{{B}}WritingDirections: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words on the following topic. You could follow the clues suggested by the picture given below. Remember to write the composition clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

Excerpt 1 The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.Excerpt 2 Scientists are hoping to eliminate malaria (疟疾) by developing a genetically modified mosquito that cannot transmit the disease. Malaria has long troubled the populations of South America, Africa, and Asia, where mosquito bites infect to 500 million people a year with this serous and sometimes fatal parasitic blood disease. For generations, scientists have been trying to eliminate malaria by developing new drugs and using pesticide (杀虫剂 ) to wipe out local mosquito populations. But these measures aren't working... and some scientists, like Greg Lanzaro, say that because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago.Excerpt 3 Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells—brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.Excerpt 4 The prospective rewards of gene therapy are tremendous: the suppression and even prevention of inherited disease. At present, gene therapy is being directed at somatic cells, the working cells in a human body that do not pass on genes to the next generation. Therapy someday will be directed at germ cells sperm and egg cells and their precursors that do transmit genetic information to the next generation. Such therapy would remove, replace, or alter the genes that cause inherited diseases. However, mistakes in germ-line gene therapy could cause extreme deficiencies and horrendous mutations. This is an area of medical research in which work must progress with great care. No errors can be tolerated.Excerpt 5 From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunised from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases.Excerpt 6 Cardiologists have pioneered the world's first non-surgical bypass operation to turn a vein into an artery using a new technique to divert blood flow in a man with severe heart disease; the keyhole procedure, which avoids the extensive invasive surgery of a conventional bypass, will offer hope to tens of thousands of people at risk from heart attacks. Coronary heart disease, where the arteries are progressively silted up with fatty deposits, is responsible in a major industrial country like Britain for more than 160,000 deaths each year. Although major heart surgery is becoming commonplace, with more than 28,000 bypass operations in the UK annually, it is traumatic for patients and involves a long recovery period.

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy,【C1】______ do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for transforming foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if【C2】______ is missing a deficiency disease becomes【C3】______ . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. They are different【C4】______ their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin【C5】______ one or more specific functions in the body.【C6】______ enough vitamins is essential to life,【C7】______ the body has no nutritional use for【C8】______ vitamins. Many people,【C9】______ , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a【C10】______ diet will usually meet all the body's vitamin needs.

A Although we had been present B at roughly the same time, Mr. Brown saw the situation quite C different from D the way I saw it.

{{B}}Part Ⅰ Oral Communication{{/B}}

The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, ________to discuss the implication of that conclusion.

BSection ADirections: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET./B

On the road motorists should be aware of cyclists and be ______towards them.

The world's population continues to grow. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in another 75 years. Experts long have been concerned about such growth. Where will we find the food, water, jobs, houses, schools and health care for all these people? A major new study shows that the situation may be changing. A large and rapid drop in the world's birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations. Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from their homes instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population growth. China is one of the nations that has made great progress in reducing its population growth. China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero population growth, the number of births equaling the number of deaths, by the year 2000. Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people.

A. Nokia posts $ 1. 38bn loss in fourth qtrB. Gold surges to 7-week high of $ 1,720C. R-Power ropes in German utility for miningD. "We are creating, not stealing jobs in US, Europe"E. European crisis seen spreading to Russia 【R1】______. Mosco: Russia's economy is more vulnerable to the effects of the euro zone's fiscal and banking crises as commodity prices fall, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development said Wednesday. "The negative spillovers are reaching east, and to Russia in particular through two main channels: lower commodity prices and a general reduction in risk appetite," said Pi-roska Nagy, the EBRD's director for country strategy and policy. The EBRD warning follows a report by Moody's Investors Service on Monday that said the Russian economy could contract 5% over the next 10 to 12 months and the ruble could depreciate 30% if the euro-zone crisis intensifies. 【R2】______. LONDON: Gold prices soared Thursday to the highest level in almost seven weeks as the dollar weakened after the US Federal Reserve vowed to keep interest rates near zero for more than two years. The precious metal rose up to $ 1,720.35 an ounce on the London Bullion Market—the highest level since December 9 but still far below the record peak of $ 1,921.15 struck on September 6. "With the US Federal pledging to keep interest rates in check until late 2014, gold soared," said Rose Norman, boss of British-based bullion broker Sharp Pixley. "Although there was heavy speculative buying, anxious investors joined the fray who are concerned by currency depreciation as global central banks use easy monetary policies to flood markets with cash." 【R3】______. Davos: With HCL Tech announcing 10,000 jobs for locals in the US and Europe, India Inc. on Thursday chose the WEF meet to send a strong message that India IT firms are creating and not stealing jobs in troubled western economies. A message emerged from British PM David Cameron's advice to EU that instead of being a threat, emerging economies like India can be of great help to Europe. Concluding FTA with India by the year-end would be in Europe's interest, he said. "There has to be FTAs, bilateral trade agreements with countries like India and Singapore along with other countries," he said. 【R4】______. Helsinki: Mobile phone maker Nokia Corp posted a fourth-quarter net loss of 1.70 billion euro ($ 1.38bn) as sales slumped 21% even as the company's first Window smart-phones hit markets in Europe and Asia. The loss compares with a profit of 745 million euro in the same period a year earlier. Nokia said net revenue, including both its mobile phones and its network divisions, fell from 12. 6 billion euro in the Q4 of 2010 to 10 billion, with smartphones plunging 23%. Nokia has lost its once dominance in the global cell phone market, with Android phones and iPhones overtaking it in the growing smartphone segment. Nokia is attempting a comeback with phones using Microsoft's Window software, a struggle that CEO Stephen Elop characterized as "war of ecosystems." 【R5】______. New Delhi: Anil Ambani's R-Power has roped in RWE Power International of Germany to help the company with extracting coal from its captive mines of the Tilaiya ultra-mega power project, the third such plant the government has mandated the company to set up. RWE Power is one of Europe's leading energy utilities and German's biggest coal miner. The company would help R-Power design and plan the engineering aspects of captive mine and procurement of equipment and ensure quality control. Government has allocated Kerendari Band C coal blocks of North Karanpura coal fields in Jharkhand to meet the fuel requirements of the Tilaiya project. These mines have reserve of over 1 billion ton. The company plans to produce 40 million tons of coal per year.

I am sorry for the______tone in your letter, but I feel sure that things are not so bad with you as you say.

A. Ordinary B. were buried C. themA. where pyramid builders【T1】______B. who actually built【T2】______C.【T3】______ Egyptians built them For centuries, the pyramids of Giza have been timeless symbols of Egyptian culture. But【T4】______? For years, we did not know for sure. But archeologists(考古学家)recently discovered an ancient village near the pyramids. Close by, there was also a cemetery【T5】______ From studying these places, archeologists can now confirm that the pyramids were not built by slaves or foreigners【T6】______.

A. Such B. at C. as complex asA. a machine【T7】______the human brainB. moving forward【T8】______such a paceC. 【T9】______enormous numbers The human brain contains 10 thousand million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections. 【T10】______used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with humanlike ability, but now that we have grown used to【T11】______we can be less sure. Quite soon, in only 10 or 20 years perhaps, we will be able to assemble【T12】______, and if we can we will. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the in the right software or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.

Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man's life and two to a woman's. The effect holds for all causes of death whether illness, accident or self-harm. Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn't smoke. There's a flip side, however , as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse's death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30-year study of more than 10,000 people, Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects. So how does it work? The effects are complex, affected by socio-economic factors, health-service provision, emotional support and other more physiological (生理的) mechanisms. For example, social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system, leading to better health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner. A life partner, children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says: "People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected."

Children model themselves largely on their parents. They do so mainly through identification. Children identify 【C1】______ a parent when they believe they have the qualities and feelings that are 【C2】______ of that parent. The things parents do and say—and the 【C3】______ they do and say to them—strongly influences a child's behavior. A parent's actions 【C4】______affect the self image that a child forms through identification. Children who see mainly positive qualities in their parents will likely learn to see themselves in a positive way. Children who observe chiefly 【C5】______qualities in their parents will have difficulty 【C6】______seeing positive qualities in themselves. Children may【C7】______their self image, however, as they become increasingly 【C8】______by peer groups. In the case of a dramatic change in family relations, the 【C9】______of an activity or experience depends on how the child interprets it. Children interpret such events according to their established attitudes and previous training. Children who know they are loved can, 【C10】______, accept the divorce of their parents or a parent's early death. But if children feel unloved, they may interpret such events as a sign of rejection or punishment.

A. I want to buy some cleansing milkB. I'll take itC. The gentle formula keeps skin soft and healthySalesclerk: Can I help you?Customer:【D1】______ . What would you recommend?Salesclerk: Your skin is on the oily side. I suggest you use this kind.Customer: Is it effective?Salesclerk: Yes. It cleans thoroughly without striping your natural protective oil【D2】______.Customer: Is it expensive?Salesclerk: No, it's very cheap.Customer: OK.【D3】______ .Salesclerk: Thank you.

Almost every day the media discovers an African American community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills, garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list goes on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds. But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions. In 1979, a landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston, followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention. In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D. G., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities. Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide. Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D. C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering. "We are pleased that the Summit Ⅱ was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, planners, policy analysts and government officials. We proved to the world that our movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show powerful environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.

{{B}}Paper TwoTranslation{{/B}}

So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that "reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible." Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed. Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny. If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest (探索) for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. "Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children." When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.

The largest system serving E-mail messages is the Internet, a______of millions of computers linked worldwide.