阅读理解All animals must rest, but do they really

阅读理解It's never easy for a mighty military to

阅读理解Trees should only be pruned when there is a

阅读理解The earth is witnessing an urban revolution,

阅读理解As one works with color in a practical or

阅读理解Just how much does the Constitution protect

阅读理解Every night she listened to her father going

阅读理解Before high school teacher Kimberly Rugh got

阅读理解Can the Internet help patients jump the line

阅读理解To understand the marketing concept, it is

阅读理解The House is expected to pass a piece of

阅读理解Do you think that all human beings have a

阅读理解Directions: In this part, there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For eachquestion, there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources ofpsychic energy, which he called drives: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that thesewere unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; theysurface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology andneuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead onrational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freuds drives reallydo exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates- 10 -mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, themodern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libidosometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like theothers it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain; the seat of highermental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State Universityin Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which inhumans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse,the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was ithungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other objectPaksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new.WhatI was seeing, he says,was the urge to do stuff. Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very muchlike libido.Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world ofobjects, says Solms. Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discoveredpsychologically. Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep knownas REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as thepons. Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychologicalinterest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved indreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as theseat of the seeking emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido— which is just whatFreud had believed.Freuds psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be themost coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind.Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,says Panksepp. Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it,test it. Perhaps its not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.

阅读理解The single greatest shift in the history of

阅读理解Directions: In this part, there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For eachquestion, there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage SixScientists have a duty to talk to the public. Why? Because social policies need to be decided onthe basis of rational grounds and facts. These include important issue ranging from climate change,to the goals of the space program, to the protection of endangered species, to the use of embryonicstem cells or animals in biomedical research. Both the public and policy makers need to understandnot only the scientific justification for our work but also, in some cases, why we deem our studies tobe morally justifiable.The time is ripe for a more open, public and honest debate about the role of scientificexperimentation in animals. What follows are some of my thoughts on this topic. I hope thisperspective encourages other scientists to join the discussion and prompts opponents of animalresearchtocreateanatmospherewherecivildiscoursecantakeplace,freeofthethreats ， harassmentand intimidation（恐吓） that are increasingly directed at biomedical scientists and their families.Criticism to the use of animals in biomedical research rests on varied scientific and ethicalarguments. One extreme view holds that information gathered from animal research cannot, even inprinciple, be used to improve human health. It is often accompanied by catchy slogan such as Ifsociety funds mouse models of cancer, we will find more cures for cancer in mice. It is argued thatthe physiology of animals and humans are too different to allow results from animal research to beextrapolated（推断） to humans.Such a blanket statement is falsified by numerous cases where experimentation on animals hasdemonstrably contributed to medical breakthroughs. The experiments on cardiovascular andpulmonary function in animals that began with Harvey and continued with the Oxford physiologistsestablished the understanding of what the heart and lungs do and how they do it, on which themodern practice of internal medicine rests. Modern medical practice is inconceivable in the absenceof the insights gained from these experiments. Anticoagulants were first isolated in dogs: insulinwas discovered in dogs and purified in rabbits; lung surfactants were first extracted and studied indogs; rabbits were used in the development of in vitro fertilization; mice in the development ofefficient breast cancer drugs and so on.For the sake of completeness, it must be noted that the other extreme—the notion that allmedical advances are a result of animal research—is false as well. Important medical advances,such as sanitation and the discovery of aspirin, were conducted without the use of animals.

阅读理解Opinion polls are now beginning to show that

阅读理解Directions: In this part, there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For eachquestion, there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinatedwriters for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have beensaid to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music,walk through plate-glasswindows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep in and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The worlds champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he,Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that Id get many takers.Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeares Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty consience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, The eyes are open but their sense is shut.The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind, Dr, Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says,Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area. In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.

阅读理解Standard usage includes those words and

阅读理解The Internet is a global network that

阅读理解A line in a song asks, "Does anyone really