Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being. For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970's, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.

Shortage of land and funding is blamed for the city's______green space.

BClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET./B

A. badly B. be coined afterC. refuse to D. horn 1782 to 1792A. He treated his poor tenants very【T13】______B. who lived【T14】______C. means to【T15】______ have anything to do with somebody or somethingD. a new word may【T16】______ the inventor or scientist About three hundred words in the English language come form the names of people. Many of these words are technical words. When there is a new invention or discovery,【T17】______ It is interesting to observe how many common English words have found their way into the language from the names of people. Lord Sandwich【T18】______ used to sit at the gambling table eating slices of bread in that way, so his friends began to call the bread "sandwich" for fun. Later on the word became part of the English language. The word "boycott"【T19】______ . It comes from a man called Captain Boycott. He was a land agent in 1880 and he collected rents and taxes for an English landowner in Ireland. But the captain was a very harsh man.【T20】______ His tenants decided not to speak to him at all. Eventually word got back to the landowner and the Captain was removed. The word "boycott" became popular and was used by everyone to mean the kind of treatment that was received by Captain Boycott.

{{B}}Section ADirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.

A state of emergency had been in force since the emperor was overthrown .

Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it? New "fake fat" products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating. Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all. Normally, special chemicals in the intestines " grab" molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids. The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream. Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc. Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.

A. Maybe today is my lucky dayB. It will be so cool to win itC. we can be the lucky winnerA: Hey, did you hear that? The lottery is up to 1 million yuan this time.【D1】______ .B: Come on. Don't be silly. You are really daydreaming.A: I know the chances of winning the lottery are remote. But【D2】______ .B: But you know many people buy the tickets every week and still haven't won a cent. Don't waste your money. A: I still would like to try my fortune and buy a lottery ticket.【D3】______ .

The government gave money to people to help buy homes outside of the cities. This system of subsidized housing caused many people to leave urban areas.

{{B}}Section BDirections: In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A,B,C and D,taken from the interview.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

One's awareness , both conscious and unconscious, of what happened in the past has a strong influence on one's behavior.

A. The introduction of predators.B. Preventing the kiwi decline.C. Reasons for concern.D. Explanation for larger bird populations.E. Land of the kiwi. Kiwis are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, and by far the smallest living ratites and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world. 【R1】______ The kiwi is synonymous with New Zealand, so much so that Australians endearingly refer to New Zealanders as "kiwi" —people from the Land of the Kiwi. This unique bird, recognizable by its short squat body and elongated beak, is under threat. Its small, claw-like wings render the kiwi flightless; it must of necessity live on the ground. The kiwi is thus easy prey to marauding enemies such as humans and mammals. 【R2】______ When the great land mass of the south split 75 million years ago, the kiwi and many other ground-living bird species became separated from predatory mammals within what was later to become know as New Zealand. The birds were able to multiply and flourish because there were very few mammals landlocked within the islands. Kiwis have evolved certain mammalian characteristics over time, living on the ground and free as they were from attack by mammals. 【R3】______ However, when the Polynesians arrived about 1,000 years ago bringing with them dogs and rats, the kiwi population and other vulnerable bird species soon suffered a severe reduction in numbers. The coming of the Europeans in the eighteenth century brought even more determined predators, including the cat and, especially, the stoat—a kind of weasel introduced to control rabbits. The stoat is a very vicious and efficient killer of kiwis. 【R4】______ There are six types of kiwis, and all six are threatened. Two are "critically endangered" because they have populations of less than 250 mature birds. Two are "endangered" meaning that it is estimated that within three generations their numbers will have declined by 50%. The other two are designated "vulnerable" —one because its habitat is shrinking, the other because it is potentially under threat from stoats and other mammals. 【R5】______ 100 years ago there were more than 5 million North Island Brown Kiwis. Today, there are probably around 30,000 and the population is decreasing at a rate of 6% a year. Only the Little Spotted Kiwi is increasing because of successful attempts to transfer the creature to predator-free offshore islands. There are further reasons for hope. Trapping predators and rearing baby chicks for later release into the wild can have a dramatic effect on kiwi numbers; but it will be necessary to do so on a large scale. It would be tragic if New Zealand were to lose its national symbol, the kiwi. Surely the strangest bird in existence, unable to fly, it sniffs out its food with a remarkably strong sense of smell. Its legs are powerful and muscular, for the kiwi is a burrower living in dens—some species even preferring tunnels, yet another similarity it shares with some mammals. But it cannot share its habitat with them without eventually losing the battle for survival.

{{B}}Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

When you are tired, run down, on not eating properly, you are more vulnerable to infection.

{{B}}ClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

{{B}}Section BDirections: In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A,B,C and D,taken from the interview.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

Researchers have found that short, intense exercise sessions prove to be healthier than longer, more moderate sessions with an equal caloric burn. The study found that activities like running and jumping reduced participants' risk of developing metabolic syndrome (代谢综合征) by two-thirds, compared with moderate activities like walking and leisurely bike rides that burned an equal number of calories. Metabolic syndrome is a set of health conditions that significantly increase your risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes (糖尿病). Insulin (胰岛素) resistance and extra weight around the middle—that dreaded "belly fat" —are two major health conditions associated with the syndrome. The researchers used data collected from 1,841 American adults. It is suggested that vigorous physical activity should be emphasized in public health guidelines for exercise. Currently, the non-profit organization Society for Exercise Physiology recommends 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week for adults aged 18 -64. Avoiding metabolic syndrome isn't the only reason to change your exercise routine. One study found that gym goers who totaled 150 minutes of vigorous activity a week looked about 10 years younger than those who skip the gym altogether, while another study found that physical activity can cut the risk of breast cancer by up to 30 percent in older women at a healthy body weight. Also in recent years, studies have determined that three minutes of intense exercise, three times a week, could be the equivalent to five one-hour sessions, reducing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.Comment 1: Exercising is very personal. Nobody can say which one suits you except yourself. I have been walking for 45-50 minutes every day for the past 10 years, and it's fine with me now. I think walking is the best way to keep me healthy.Comment 2: Exercise is just like anything. Don't overdo it but also don't just use it as an excuse to say you are working out. It needs to be in a good range to give you a good sweat but don't destroy yourself as well. The bottom line is to get out and exercise. It might not make you live longer but it definitely will make you healthier.Comment 3: Any exercise is good, short or long, fast or slow, especially the exercise in the fresh air.Comment 4: I've always done 15-20 minutes but I don't take breaks. I move from one machine to the next, after my first round, I grab some water and then do a second round and then I'm finished.

别人吸烟，你吸入，确实会对你的肺有危害。据美国“肺协”估计，每年约有3 000名死于肺癌的人是被动吸烟者。有一项调查发现，不吸烟的妇女，如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间，那么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。

A new technological process may be employed to tap this abundant supply directly.