单选题Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets. The way of thinking in English is quite important for English learners. But how can you do that? I think the best way is to {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}as what a football player does every day. During the practice the football player will pass the ball to his {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}over and over again. So he won't have to think about passing the ball in the game, he will just do it {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}. You can {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}yourself to think in English this way. The first step is to think of the words that you use daily, simple everyday words {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}a book or cherry or tree. For example, whenever you {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}a "book" you should think of it in English instead of in your mother tongue. After you have learned to think of several words in English, then move on to the next step -- thinking in {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}. Listening and repeating is a very useful {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}to learn a language. Listen first and don't care too much about {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}you fully understand what you're hearing. Try to repeat what you hear. The more you listen, the {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}you learn. After reaching a higher level, you can try to have conversations with yourself in English. This will lead you to think in English.

单选题{{B}}Part B{{/B}}Directions: Read the following text and decide whether each of the statement is true or false. Choose A if the statement is true or B if the statement is not true. Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel Both Boeing and Airbus have trumped the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft. The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expand less energy. The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%. When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter. There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air- traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines. It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes' wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights. As it happens, America's armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. "My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin," he adds. So he should know.

单选题 We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 748 hours' sleep alternating with some 16417 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week: a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep find other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work. This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the Changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal day-time work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only adjust gradually back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far; however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.

单选题What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?

单选题The sculptors cannot control the result because ______.

单选题Passage 2 One of the most interesting of all studies is the study of words and word origins. Each language is (1) of several earlier languages, and the words of a language can sometimes be traced (2) through two or three different languages to their (3) Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and (4) a new meaning. The word "etiquette", which is (5) French origin and originally meant a label, (6) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to (7) the small tags which a store (8) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (9) , gradually developed a different meaning. It (10) became the custom to write directions on small cards or "etiquette" as to how visitors should dress themselves and (11) during an important ceremony at the royal court. (12) , the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. (13) this meaning, the word passed into English. Consider the word "breakfast". "To fast" is to go for some period of time without (14) . Thus, in the morning, after many hours (15) the night without food, one (16) one's fast. Consider the everyday English (17) "Good-bye". Many years ago, people would say to each other (18) parting: "God be with you." As this was (19) over and over millions of times, it gradually became (20) to "good-bye".

单选题______ no gravity, there would be no air around the earth, hence no life. A. If there had been B. If there was C. Had there been D. Were there

单选题What should a tenant do if he is worded about the security of his home?

单选题Speaker A: ______Speaker B: Do you know that place next to the travel agency on South Street?Speaker A: Sure. I'll go and have a look.

单选题Shop Assistant: Good morning. Can I help you? Customer:______ .I'm just looking mun &

单选题Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert ______ it means standing in a queue all night. A. provided B. whatever C. ever if D. as if

单选题For my proposed journey, the first priority was clearly to start learning Arabic. I have never been a linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French, was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormously pleasing. I enrolled as a pupil in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by a Mr. Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speak Arabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil had sent him from somewhere in the Middle East, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of local Arabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written in English. Mr. Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his school one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confused entrepreneur: "Non, Mr. Jones. Je ne suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas!" (No, Mr. Jones, I'm not French. I'm Not, Not, Not!). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name was Ahmed, was infinitely softer and less public in approach. For a couple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between, bearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiring Arabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels, wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going. I frequently despaired of ever becoming anything like a fluent speaker, though Ahmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a westerner. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple of Arabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed in English. And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentially Arabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for "people", for instance, might be nais, sah'ab or sooken. Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When I merely got the drift of a torrent which Ahmed had just released, I was childishly elated. When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right, I beamed like an idiot. And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowing Arabic script was something that did not leave me once I had mastered it. By the end of June, no one could have described me as anything like a fluent speaker of Arabic. I was approximately in the position of a fifteen-year old who, equipped with a modicum of schoolroom French, nervously awaits his first trip to Pads. But this was something I could improve upon in my own time. I bade farewell to Mr. Beheit, still struggling to drive the French negative into the still confused mind of Mr. Jones.

单选题Passage Two Top business chiefs like Indra Nooyi, Anu Agha and Shikha Sharma may have broken the glass ceiling to command their own boardrooms but these are mere exceptions rather than the norm. A new global survey reveals that women enter the workforce in large numbers but over time steadily "vaporise" from the higher ranks of organisational hierarchy. Research by a business consulting firm Bain and the company showed that organisations lost talent, with a disproportionate number of women employees at middle and senior levels leaving their jobs. "A 5% decrease in female retention, after 10 years, results in the equivalent of wiping out the benefits of increasing female recruitment from 30% to 50%," the report said. "Achieving gender parity in the workplace is possible if business leaders take a systematic and customised approach to finding out what counteracts women along the way at their organisations," Orit Gadiesh, Bain chairman and co-author of the study, said. The study showed that senior management in 75% of companies had not made gender parity a stated and visible priority, while 80% of firms had not committed adequate funding or resources to the initiatives. Other findings showed that while 66% of men reported that they believed women shared equal opportunity to be promoted to leadership and governance positions, less than a third of women felt the same. Also, while a majority of responders supported the idea of gender parity in the workplace, it was the women who voted strongly in favour of strategic commitment. More than 80% of women agreed or strongly agreed while only 48% men felt that achieving gender parity should be a critical business imperative for their organisations. Incidentally, while both men (87%) and women (91%) voted in large numbers in favour of the belief that either sex could be a primary breadwinner, when it came to making career sacrifices, however, men and women reacted differently. While 59% of women agreed they would sacrifice their career for the sake of the household, a slightly lower 53% of men felt the same way. Men tended to be more confident than women that their partner would make a career sacrifice: in the survey results, 77 of men felt their partner would compromise on their career for the sake of family, while only 45% of women could confidently make the same claim. When asked about recruitment or promotion into management or executive positions, both men and women were less likely to agree that parity existed and men saw a rosier picture than women. In the survey results, about twice as many men as women felt that women had an equal chance as men of being recruited in executive roles, promoted on the same time line into executive roles or appointed to key leadership or governance roles.

单选题An earthquake hit Kashmir on Oct. 8, 2005. It took some 75000 lives, (1) 130000 and left nearly 3.5 million without food, jobs or homes. (2) overnight, scores of tent villages bloomed (3) the region, tended by international aid organizations, military (4) and aid groups working day and night to shelter the survivors before winter set (5) . Mercifully, the season was mild. But with the (6) of spring, the refugees will be moved again. Camps that (7) health care, food and shelter for 150000 survivors have begun to close as they were (8) intended to be permanent. For most of the refugees, the thought of going back brings (9) emotions. The past six months have been difficult. Families of (10) many as 10 people have had to shelter (11) a single tent and share cookstoves and bathing (12) with neighbors. "They are looking forward to the clean water of their rivers," officials say. "They are (13) of free fresh fruit. They want to get back to their herds and start (14) again. " But most will be returning to (15) but heaps of ruins. In many villages, electrical (16) have not been repaired, nor have roads. Aid workers (17) that it will take years to rebuild what the earthquake took (18) .And for the thousands of survivors, the (19) will never be complete. Yet the survivors have to start somewhere. New homes can be built (20) the stones, bricks and beams of old ones. Spring is coming and it is a good time to start again.

单选题Professor Lee is well-known for his Uresearch/U in the behaviors of the cats.

单选题 Henric Ibsen, author of the play "A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved. From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003. But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act, or face the legal consequences—which could include being dissolved. Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female, according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity. The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500. Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. "I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck, head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience," he says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law. Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts" . One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies—they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with enough experience. Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen, who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."

单选题Speaker A: Ten dollars for this brand? Speaker B: ______. I got it in a second-hand store.

单选题 Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years. While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven't begun to specialize. Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells--brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations. But if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power. The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent. For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmot did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year. Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle cure."

单选题{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}} In general, cognitive(认知的) psychologists who study memory, language, and thought see these human behaviors as information processing involving input, processing (coding and storage ), and retrievel (检索). Perhaps the best and most obvious way to describe the information processing view of thought is to compare the human being with a computer. Information is coded and fed into a computer in an organized way. When the computer is asked to produce a part of that information, the machine searches its memory and outputs the information on a screen or prints it out. For example, we might ask for the names of all people hired by a large multinational bank on July 12, 1984. This relatively simple task is equivalent to asking you to search your memory for the names of the first seven presidents of the United States. Then we might ask the computer to tell us who among the workers hired on July 12, 1984, was the most productive. This task is more complex because these data do not exist in the computer precisely in that form. The computer could not simply reproduce information from its memory; to produce the data requested, it would have to process the information it did have -- analyze and manipulate it in some way. If the computer had data on the number of items processed per day, the absences, and the number of quality complaints for each worker, it could collect that information, analyze it, and answer the question. The operation of human cognitive processes is basically similar to the way a computer functions but except for speed of calculation, our abilities far surpass those of the most sophisticated computer. One area of research, known as artificial intelligence, concentrates on developing computer programs that reproduce certain human cognitive functions. Although some of the programs work well in certain simplified situations, no program can yet cope with the complex input and output functions required of most human beings. In order to understand how we process information, we will look at three stages -- input, processing (coding and storage), and retrieval -- in more detail.