Street hopefuls began filing back to class this month at business schools across the country. The storied banking giant's demise was an illustrative lesson for the industry and for academics--one that may lead to lasting changes in business-school curriculums. "I predict that people will spend a lot more time than they used to learning about risk management and understanding the subtleties," says Awi Federgruen, chair of the Decision, Risk and Operations Division at Columbia Business School. For more than half a century, business schools have taught the fundamentals of risk management--the study of policies and procedures to analyze and control risk --but the availability of more comprehensive electives is a relatively recent development, a direct response to the faltering U.S. financial markets. Enrollment in the University of Mississippi's risk-management-and-insurance program, one of the oldest in the country, jumped to 130 students in 2007, up from just 19 in 1995. And the number of U.S. business schools offering a concentration in risk management nearly doubled between 2005 and 2007, according to the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, while degrees in risk management are increasingly being offered at business schools around the globe. "Maybe this [crisis] will force a number of the business schools, including our own, to rethink whether we should make this part of the complete requirements," says Federgruen, referring to in-depth risk-management coursework, "rather than just counting on the students themselves to understand that this is material that they'd better learn."

问答题{{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. Necessity of economic reform 2. The benefits brought about by economic reform 3. Economic reform should continue

问答题Part A Directions: Write "A Letter of Apology" to your friend Mr.Zhang because you damaged his computer when you lived his house a few days ago. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. A Letter of Apology __________

问答题Directions: You are asked to write a composition according to the outline given below. Your composition should be not less than 120 words. You should write it clearly. (1)事业的成功与否离不开决心。 (2)举例说明成功的关键在于是否有恒心。 (3)成功的另一因素——机遇，同样不可忽视。

问答题Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Translate the five underlined sentences into Chinese. People in business can use foresight to identify new products and services, as well as markets for those products and services. An increase in minority populations in a neighborhood would prompt a grocer with foresight to stock more foods linked to ethnic tastes. (41) {{U}}An art museum director with foresight might follow trends in computer graphics to make exhibits more appealing to younger visitors.{{/U}} Foresight may reveal potential threats that we can prepare to deal with before they become crises. (42) {{U}}For instance, a capable corporate manager might see an alarming rise in local housing prices that could affect the availability of skilled workers in the region. {{/U}}The public's changing values and priorities, as well as emerging technologies, demographic shifts, economic constraints (or opportunities ), and environmental and resource concerns are all parts of the increasingly complex world system in which leaders must lead. (43) {{U}}People in government also need foresight to keep systems running smoothly, to plan budgets, and to prevent wars.{{/U}} Government leaders today must deal with a host of new problems emerging from rapid advances in technology. Even at the community level, foresight is critical：school officials, for example, need foresight to assess numbers of students to accommodate, numbers of teachers to hire, new educational technologies to deploy, and new skills for students (and their teachers) to develop. (44) {{U}}Many of the best-known techniques for foresight were developed by government planners, especially in the military, "thinking about the unthinkable".{{/U}} Pioneering futurists at the RAND Corporation (the first " think tank ") began seriously considering what new technologies might emerge in the future and how these might affect U. S. security. These pioneering futurists at RAND, along with others elsewhere, refined a variety of new ways for thinking about the future. (45) {{U}}The futurists recognized that the future world is continuous with the present world, so we can learn a great deal about what may happen in the future by looking systematically at what is happening now.{{/U}}

问答题伦敦市长恳请金融城员工把奖金捐赠给艺术领域，否则这座都市最重要的一种魅力可能遭到破坏。新发布的数据显示，商界对文化领域的投资正不断减少。 私人部门对艺术的支持——包括个人捐赠——于2008年达到了6.86亿英镑的峰值水平，但昨日发布的数据显示，商界投资额在去年下降了7%。一家推动艺术赞助的咨询机构——艺术与商业(ArtsBusiness)的一项调查显示，伦敦70%的艺术机构称，来自商界的资助额有所减少。 然而，伦敦市长在维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆(Victoria and Albert Museum)向艺术界领袖发表演讲时表示，在经济衰退期间，投资于艺术“比任何时候都更为重要”。他表示：“艺术和文化不是奢侈品，而是这座城市DNA的一部分，是人们愿意来此生活和工作的原因。每10名游客中就有7名表示，这是他们来此游览的一个原因。离开伦敦的艺术，伦敦就不能称其为伦敦。” 伦敦市长的呼吁得到了老维克剧院(Old Vic)艺术总监凯文斯佩西(Kevin Spacey)的支持，他表示：“我在这里住了7年，我真诚地相信，英国在艺术和文化领域的卓越成就，是这个国家最强大的天然资源之一。但许多艺术机构正举步维艰。如果没有政治意愿，以及企业和公众的支持，它们将很难生存下去。” 伦敦市长敦促艺术界领袖认识到，英国文化机构的成功运作对经济有一定的影响力。在英国，公共部门对戏剧产业的投资额为1.213亿英镑，但该产业却为英国创造了26亿英镑的收入。大伦敦地区政府(Greater London Authority)估计，商业创意产业为伦敦提供了50万个就业岗位，创造了200亿英镑的增加值。

问答题Changing one"s diet can be difficult because it requires new food habits and learning about alternative sources of protein and iron. Cultural barriers, such as gender, race, ethnicity, education and where you live are also involved: white men in the Midwest eat considerably more beef than their compatriots on the coasts, and education is inversely proportional to beef and meat consumption. There"s also a perceived lack of pleasure associated with going meatless because many carnivores perceive vegetarian diets as boring. In addition, historical data on rates of people adopting a vegetarian diet have risen from 0.9 percent in 1991 to about 3 percent in the U. S. now, suggesting that actions perceived as involving sacrifices of comfort or pleasure are not adopted widely. Scientists have identified several energy-saving behaviors that share the obstacles of forgoing comfort and pleasure. Line-drying clothing, for instance, results in stiff fabric that can be scratchy on the skin; shorter showers can feel cold and rushed; and setting the thermostat higher in summer can make a person feel too warm.

问答题Thegraphsbelowshowthechangeofinfantmortalityandlifeexpectancyinacountry.Writeanessayof200words.Youressaymustbebusedontheinstructionsasfollows:1.Describethegraphs.2.Givesomereasons.3.Predictthefuture.

问答题{{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. Relation between science and modem life 2. Influence of science on life 3. Science and our future

问答题从历史路径审视养老制度改革 据《中国经济周刊》报道，到10月28日，距离国家人力资源和社会保障部要求5省市进行“事业单位养老保险制度改革试点”已经过去了整整9个月。但目前广东、上海、浙江、山西、重庆5个试点省市在实施过程中普遍出现了“推进难”现象。多数省市仍在进行方案的调研、论证，其中只有广东给出了试点改革的时间表。与此同时，受“越改越少”的认识影响，一些试点地区还出现了提前退休潮。 事业单位养老保险制度改革遭遇巨大阻力和困境并非始自今日。早在1992年，原国家人事部就下发了《人事部关于机关、事业单位养老保险制度改革有关问题的通知》，在云南、江苏、福建、山东、辽宁、山西等省开始局部试点。但由于各地试点步调不一，最终没有形成全国统一的事业单位养老保险的全面改革方案。在国家财力已经大大增强、社会保障制度的方向已成共识的今天，我们也必须要承认，这一项备受社会关注、牵涉一个庞大社会群体切身利益的改革，依然需要面临复杂的利益权衡和博弈，并在经济、政治和社会心理各个层面都面临着考验。 从最直接的阻碍来看，事业单位养老保险制度改革首先面临着公平性的质疑。质疑的核心，是在于改革设计者——公务员群体本身未能成为改革的对象，依然停留在采取由财政一手包办的退休制度之上。这不仅让长期以来与公务员群体一同享受“铁保障”的事业单位人员产生了强烈的被剥夺感，也成为社会对此次改革产生疑虑的目光所向。 养老保险制度的制度公平，意味着所有的社会成员都应该被纳入这一体系之中，不应存在游离于这一制度之外，享受另一种“超稳定”、“超水平”养老方式的特殊群体。但与此同时，我们也要将其放置在中国改革的历史路径中来审视。30多年的改革历程告诉我们，中国的各项改革基本都是遵循“先易后难”的路径展开，即从阻力最小的地方开始，逐步向“深水区”推进。从养老制度改革来说，它遵循的也是这种改革步骤，从企业到事业单位，再到政府行政机构。而且改革同权力的关系越紧密，其引发的社会震动就越大。 事业单位养老保险制度改革并非孤立进行，事业单位的工资改革也在积极推进中。国务院已经做出决定，从2009年10月1日起在公共卫生与基层医疗卫生事业单位实施绩效工资；从2010年1月1日起，在其他事业单位实施。两项改革，一项关乎收入，一项关乎养老，都高度涉及事业单位阶层的利益，一项在“收入是否必然增加”的讨论中备受期待，另一项却由于保障强度的下降而陷入阻滞、观望甚至是逃避。这本身就说明，改革在迈向纵深时，利益关系随之复杂，阻力随之增大，需要全面地看待和理解，也需要协调统一来行动。

问答题For this part, you are asked to write a composition of no less than 150 words on "The Internet and Our Life" .Use at least one example to support your view point. Remember to write clearly.

问答题With another dramatic fireworks display Sunday evening at the National Stadium here, the Beijing Olympics came to a dazzling close, ending two weeks of spectacular athletic performances during an Olympic competition. Unlike in the opening ceremony, with its orderly parade of countries and their athletes, the closing ceremony brought flag bearers congregating in the middle, and athletes filing in somewhat haphazardly and many dressed less formally. Beijing had staked everything on the Games, galvanizing the nation, spending billions to rebuild the ancient capital, erecting fantastic stadiums and producing the kind of opening and closing ceremonies that can only be created in China, with tens of thousands of performers dazzling a global television audience the vibrant displays of color and mass synchronization. The 29th Olympiad was supposed to be China's coming out party, a show of its rising economic and political power and its reemergence as a global power. And in many ways it was. But the Games also turned into a dramatic show of this country's athletic power, with China hauling in 51 gold medals, enough to top the gold medal tables and unseat the United States, which won 36.

问答题1I was six years old when, one day, my dog was struck, by a car while getting ready for school. 2My mother and I heard the terrifying sound of squealing brakes. 3In a low voice, she said, Oh, my God—Blackie. 4I remember trailing her out the door and seeing a car fill with teenagers and a spreading pool of bright blood on our cobblestoned street. 5To me, it seemed only a matter of seconds until a police car pulled up. 6The officer glanced at the crumpled dog under the car. 7And drew his gun. 8My mother shouted, "No!" 9She crawled halfway under the car and took the dog, like a sack of flour, out from under the wheels, 10Her housedress was splashed with blood, she cradled the limp dog in her arms and ordered the officers to drive her to the vets office, 11It was only then that she remembered me, I think. 12She patted my head, was telling me to walk up to school, and reassured me that Blackie would be all right. 13The rest of the story including Blackie's slow recovery and few more years of life, are fuzzy and vague now. 14But the sights and sounds of those few moments are as vivid to me now as they were twenty-five years ago.

问答题Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Part A Directions: Write a letter to your company asking for resignation, stating your reason(s). You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jack Cheng" instead. Do not write the address. A Letter of Resignation

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}You are to write a composition on topic "The Problem of Heavy Traffic" in no less than 120 words according to the outline given below. Your composition must be clearly written on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/I}} {{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. The heavy traffic in the cities 2. The possible solutions 3. The conclusion