At the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states. Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that the effects of measures, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified(抵消)if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous(人口众多的)low-or medium-income countries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap. We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21th century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imagination, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.

A. You should hang on to the sharesB. they took a hit last weekC. it's nothing too seriousA: Have you made money from your stock recently?B: My stocks are losing a little bit, but【D4】______ . How about you?A: It really sucks! I was bullish on the financial stocks. So I put all money on them, but【D5】______.B: Take it easy. The index will surely rebound above 5,000 points.【D6】______ until their prices are higher.A: Yeah. I really wish the market can jump immediately thus to earn all back.

【T16】

{{B}}Part Ⅰ Oral Communication{{/B}}

The generation _______makes it difficult for parents to understand their children's opinions.

Turning cultivated land back into forests or pasture is a fundamental way to stem soil ________and desertification in the long run.

Write a composition in no less than 150 words on the topic: What Makes Happy Couples Happy? You could write according to the hints given below. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet. Happy couples know what is essential to maintain a happy relationship. For instance, daily habits are extremely helpful in making their relationship work.

A. When is it taking place?B. Is Alan attending?C. That'll be interesting.Alice: We're having a meeting tomorrow. Can you make it? Kevin: 【D1】______Alice: We're planning at 10 o'clock. Is that OK?Kevin: Yes, that'll be fine.Alice: We're going to go over last quarter's sales figures.Kevin: Good. I have some input I'd like to make.Alice: Frank is also going to make some suggestions on improving the bottom line. Kevin: 【D2】______He's got keen insights.Alice: Yes, he's going to outline some new sales strategies. Kevin: 【D3】______Alice: No, he's flying to San Francisco and won't be able to make it.Kevin: Oh well, maybe he'll phone in.

These changes have not been sufficient to________the losses.

A Written English has become more B importantly in C business English , D with the invention of the fax and the computer.

Caroline has never ever broken her promise, ________.

number released toA. It offers BCOM courses【T1】______ students throughout IndiaB. was【T2】______ in Dec. 2011 and asked the perspective students to avoid these self-styled universitiesC. the second highest【T3】______ of such varsities Believe it not, a "university" is being run from a cramped 20 x 20-foot room on the second floor of a building at Daryaganj in Old Delhi. The owner of the establishment claims【T4】______ Commercial University Ltd, as the place is called, is one of six "universities" in the capital that have been branded fake by the University Grants Commission. The list【T5】______ Delhi has【T6】______ in the list, after Uttar Pradesh which has eight.

Teachers using red pen to mark students' work could be harming their psyche as the color is too aggressive, according to education strategies drafted by an Australian state government. The "Good Mental Health Rocks" kit, which was distributed this month to about 30 schools in Queensland state, offers strategies such as " Don't mark in red pen(which can be seen as aggressive)—Use a different color. " Other tips include structuring time for peer tutoring every day, apologizing to students when necessary and asking students to conduct a " personal skills audit" where they focus on their individual strengths rather than their weaknesses. The kit, designed to help Queensland teachers address mental health in the classroom, suggests that social and emotional wellbeing has been linked to young people's schooling, among other things. The education aid has sparked a row in parliament, with deputy opposition leader Mark McArdle calling it "kooky, loony, loopy lefty policies. " But Health Minister Stephen Robertson, whose department devised the kit, said youth suicide was a serious issue. " If mental health professionals determine that as one of a number of strategies teachers should consider, then I'll support them every day of the week," he told reporters recently. "This is not a matter for ridicule, this is serious. " According to some Australian mental health groups, the greatest number of people with mental illness are aged between 18 and 24 years, with 14 percent of Australian children and adolescents suffering from some sort of illness. Boys are slightly more likely to experience mental health problems than girls and depression is one of the most common conditions in young people and increases during adolescence, the website of mental health group Mindframe said.

A. You can schedule an automatic payment.B. Trying to get out of the late fee sometimes.C. You'd better plan to pay ahead.D. Change your payment due date in order to avoid late fee.E. You could also set for yourself a reminder to pay in time. Some Tips to Avoid a Credit Card Late Fee If you're even a minute late with a payment, your credit card company can hit you hard in the wallet—as much as $39 each time, according to a July 2008 survey. However, some simple steps can help keep your exposure to these extra costs to a minimum. 【R1】______ A few card issuers, including Chase and HSBC, charge extra fees for online payments that you need to post the same day, so even if you pay electronically, do it three to four days ahead so your credit card company will process the payment by the due date. If you're snail-mailing checks, allow even more time—about 10 days—to allow for mail snafus. And unless you're desperate, forget about phone payments—a number of banks charge a fee for them, no matter when you call. 【R2】______ A few card issuers allow you to choose a due date to coincide with your payday schedule, so a cash shortfall won't make you late. You can even choose a due date that's easier to remember. Your birthday's on Feb. 17? Make your credit card payment due on the 17th of each month. 【R3】______ Some banks offer an autopay program that links your credit card to a checking or saving account; you decide whether to automatically pay the new balance, the current minimum payment or a fixed dollar amount. If you bank online, you can also arrange a do-it-yourself autopay. Just estimate your usual monthly minimum, schedule a monthly payment date and have the amount deducted from your account automatically. Just make sure you have enough in checking to cover it or the overdraft fees will eat up your saving on late fees. 【R4】______ Some credit card companies, including Chase, will alert you of upcoming due dates by e-mail or voice mail. You can also schedule a monthly e-mail reminder through a Web site, such as MemoToMe. com or RememberthMilk. com. 【R5】______ Even conscientious consumers will probably get hit with a late fee at some point. However, if you have a good record of on-time payments, call and politely ask a customer service representative to waive the charge. No dice? Ask to talk to a supervisor, or try again on a different day. You might even threaten to close your accounts with the company—a tactic that worked for Jeff Roth of Molalla, Ore, after his wife's Chase credit card was hit with a $ 39 late fee when the Fourth of July delayed processing of a payment. "My advice to those who feel they have unjustly been assessed late fees is to be assertive about getting the charges removed." Says Roth, who posted about his plight at GetRichSlowly. org. "It won't always work, but most credit card companies will least give you one freebie." Next time, though, you may be on your own.

Cancer has emerged as a major killer in several newly industrialized countries and is striking more people in areas of developing world where it was hardly known before, the World Health Organization(WHO)said. Although the risk of cancer will stabilize, if not decline, in industrialized countries by 2025, developing countries will suffer increasing rates of the disease, the WHO said in an extensive report on the world's state of health. Cancer caused 12 percent of the 52 million deaths worldwide in 1997 and was the third leading killer after infectious and parasitic diseases and coronary and heart disease.

She is used to make clothing and accessories as well as ornamental items.

【T3】

A. our production will be based on the demandB. That's what worries me these daysC. It seems that we can only find out the reason from consumers' preferenceJoe: Hi, John, have you found that our sales volume of detergent has dropped a lot in the recent three months?John: Yeah.【D1】______. Anything wrong with our product?Joe: In my opinion, our detergent is of good quality. 【D2】______.John: Sounds reasonable. We should listen to our customers.Joe: I agree with you. We are planning to conduct a marketing survey in order to make out why consumers accept or refuse our detergent. Then we can plan the marketing policy. That's to say, 【D3】______.John: Great. Try to get consumers' opinion about the price of our detergent as well as their preference for the smell.Joe: OK, we will pay more attention to that.

【T16】

People of diverse backgrounds now fly to distant places for pleasure, business or education.