单选题 Passage 3 It was (and is) common to think that other animals are ruled by "instinct" whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by "reason," and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of Psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be Mind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well--because they process information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take "normal" behavior for granted. We do not realize that "normal" behavior needs to be explained at all. This "instinct blindness" makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the "natural seem strange." It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act. In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural - it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon "that would surprise their grandmothers," and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problems we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But our natural competences - our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others - are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists - we all suffer from instinct' blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.

单选题The need for solar electricity is clear, it is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and is has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress has been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence, including that of the leading manufacturers of crystalline silicon, that the technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon is the active element in the very successful semiconductor industry, and virtually all of the solid state devices contain silicon transistors and diodes. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells. Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials such as gallium arsenide can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them practical for commercial use. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals. But to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells. This dilemma can be avoided hy preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials. That is, they have only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystals can be grown as wafers about four inches in diameter, amorphous materials can be grown over large areas in a single process. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient, amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, only I micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of $100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 per square foot. Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.

单选题The soldier was______of running away when the enemy. A. scolded B. charged C. accused D. punished

单选题If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to 1 that the changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science 2 it can make informed decisions and not 3 them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude 4 science. It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of 5 that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesn"t understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon 6 of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important 7 behind support for the Green parties. What can be done to 8 this interest and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons, and genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools science is often 9 in a dry and uninteresting manner. Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they don"t see its 10 to the world around them. Moreover, science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing mathematical ideas, they frighten most people.

单选题Special may be too impoverished a word to describe this triumph for a man who climbed to the pinnacle of sport from ______ beginnings as the sponsor of a roller-hockey team.

单选题To ensure the development and exploitation of a new technology, there must be a constant ______ of several nevertheless distinct activities.

单选题Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?

单选题Hydrogeology is the study of water and its properties, including its ______ and movement in and through land areas.

单选题Dependence on foreign sources of oil, though ______ , remains a problem for Japan.

单选题The author would most likely agree which of the following is the best measure of a writer' s literary success?

单选题A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene , preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.

单选题The little boy ______ his father by begging over and over to go to the zoo.

单选题Which of the following statements can best describe the main theme of the passage?

单选题Only Germany, with incentives to business to encourage the employment of older people, and France, with the introduction of legislation making it illegal to use age barriers in recruitment—______to make employees redundant because of their age—______done anything substantive to combat age discrimination.

单选题The message from the plan is clear:

单选题Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modem education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"--if the term can be applied to people without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that "all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the grasslands know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.

单选题The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, ______ to discuss the implication of that conclusion. A. receded B. implied C. complied D. declined

单选题Green-space facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present it is generally accepted, although more a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of green-spaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of green-space in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject, I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of green space facilities. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home. We have come to conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect. The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.

单选题Habits are a funny thing．We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto—pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine．"Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd．"William Wordsworth said in the 19th century．In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word"habit"carries a negative connotation． So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation． But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks． Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits．In fact, the more new things we try--he more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become．both in the workplace and in our personal lives． But don't bother trying to kill off old habits, once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay．Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads． "The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,"says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind．"But we are taught instead to‘decide, ’just as our president calls himself 'the Decider'．"She adds, however,that"to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one．A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities．" All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says．Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in：four primary ways：analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively．At the end of adolescence, however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life． The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought．"This breaks the major rule in the American belief system--that anyone can do anything, "explains M.J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will…and Ms．Markova's business partner．"That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness．Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence．"This is where developing new habits comes in．