Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移…注意力)us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support, a financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space. Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. When someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. When he bumps onto someone, he feels obligated to apologize. But the size of a person"s "comfort zone" depends on his cultural ethnic origin. For example, in casual conversation, many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words, they like to keep each other "at arm"s length", people in Latin or Arab cultures, in contrast, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation, the American may feel uncomfortable and back away. When Americans are talking, they expect others to respond to what they are saying. To Americans, polite conversationalists empathize by displaying expressions of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. People with a "poker face", whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression, are looked upon with suspicion. Americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. Whereas some cultures view direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, Americans see it as a sign of genuineness and honesty. If a person doesn"t look you in the eye, American might say, you should question his motives—or assume that he doesn"t like you. Yet with all the concern for eye contact, Americans still consider staring—especially at strangers—to be rude.
I have been very lucky to have won the Nobel Prize twice, It is, of course, very exciting to have such an important【C1】______of my work. but the real pleasure was in the work itself. Scientific research is like an exploraion of a voyage of discovery. You are【C2】______trying out new things that have not been done before. Many of them will lead【C3】______and you have to try something different, but sometimes an experment does【C4】______and tells you something new and that it is really exciting,【C5】______small the new finding may be. it is great to think “I am the only person who knows this” and then you will have the fun of thinking what this finding will【C6】______and of deciding what will be the【C7】______experiment. One of the best things about scientific research is that you are always doing something different and it is, never【C8】______.There are good times when things go well and bad times when they【C9】______ . Some people get discouraged at the difficult times. but when I have a failure my policy has always been not to worry but to start planning the next experiment,【C10】______is always fun.
Bill: Hello. I don"t think we"ve met. My name is Bill, Bill Collins. Everybody calls me Bill. May: ______
The manager would rather his daughter ______ in the same office.
When you are in your room, leave the door ______ so that your visitors do not have to knock.
For most kinds of activities, a large group of people can accomplish more and have more fun than one person alone. For example, politicians, businessmen, workers, and【B1】criminals know that they must join organizations in order to be【B2】. Since there is usually strength in numbers, labor unions have a more【B3】influence on wages and company policy than individual workers【B4】. A person may also belong to social clubs and athletic teams【B5】he or she can meet other people who are interested in the same activities.【B6】you have a hobby, such as playing chess, collecting coins or stamps, or playing a musical instrument, you should join a club which has【B7】meetings to talk about your activity; the other【B8】will help you learn more about it. Of course, a group must be well【B9】, or k might be a failure. All the members should work together on projects and choose good leaders to.【B10】their activities. In this way, the organization will benefit everyone in it.
Where do our favorite foods come from? The truth may【C1】______you. Did you know curry(咖喱)isn"t Indian? Did you know Americans weren"t the【C2】______to eat hamburgers? Or did you know pizza wasn"t created in Italy? First, let"s talk about curry. Many people think the English found out about curry from people in India in the 1600 s. But【C3】______, wealthy English people were cooking with curry spices hundreds of years【C4】______British ships traveled to India. In fact, the word "curry" can be found in the English language as far back as 1377. Cooks of wealthy English families created curry dishes, and later these【C5】______caught on in other parts of England. 【C6】______pizza, this dish was probably first made in Persia(what is now Iran). The Persians were eating round, flat bread with cheese in the 500s—nearly one thousand years before pizza caught on in Naples, Italy! Finally, let"s look at the truth behind【C7】______Many people think hamburgers are an American food. However,【C8】______some stories, hamburgers came from Hamburg, Germany. A German named Otto Kuasw made the first hamburger in 1891. Four years later, German sailors【C9】______hamburgers to Americans. Where foods come from isn"t nearly as【C10】______as how they taste—delicious! So, go get some of your favorite food and dig in.
A: This is like the coolest CD I"ve ever heard. B: ______. I"m trying to concentrate on my work.
In 1999, the price of oil hovered around ＄16 a barrel. By 2008, it had (21) ______ the ＄100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) ______ from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread (23) ______ in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria"s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) ______ the economic and political map of the world, (25) ______ some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) ______ major importers—including China and India, home to a third of the world"s population— (27) ______ rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central (28) ______ of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) ______ scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) ______ how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being lost to corruption, (31) ______ these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, (32) ______ some in the West see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil (33) ______ , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) ______ costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) ______ it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) ______ 128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) ______ higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) ______ for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ______ , as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) ______ the country reported a sharp increase in riders.
Cathleen: Let"s take a coffee break, shall we? Yolanda: ______but I can"t
It was______he was too clumsy to drive a car that Jim hadn"t learned to drive.
Customer: How much are the eggs? Saleswoman: ______.
They worked together and so______the task in a month.
I suggested he should______himself to his new condition.
Ted Robinson______these days.
There are nine on the list, so you are ______.
These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the great classless society. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great cliches(陈词滥调) of our time. The same old arguments are【B1】in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy(君主政体)【B2】a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that【B3】have been deprived of all political power.【B4】wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium(太平盛世) has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn"t【B5】the claim. It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out【B6】you provide every-body【B7】the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is【B8】question.) The fact is that nature dispenses(分配) brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, "survival of the【B9】", and might is right are still with us. The spread of education has【B10】the old class system and created a new one.
An old friend from abroad, ______ I was expecting to stay with me, telephoned from the airport.
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes(运动员). Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable. The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents" and coaches" criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷) in themselves. Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In today"s youth sport setting. Young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters" performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.