A few years ago, in their search for ways to sell more goods, advertising men hit on a new and controversial gimmick. It is a silent, invisible commercial that, the ad men claim, can be rushed past the consumer's conscious mind and planted in his subconscious—and without the consumer's knowledge. Developed by James Vicary, a research man who studies what makes people buy, this technique relies on the psychological principle of subliminal perception. Scientists tell us that many of the sights coming to or eyes are not consciously "seen." We select only a few for conscious "seeing" and ignore the rest. Actually the discarded impressions are recorded in the brain though they are below the threshold of consciousness. There's little doubt in Vicary's mind as to the subliminal ad's effectiveness. His proof can be summed up in just two words: sales increase. In an unidentified movie house not so long ago, unknown audiences saw a curious film program. At the same time, on the same screen on which the film hero was courting the heroine a subliminal projector was flashing its invisible commercials. "Get popcorn," ordered the commercial for a reported one three-thousandths of a second every five seconds. It announced "Coca-Cola" at the same speed and frequency to other audiences. At the end of a six weeks trial, popcorn sales had gone up 57 percent, Coke sales 18 percent. Experimental Films. Inc., says the technique is not new. It began research on subliminal perception in 1954. Experimental Films stresses that its equipment was designed for helping problematic students and treating the mentally ill. At NYU two doctors showed twenty women the projected image of an expressionless face. They told the subjects to watch the face for some change of expression. Then they flashed the word angry on the screen at subliminal speeds. Now the women thought the face looked unpleasant. When the word happy was flashed on the screen instead, the subjects thought the woman's facial expression looked much more pleasant. Subliminal techniques, its promoters believe, are good for more than selling popcorn. Perhaps the process can even be used to sell political candidates, by leaving a favorable impression of the candidate in the minds of the electorates subliminally. How convincing are these invisible commercials? Skeptical psychologists answer that they aren't anywhere near as effective as the ad men would like to think they are. Nothing has been proven yet scientifically, says a prominent research man.

It's a typical Snoopy card; cheerful message, bright colors, though a little yellow and faded now. Though I've received fancier, more expensive card over the years, this is the only one I've saved. One summer, it spoke volumes to me. I received it during the first June I faced as a widow to raise two teenage daughters alone. In all the emotional confusion of this sudden single parenthood, I was overwhelmed with, of all things, the simplest housework: leaky taps, oil changes, even barbeques (烧烤). Those had always been my husband's jobs. I was embarrassed every time I hit my thumb with a hammer or couldn't get the lawnmower (割草机) started. My uncertain attempts only fueled the fear inside me: How could I be both a father and mother to my girls? Clearly, I lacked the tools and skills. On this particular morning, my girls pushed me into the living room to see something. (I prayed it wasn't another repair job.) The "something" turned out to be an envelope and several wrapped bundles on the carpet. My puzzlement must have been plain as I gazed from the colorful packages to my daughters' bright faces. "Go ahead! Open them!" They urged. As I unwrapped the packages, I discovered a small barbecue grill (烧烤架) and all the necessary objects including a green kitchen glove with a frog pattern on it. "But why?" I asked. "Happy Father's Day!" they shouted together. "Moms don't get presents on Father's Day." I protested. "You forgot to open the card. " Jane reminded. I pulled it from the envelope. There sat Snoopy, on top of his dog house, merrily wishing me a Happy Father's Day. "Because," the girls said, "you've been a father and mother to us. Why shouldn't you be remembered on Father's Day?" As I fought back tears, I realized they were right, I wanted to be a "professional" dad, who had the latest tools and knew all the tricks of the trade. The girls only wanted a parent they could count on to be there, day after day, performing repeatedly the maintenance tasks of basic care and love. The girls are grown now, and they still send me Father's Day cards, but none of those cards means as much to me as that first one. Its simple message told me being a great parent didn't require any special tools at all—just a willing worker.

These veterans still remember their rigorous discipline and hard training in these camps.

Everyone knows a stone bounces best on water if it's round and flat, and spun towards the water as fast as possible. Some enthusiasts even travel to international stone-skimming competitions, like world champion Jerdone Coleman-McGhee, who made a stone bounce 38 times on Blanco River, Texas, in 1992. Intuitively, a flat stone works best because a relatively large part of its surface strikes the water, so there's more bounce. Inspired by his eight-year-old son, physicist Lyderic Bocquet wanted to find out more. He tinkered with some simple equations describing a stone bouncing on water in terms of its radius, speed and spin, and taking account of gravity and the water's drag.The equations showed that the faster a spinning stone is travelling, the more times it will bounce. To bounce at least once without sinking, Bocquet found the stone needs to be travelling at a minimum speed of about 1 kilometre per hour. The equations also backed his hunch (直觉) that spin is important because it keeps the stone fairly flat from one bounce to the next. The spin has a gyroscopic (陀螺的) effect, preventing the stone from tipping and falling sideways into the water. To match the world record of 38 bounces using a 10-centimetre-wide stone, Bocquet predicts it would have to be travelling at about 40 kilometres per hour and spinning at 14 revolutions a second. He adds that drilling lots of small pits in the stone would probably help, by reducing water drag in the same way that dim pies on a golf ball reduce air drag.

In 1902, Georges Melies made and released a movie called A Trip to the Moon. In this movie, the spaceship was a small capsule, shaped like a bullet, that was loaded into a giant cannon and aimed at the moon. This movie was based on a book that came out many years earlier by an author named Jules Verne. One of the fans of the book was a Russian man, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The book made him think. Could one really shoot people out of a cannon and have them get safely to the moon? He decided one couldn't, but it got him thinking of other ways one could get people to the moon. He spent his life considering this problem and came up with many solutions. Some of Tsiolkovsky's solutions gave scientists in America and Russia ideas when they began to think about space travel. They also thought about airplanes they and other people had made, and even big bombs that could fly themselves very long distances. Many scientists spent years working together to solve the problem. They drew and discussed different designs until they agreed on the ones that were the best. Then, they built mall models of those designs, and tested them until they felt ready to build even bigger models. They made full-scale rockets, which they launched without any people inside, to test for safety. Often the rockets weren't safe, and they exploded right there on the launch pad, or shot off in crazy directions like a balloon that you blow up and release without tying it first. After many, many tests, they started to send small animals into space. Only after a long time did they ever put a person inside a rocket and shoot him into space. Even after they began sending people into space, scientists were still trying to improve the shape of the rockets. The design changed many times, and eventually ended up looking like a half-rocket and half-airplane. The machine called space shuttle was used for many years. Now, the government lets private companies try their own designs for spaceships, and they have come up with many different, crazy-looking machines.

Instead of answering the question, the manager______ his shoulders as if it were not important.

The couple has donated a not______amount of money to the foundation.

It was an allusion to what the scientist thought was an inappropriate distribution of funds for stem cell research.

learn to on or notA. whether we like it【T1】______B. have to【T2】______ acceptC. that exists【T3】______ planet Earth The film shows how wonderfully gentle and caring elephants are, and just how intelligent and "human" they are as well. People【T4】______ that we humans are, in fact, animals.【T5】______ , we are still part of the whole. Every species【T6】______ has a role to play. The role of humans has, on the whole, been destructive. Humans need to have more respect for nature.

Visual impairment(视觉障碍)carries with it a reduced or restricted ability to travel through one's physical and social environment until adequate orientation(定方位)and mobility(移动)skills have been established. Because observational skills are more limited, self-control within the immediate surroundings is limited. The visually impaired person is less able to anticipate hazardous situations or obstacles to avoid. Orientation refers to the mental map one has of one's surrounding and to the relationship between self and that environment. The mental map is best generated by moving through the environment and piecing together relationships, object by object, in an organized approach. With little or no visual feedback to reinforce this mental map, a visually impaired person must rely on memory for key landmarks and other clues. Landmarks and clues enable visually impaired persons to affirm their position in space. Mobility, on the other hand, is the ability to travel safely and efficiently from one point to another within one's physical and social environment. Good orientation skills are necessary to good mobility skills. Once visually impaired students learn to travel safely as pedestrians(f?A)they also need to learn to use public transportation to become as independent as possible. To meet the expanding needs and demands of the visually impaired person, there is a sequence of instruction that begins during the preschool years and may continue after high school. Many visually impaired children lack adequate concepts regarding time and space or objects and events in their environment. During the early years much attention is focused on the development of some fundamental concepts, such as inside or outside, in front of or behind, fast or slow movement of traffic, the variety or intersections, elevators or escalators, and so forth. These concepts are essential to safe, efficient travel through familiar and unfamiliar settings, first within buildings, then in residential neighborhoods, and finally in business communities.

The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often overlooked, principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis. The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is one reason that some of the world's leading economies — from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole — are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels(2. 1 children per woman)for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades. Even China may see its sky-high growth " come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks" because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Cavalle and I argued in a recent report, The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Rand study suggests that "India will have more favorable demographics than China" over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic advantage to outpace China's economic growth rates by the end of the century. Finally, it's not just fertility that matters; it's also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family. In the U. S. , for instance, children are more likely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family. And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attention when they are married; this is one reason men worldwide enjoy " marriage premiums" in their income, ranging from about 14 percent(Mexico)to 19 percent(United States)to 35 percent(Russia). So, at least when it comes to men, research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity. The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families, and their stability and quality, has important implications for the health of the global economy.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to "write a composition of no less than 100 words under the title of Why We Work. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in English.Outline:1. Some people live to work.2. Other people work to live.3. Your opinion.

{{B}}Part Ⅰ Oral Communication{{/B}}

A. helps B. while C. message D. closelyPhrases:A. you watched【T1】______eating itB. send nerve【T2】______to your brainC. our noses and our brain are very【T3】______connectedD. 【T4】______us remember things For years, scientists have been studying the special power of smells. It seems that【T5】______.When you smell something, the odor goes up your nose to the smelling zones. From here, sense cells【T6】______telling it what you smelled. More than our other four senses, our sense of smell changes our mood and【T7】______. If you were told to think about popcorn, you'd probably recall its smell. And then you might remember the movie【T8】______Our sense of smell also makes us aware of danger—like the smell of smoke.

A. There is a close relationship between building a reputation and establishing what we call goodwill.B. Would you like to tell me the relationships between themC. I see advertising as an essential part of the entire process of marketingD. in the long run it's the image that really countsA: I'd like to talk a little more about advertising. I think it has an important part to play in production promotion. Would you agree with that?B: Oh, yes, I certainly would.【D7】______ . And I think it has an independent function.A: I'm especially interested in the role of image, public relations and advertising in the production promotion.【D8】______ ?B: Yes, that's a fascinating area. And the area is extremely important in the entire process of successful merchandising, especially the matter of public relations and image.A: It's really a matter of establishing trust, isn't it?【D9】______ . Am I right?B: Yes. We all know what it is when a company has it and we clearly know when a company doesn't have it.A: I think we all know that.B: The same thing applies to a product, too. And that's why I think that specific product advertising has only limited effectiveness. Good advertising is vital to call attention to a product and introduce new products. But【D10】______ .A: I understand. Public relations plays a role in building image, both product image and company image. B: Yes, advertising can help build product recognition, but product itself builds image.

{{B}}Paper TwoTranslation{{/B}}

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

{{B}}Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

I______a letter to an Internet service that distributes journalists' questions to more than 750 institutions.

{{B}}Part Ⅰ Oral Communication{{/B}}