问答题A life-style that apparently exists in all societies is marriage--a socially sanctioned union between a woman and a man with expectation that they will play the roles of wife and husband. After studying extensive cross-cultural data, the anthropologist George P. Murdock concluded that reproduction, sexual relations, economic cooperation, and the socialization of offspring are functions of families throughout the world. We now recognize that Murdock overstated the matter, since there are a number of societies--for instance, Israeli kibbutz communities--in which the family does not encompass all four o[ these activities. What Murdock describes are commonly encountered tendencies in family functioning in most cultures. Societies differ in how they structure marriage relationships. Four patterns are found: monogamy, one husband and one wife are found; polygyny, one husband and two or more wives; polyandry, two or more husbands and one wife; and group marriage, two or more husbands and two or more wives. Although monogamy exists in all societies, Murdock discovered that other forms may be not only allowed but preferred. Of 238 societies in this sample, only about one-fifth were strictly monogamous. Polygyny has been widely practiced throughout the world. The Old Testament reports that both King David and King Solomon had several wives. In his cross-cultural sample of 238 societies, Murdock found that 193 of them permitted husbands to take several wives. In one-third of these polygynous societies, however, less than one-fifth of the married men had more than one wife. Usually it is only the rich men in a society who can afford to support more than one family. In contrast with polygyny, polyandry is rare among the world's societies. And in practice, polyandry has not usually allowed freedom of mate selection for women; it has often meant simply that younger brothers have sexual access to the wife of an older brother. Thus where a father is unable to afford wives for each of his sons, he may secure a wife for only his oldest son.

问答题Outline:1. Necessity of economic reform2. The benefits brought about by economic reform3. Economic reform should continue

问答题Both societies, moreover, have developed to the highest levels the arts of business and commerce, of buying and selling, and of advertising and mass producing. Few sights are more reassuring to Americans that the tens of thousands of bustling stores seen in 5apan, especially the beautiful, well-stocked department stores. To American eyes, they seem just like Macy's or Neiman Marcus at home. In addition, both Japan and America are consumer societies. The people of both countries love to shop and are enthusiastic consumers of convenience products and fast foods. Vending machines selling everything from fresh flowers to hot coffee are as popular in Japan as they are in America, and fast-food noodle shops are as common in Japan as McDonald's restaurants are in America.

问答题Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a "counterculture", as participants in the informal economy, as inventors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor—to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research. The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown, consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport, industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.

问答题{{B}}Outline:{{/B}} 1. Sources of water pollution 2. Harm of water pollution 3. Solutions

问答题You will have about thirty minutes to write at least 120 words on this task. As an executive of Home & Office Centers, you face various kinds of general correspondence. Now you are asked to write a letter of recommendation regarding Tom Stewart, a former employee. He is applying for a position of head of security at Dong-fang Office Supplies Co., Ltd. The Director of Personnel at Dong-fang is Mr. Thomas Richard.

问答题It is, everyone agrees, an extraordinary task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation. Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises. Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language.

问答题That firms which strive hard to sustain profits may act incautiously is a concern in many industries. The severity of today's financial crisis is blamed by some on the pressure of competition on banks. There is a bulky academic literature that links liberalisation of markets with an increase in bank failures. It argues that the lifting of restraints, such as interest-rate caps on deposits or rules that prevent banks from operating in certain markets, leads to more intense competition. That is good for borrowers, but it also hurts banks' profit margins by reducing the "franchise value" that comes from expected earnings. A diminished franchise is not only bad for shareholders. By reducing the stake that banks have in their own long-term survival it may make bank failures more likely. A bank that could look forward to a stream of fat profits in a sheltered market would be careful to lend prudently to avoid a bankruptcy that would destroy the franchise. But a bank earning only lean and uncertain margins on garden-variety (普通的) loans may have little to lose by gambling on riskier ventures. If these paid off, the bank would benefit. If they did not, depositors or government would pick up the bill.

问答题describethechartbriefly,2)interpretthecausesofit,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwritemorethan150wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Part A Directions: Restrictions on the drunk driving have not been so successful in some regions. Drunk driving is still going on. Write "A Letter of Suggestion" to the editors of your local newspaper. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. A Letter of Suggestion __________

问答题Directions: Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should 1) describe the table, and 2) give your comments. You should write at least 150 words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Forty years ago, a historic document was signed in Rome that was to change the economic outlook and the future of many countries in Europe. That document was the Treaty of Rome, and this year, on March 25, 1997, the European Union celebrated the 40th anniversary of its signing. A revised draft treaty on European Union (The Maastricht Treaty) was presented in Rome on that date. (1) The revised Treaty is a continuation of the process towards integration of the countries of Europe that began in 195'7. (2) The Treaty of Rome was a historic milestone on the road to European integration, but the foundations had been laid almost ten years earlier. In the aftermath of world War Ⅱ on May 9, 1950, Robert Schuman, Foreign Minister of France, proposed the pooling of coal and steel production as part of a Franco-German union. Six founding countries signed the Treaty of Paris in 1951 to form the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). A single market in coal and steel was to be set up among signatory countries. (3) Within a few months, all customs and discriminatory practices were swept away. For the coal and steel industries at least, frontiers ceased to exist. The Schuman Plan, as it was known, was the first step towards a united Europe. The signatory countries—Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands—formed the building blocks of what know today as the European Union. Six years later European leaders such as Konrad Adenauer, Paul-Henry Spaak and Jean Monnet thought it time to apply the same approach to the entire economies of the six members of the ECSC. (4) The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957 and, in effect, marked the ‘relaunching of Europe’ after the devastating of World War II. The EEC's immediate objectives were the establishment of a customs union to promote the four freedoms envisaged by the Treaty of Rome: the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital between the Member States. The Treaty also provided for a number of common policies in areas such as agriculture, external trade, transport and competition. (5) Its aim was to construct a common space in which national and common policies united to ensure stronger economic growth than was possible through the achievements of Member States acting individually. A further advance took place in 196'7, when the executives of the three communities were merged to form the European Community. The European Community was to be served by four main institutions—the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.

问答题Part B Directions: Write a composition of no less than 150 words under the topic of "The Real Name System of Mobile Phones". Your composition should be based on the following requirements: In September of 2010, the real name system of mobile phones came into effect in China. To what extent do you agree or disagree to it? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant example from your own knowledge or experience.

问答题If, therefore, we look at the speech and writing of the foreign language learner, there is little reason to doubt that we will find many mistakes which can be traced back to the mother tongue. The comedian probably gets most, though not all, of his effects by imitating the foreigner's pronunciation, but in fact evidence of the mother tongue is found on a far wider scale than this, even if it is not always recognized. It might be useful to begin this discussion by demonstrating the extent to which a learner uses features of his native language in his attempts to speak and write in the foreign language. It is necessary to figure out the effect one's mother tongue on the foreign language he is learning. If we imagine the efforts of a learner to produce the English sentence: His wife wants to pay her grandfather a visit in the old people's home, we should be able to see some of the substitutions from the mother-tongue that are made by different learners and that cause errors.

问答题Inflation has several consequences all of which are bad. First, because the real value of money tends to decline, lenders of money, such as banks, are less willing to lend or are willing to do so only at higher interest rates. This makes borrowing more expensive, and thus may cause prices to rise even further, owing to the increased cost of borrowing. Second, there are many groups of people whose incomes are fixed or whose incomes tend to rise slowly and infrequently. In a period of inflation the living standards of these people fall and, as a result, they suffer hardship. Old age pensioners are examples of one of these groups. Third, when people see the value of money being eroded, they are less willing to save. Accordingly, there is less money available for investment in the new equipment which is frequently necessary if productivity is to increase. It may be more difficult, therefore, to absorb increased production costs. Consequently, prices continue to rise.

问答题(1) China and the United States signed a historic agreement yesterday that will pave the way for Beijing to enter the World Trade Organization (WTO), 13 years after it applied to join. While Beijing has still to complete negotiations with other WTO members, the US was the toughest party to deal with. The agreement, and after six gruelling days and nights of negotiations, opens the way for China to join the world's principle trading body and is the mainland's most important economic event since December 1979. When it switched from state planning and isolationism to reform and the open-door policy. Zhang Ligang, chief executive of e-Long com, an Internet start-up firm that was illegal when it was founded last week but become legal yesterday with the lifting of a ban on foreign investment in the Net, summed up the day. "If we say that Deng Xiaoping opened China to the world in 1979, we can say that this time China has entered the world" (2) The chief US negotiator, Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky, described the deal as "profoundly important" , "absolutely comprehensive" and an excellent one for American business. At a meeting with Ms Barshevfsky yesterday afternoon, President Jiang Zemin called the deal "good, historic and realistic, and a win-win for both sides which showed that both countries saw the issue from a strategic view point. China's entry into the WTO will have profound ramifications for the country, binding her to international trading rules and encouraging foreign firms to invest by providing a system less based on rule by the idiosyncrasies of an official and more on transparent laws and regulations. It will accelerate a process of closing money-losing and over-manned state companies and moving labor and capital into market-driven businesses. In the short term, it will drive up unemployment as inefficient, capital-intensive state industries are shut down. (3) It also marks a vital victory for Prime Minister Zhu Rongji, the main proponent, along with Mr Jiang, of China's membership, who offered a similar deal in Washington in April. The war in Yugoslavia, in which Beijing sided with Sebia, and the Nato bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, froze negotiations from until September. (4) For Mr Zhu, WTO membership will serve as a motor for reform of state companies, banking, insurance, securities and other industries. At a news conference just before she left China, Ms Barshefsky said the support of the two presidents had been crucial. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jiang Zemin met in Auckland and agreed to put the talks back on track, with a deadline of the next round of WTO talks that will begin in Seattle on November 30. Beijing will eliminate non-tariff quotas within five years, some in two to three years. It will cut tariffs on imported cars from the current 80-100 percent to 25 percent by 2006 and allow foreign financial institutions to finance the purchase of cars. It will allow 49 percent foreign investment in telecommunications firms from the date of entry, rising to 50 percent in two years, and will allow foreign banks to conduct local currency business with domestic companies two years after accession and with domestic individuals five years after. Beijing also agreed to lift a ban on foreign investment in the Internet. (5) In return, Beijing received a concession on textiles, with Washington backing down from its demand that quotas on China's exports remain until 2010. Instead they will end in 2005, but with an "anti-import surge" mechanism remaining for a further four years, to prevent a flood of experts.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingchartscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethechartbriefly,2)interpretthecausesofit,and3)giveyourcommentonthetendency.Yourcompositionshouldbemorethan150words.YoushouldwriteyourcompositionneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题1The greatest of my everyday fears is technology. 2Beginning when I couldn't master bike riding and extending to the present day. 3Fear kept me from learning to operate a jigsaw, start an outboard motor, or even using a simple tape recorder. 4I almost didn't learn to drive a car. 5At age sixteen, Dad lifted the hood of our Chevy and said, All right, you're going to start learning to drive. 6Now, this is the distributor… When my eyes glazed over he shouted, "Well, I'm not going to bother if you're not interested!" 7Fortunately, the friend who later taught me to drive skipped what goes on under the hood . 8My most recent frustration is the 35mm camera. I would love to take professional-quality pictures. 9But all the numbers and dials and meters confuse me. 10As a result, my unused camera is hidden away on a shelf in my closet, 11Just last week, my sister gives me a beautiful digital watch for my birthday. 12I may have to put it on the shelf with the camera—the alarm keeps going off, and you can't figure out how to stop it.

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