阅读理解 This issue of Science contains announcements for more than 100 different Gorgon Research Conferences, on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology. The brainchild(某人的主意) of Nell Gordon of Johns Hopkins University, these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate, informal discussions of frontier science. Often confined to fewer than 125 attendees, they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions. Beginning in the early 1960s, I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire, sharing austere (简朴的) dorm facilities in a private boy's school with randomly assigned roommates. As a beginning scientist, I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating, providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously. Back then, there were no cell-phones and no Internet, and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week. During the long, session-free afternoons, graduate students mingled freely with professors. Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began. Leap forward to today, and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet. Why, nevertheless, de in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science? Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators, which is hard to develop from a distance. But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches. The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works. A successful scientist needs to deeply believe, whatever the problem being tackled, that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken. The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work, which is essential for making breakthroughs. Thus, as much as possible, scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.

阅读理解 Back in 1896, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air, and that this would warm the Earth. But he mentioned the issue only in passing (顺便地), for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years. Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2, so there was nothing much to worry about. That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species' propensity (倾向) to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet. Even the Earth's vast oceans cannot suck up CO2 as quickly as we can produce it, and we now know the stored CO2 is acidifying the oceans, a problem in itself. Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet's climate too. If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind, for instance, it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet, and thus on temperatures and rainfall. Just to be clear, no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk. Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind, our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference. For the moment, any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2. That poses by far the greater environmental threat; weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority. Even so, now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to. Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work. That's understandable, but disappointing. These effects may be inconsequential, in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative, in which case the more notice we have, the better. It would be unfortunate to put it mildly, to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure(基础建设) only to discover that its successor(替代物) is also more damaging than it need be. These climatic effects may even be beneficial. The first, tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases. It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather: turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun's energy there. We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities. The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn't end up altering the planet's energy balance. So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say, nuclear fusion. For the moment, all of this remains supposition(推测). But our species has a tendency to myopia. We have nothing to lose, and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.

阅读理解No poem should ever be discussed or “analyzed”, until it has been read aloud by someone, teacher orstudent. Better still, perhaps, is the practice of reading it twice, once at the beginning of thediscussion and once at the end, so the sound of the poem is the last thing one hears of it.All discussions of poetry are, in fact, preparations for reading it aloud, and the reading of the poem is,finally, the most telling “interpretation” of it, suggesting tone, rhythm, and meaning all at once.Hearing a poet read the work in his or her own voice, on records or on films, is obviously a specialreward. But even those aids to teaching cannot replace the student and teacher reading it or, best ofall, reciting it.I have come to think, in fact, that time spent reading a poem aloud is much more important than“analyzing” it, if there isn’t time for both. I think one of our goals as teachers of English is to havestudents love poetry. Poetry is “a criticism of life”, and “a heightening of life”. It is “an approach tothe truth of feeling”, and it “can save your life”. It also deserves a place in the teaching of languageand literature more central than it presently occupies.I am not saying that every English teacher must teach poetry. Those who don’t like it should not beforced to put that dislike on anyone else. But those who do teach poetry must keep in mind a fewthings about its essential nature, about its sound as well as its sense, and they must make room in theclassroom for hearing poetry as well as thinking about i

阅读理解 In a poor, inland, gang-infested part of Los Angeles, there is a clinic for people with type 1 diabetes. As part of the country health care system, it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options, the poorest of the poor. Although type 2 diabetes is rampant in this part of town, type 1 diabetes exists as well. Yet these latter individuals generally lack access to any specialty care—a type of treatment they desperately need due to a complexity of dealing with type 1 diabetes in the setting of poverty and psychosocial stress. The Type 1 Clinic meets one morning per week and is staffed by four endocrinology fellows and a diabetologist, often me. I have the unique perspective of working part of the time in a county setting and the other part of the time in a clinic for people with health insurance, in Beverly Hills. I know what is possible in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. East Los Angeles teaches me what happens when access to care is not available. Most of our patients, in their 20s and 30s and 40s, already have complications of their diabetes many near end stage. Concepts about maintaining near-normal blood glucose levels often miss their mark—lack of education or money or motivation or factors I can't even imagine make the necessity of a patient acting as his or her own exogenous pancreas nearly impossible, especially when there are acute consequences to hypoglycemia and few to moderate hyperglycemia. Historically, in spite of these barriers, we persisted and thought we made a difference. Often, teaching simple carbohydrate counting or switching therapy to long-acting insulin improved patients control and their quality of life. The fellows felt they made a positive impact in the health of their patients. Driving home I would be encouraged by what we had accomplished, although saddened by the severity of the complications suffered by many of our patients. Yet everything changed with the recession of 2008. In Beverly Hills I heard a lot about the demise of the financial markets. Patients of mine had invested with Bermie Madoff. Some, once billionaires, were now millionaires. Personal assistants and housekeepers were laid off, vacation homes were put on the market, and parties became less lavish. But all still live in safe, clean homes, wear designer clothes, and eat high-quality food. The landscape is very different for many of my East LA patterns. The temporary, part-time jobs they had cobbled together to keep food on the table and pay for housing are gone. I—naively—didn't realize how much worse poverty could get. But now many of our patients are young without food and are becoming homeless. One young man, a college student trying to work his way out of poverty by going to school, lost his job and is living in his car. He is still taking classes but is unable to afford more than a dollar meal from a fast-food restaurant once every day or two. Management of his diabetes involves simply keeping him alive with his erratic, poor eating habit.

阅读理解Culture is the total sum of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group ofhuman beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilizedit may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, justas to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech,consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a seriesof grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spokentongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severestandards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas.They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, whichusually fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflects theobjects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to benoted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by puttingtogether words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them totheir own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward”languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. Anaccidental language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”);some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to theperson addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultureare to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

阅读理解Many artists late in the last century were in search of a means to express their individuality. Moderndance was one of the ways some of these people sought to free their creative spirit. At the beginningthere was no exacting technique, no foundation from which to build. In later years, trial, error andgenius founded the techniques and the principles of the movement. Eventually, innovators even drewfrom what they considered the dread ballet, but first they had to abandon all that was academic sothat the new could be discovered. The beginnings of modern dance were happening before IsadoraDuncan, but she was the first person to bring the new dance to general audiences and see it acceptedand acclaimed.Her search for a natural movement form sent her to nature. She believed movement should be asnatural as the swaying of the trees and the rolling waves of the sea, and should be in harmony withthe movement of the Earth. Her great contributions are in three areas.First, she began the expansion of the kinds of movement that could be used in dance. Before Duncandanced, ballet was the only type of dance performed in concert. In the ballet the feet and legs wereemphasized, with virtuosity shown by complex, codified positions and movements. Duncanperformed dance by using all her body in the freest possible way. Her dance stemmed from her souland spirit. She was one of the pioneers who broke tradition so others might be able to develop the art.Her second contribution lies in dance costume. She rejected ballet shoes and stiff costumes. Thesewere replaced with flowing Grecian tunes, bare feet, and unbound hair. She believed in the naturalbody being allowed to move freely, and her dress displayed this ideal.Her third contribution was in the use of music. In her performances she used the symphonies of greatmasters including Beethoven and Wagner, which was not the usual custom.She was as exciting and eccentric in her personal life as in her dance.

阅读理解 Dry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year—thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-soluble detergents. Dry-cleaners will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste produced in cleaning clothes. Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused. The problem in developing the process, says DeSimone, has been that CO2 by itself is not a good solvent. However, he points out that not much dissolves in water without the help of detergents, yet water is the most common solvent. What CO2 needed, he thought, was the right detergent. Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends: one has a liking for water, the other sticks to dirt. Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquid CO2, so DeSimone created three CO2-soluble detergents. One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group, which makes them soluble in CO2. The other end is soluble in water, oil or silicone, depending on the type of dirt being removed. The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best for the job. DeSimone's company, MiCell, will start selling liquid CO2 dry-cleaning machines next year. They operate at room temperature at a pressure 'about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyre', according to a spokesman for MiCell. Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene. But the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is clamping down on the toxic waste emission this produces. After cleaning with the new machines, the liquid CO2 is evaporated and collected for reuse, leaving a residue of detergent and dirt. Brad Lienhart, president of MiCell, says that cutting waste and pollution is the company's strongest selling point. 'Dry-cleaner owners are saying 'get this burden off my back',' he says. He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business. About 15,000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year. Buster Bell, who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina, says the MiCell technology looks competitive, and he likes the reduced environmental impact. 'You really don't know what is coming from the EPA,' he says.

阅读理解 In a poor, inland, gang-infested part of Los Angeles, there is a clinic for people with type 1 diabetes. As part of the country health care system, it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options, the poorest of the poor. Although type 2 diabetes is rampant in this part of town, type 1 diabetes exists as well. Yet these latter individuals generally lack access to any specialty care—a type of treatment they desperately need due to a complexity of dealing with type 1 diabetes in the setting of poverty and psychosocial stress. The Type 1 Clinic meets one morning per week and is staffed by four endocrinology fellows and a diabetologist, often me. I have the unique perspective of working part of the time in a county setting and the other part of the time in a clinic for people with health insurance, in Beverly Hills. I know what is possible in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. East Los Angeles teaches me what happens when access to care is not available. Most of our patients, in their 20s and 30s and 40s, already have complications of their diabetes many near end stage. Concepts about maintaining near-normal blood glucose levels often miss their mark—lack of education or money or motivation or factors I can't even imagine make the necessity of a patient acting as his or her own exogenous pancreas nearly impossible, especially when there are acute consequences to hypoglycemia and few to moderate hyperglycemia. Historically, in spite of these barriers, we persisted and thought we made a difference. Often, teaching simple carbohydrate counting or switching therapy to long-acting insulin improved patients control and their quality of life. The fellows felt they made a positive impact in the health of their patients. Driving home I would be encouraged by what we had accomplished, although saddened by the severity of the complications suffered by many of our patients. Yet everything changed with the recession of 2008. In Beverly Hills I heard a lot about the demise of the financial markets. Patients of mine had invested with Bermie Madoff. Some, once billionaires, were now millionaires. Personal assistants and housekeepers were laid off, vacation homes were put on the market, and parties became less lavish. But all still live in safe, clean homes, wear designer clothes, and eat high-quality food. The landscape is very different for many of my East LA patterns. The temporary, part-time jobs they had cobbled together to keep food on the table and pay for housing are gone. I—naively—didn't realize how much worse poverty could get. But now many of our patients are young without food and are becoming homeless. One young man, a college student trying to work his way out of poverty by going to school, lost his job and is living in his car. He is still taking classes but is unable to afford more than a dollar meal from a fast-food restaurant once every day or two. Management of his diabetes involves simply keeping him alive with his erratic, poor eating habit.

阅读理解 Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. 'Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,' says Dr. Lotto. 'What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.' This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the 'R' and the 'L' sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. 'Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference.' Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. 'Yes, my work is idea-driven,' he says. 'But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology.'

阅读理解 The United States and England each has a major—and unique—health-care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries. The study, conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the United States and Institute for Fiscal Studies in the United Kingdom, found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S. senior citizens, but mortality rates were higher among English senior citizens. Americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their English counterparts and more than double the rate of cancer. Nevertheless, death rate among Americans 65 and older is lower. 'Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer,' says James Smith, a study co-author. He attributes the U.S. health problems to lifestyle factors, including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise. Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food, for example, 'There is what I call an American palte. When we go to a restaurant, it's plate I can't even eat any more. It's a plate with so much food on if it's not even appealing to me.' Smith also says that English adults are generally much more physically active than Americans. Biking and walking are much common in everyday life in England. He observes that 'there is a lot of walking in London, and there is a lot of bicycle riding. I don't see people in downtown Los Angeles on their bicycles'. On the other hand, England's problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough. American doctors tend to screen patients for cancer, diabetes, and other illnesses more frequently. Smith notes 'American medicine is much more aggressive. It leads to high costs, but it has benefits, too'.

作文题 Directions: In this part there is a passage in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 艾滋病是全社会的威胁 什么是艾滋病(AIDS)? 艾滋病是一种由艾滋病病毒，即人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus，简称HIV)侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。艾滋病的医学全称为“获得性免疫缺陷综合征”(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)。这个命名表达了艾滋病的完整概念，从中我们可以了解到艾滋病的三个明确定义：“获得性”表示在病因方面是后天获得而不是先天具有的。“免疫缺陷”表示在发病机理方面，主要是造成人体免疫系统的损伤而导致免疫系统的防护功能降低或丧失。免疫缺陷病的共同特点是对感染的易感性明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤。“综合征”表示在临床症状方面，由于免疫缺陷导致的各个系统的感染而出现的复杂症状群。 艾滋病发源于非洲。1981年全球首例艾滋病病例在美国发现。1985年在中国发现了首例艾滋病例。全世界共有艾滋病病毒携带者和患者4990万，大多数在发展中国家，其中非洲约3700万。截至2002年，我国艾滋病病毒感染总人数已突破100万，所有省、自治区、直辖市都有艾滋病病例报道。 艾滋病的传播途径和发病过程 艾滋病病毒感染者虽然外表和正常人一样，但他们的血液、精液、阴道分泌物、皮肤黏膜破损或炎症溃疡的渗出液里都含有大量艾滋病病毒，具有很强的传染性。乳汁也含病毒，有传染性。唾液、泪水、汗液和尿液中也能发现病毒，但数量很少，传染性不大。已经证实的艾滋病传染途径主要有三条：性传播、血液传播和母婴传播，其核心是通过性传播和血液传播。 从感染艾滋病病毒发展成艾滋病病人一般可分为四个时期。第一期为急性期，是指从受到感染至血清中出现抗艾滋病病毒抗体这段时期。这个时期往往因症状轻微而被人们忽视。第二期为无症状期，也称潜伏期。除血清中抗艾滋病病毒抗体呈阳性外无任何临床症状。第三期为艾滋病前期，其主要表现是，持续性全身淋巴结肿大，而无其他临床症状。第四期为完全艾滋病期或艾滋病晚期。此期表现较为复杂，可出现各种各样的症状，如：不明原因的发热、腹泻、体重减轻、二重感染和继发肿瘤等。 艾滋病的治疗和预防 艾滋病是一种病死率极高的严重传染病，目前还没有治愈的药物和方法，但可预防。治疗药物可分为三大类：抗HIV病毒药物、免疫调节剂和抗感染药物。近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大的进展，有些新药将要上市，不久的将来一定能攻克治疗的难关，中国的一些中药亦有免疫功能的作用。目前有研究已发现即使同时使用3种甚至4种药物也不能完全清除人体内的艾滋病病毒。相反，在体内潜伏一段时间后，病毒数量还可能大规模上升。 艾滋病威胁着每一个人和每一个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任，绝大多数感染者要经过十年的时间才能发展成病人，一般在病发后的2～3年内死亡。与艾滋病人及艾滋病病毒感染者的日常生活和工作接触不会感染艾滋病，艾滋病不会经电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳池或浴室等公共设施传播，也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施，共用注射器、吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径，因此要拒绝毒品，关爱生命。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的器具进行拔牙和美容等，避免使用未经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。

作文题 Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 环境污染与肺癌 近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学(epidemiology)调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。城市居民癌症和心血管疾病的发病率明显高于农村居民。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，所以容易被人们所忽视。往往病发之日，尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。 肺及呼吸道是一个开放器官，与外界直接接触，外界很多致癌因素都可以导致肺癌。环境污染就是导致肺癌的一个重要原因。 环境污染中最为重要的就是大气污染。大气污染的许多学者惊奇地发现，近50年来，随着工业和经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高，肺癌的发病率也显著提高，特别是世界经济发达地区的患者成倍地增加。例如，美国的病人在50年中，男性增加了18倍，女性增加了6倍。每4名癌症死亡病例中，就有1名是肺癌患者；每100名死亡病人中，有5名死于肺癌。就我国情况看，也有明显增加的趋势。上海市卢湾区1971年比1952年死亡率增长9.65倍；北京城区1975年比1958年死亡率增长2.5倍。从全国恶性肿瘤排列顺序来看，肺癌占第5位；每100名癌症病人中，大约有8名是肺癌。 肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，据WHO统计，每年全球估计有120万以上新发肺癌病例，死亡约110万人，平均每隔30s就有人死于肺癌。近年来，我国肺癌发病率及死亡率亦不断上升。国内外流行病学研究报告称，大气污染易诱发肺癌而使死亡率增高。 在公认的大气污染物中，颗粒物与人群健康效应终点的流行病学联系最为密切。把颗粒物对健康的危害做定量评价，近年来已成为WHO、欧盟等国际机构关注的热点之一。美国规定可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的日均值及年均值分别为0.15与0.05 mg/m3，我国1996年颁布的GB3095—1996规定PM10的二级标准为日均值为0.15 mg/m3，年均值为0.10mg/m3。1997年，美国国家环境保护局(EPA)率先推出PM2.5标准，严格规定日均值为0.065mg/m3，年均值为0.015mg/m3。 PM10与PM2.5都可增加患肺癌的危险。美国的研究表明，硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氢离子、元素碳、二次有机化合物及过渡金属都富集在细颗粒物上，而Ca、Al、Mg、Fe等元素则主要富集在粗颗粒物上，它们对人体的影响不同。PM2.5对人体的危害比PM10大，已成为环境空气控制政策的新目标。随着交通的发展、机动车辆的增加、环境的日益破坏，PM2.5污染越来越严重。研究发现，大气中PM2.5在总悬浮颗粒物中的比率逐年增加，沉积在下呼吸道的96%颗粒物是PM2.5。城市大气中PM2.5主要来自于交通废气排放(18%～54%)及气溶胶二次污染(30%～41%)。 综上，我们可以看出环境污染与我们的健康有着重要的关系。我们必须全力以赴保护环境，因为保护环境就是保护自己!

作文题 Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 全科医生培养及发展思路 随着医疗卫生事业的不断发展，人们对社区卫生服务的要求也越来越高。目前我国社区卫生服务发展还不平衡。高素质的全科医生(general practitioner)缺乏成为社区卫生发展滞后的主要原因。规范全科医生培养，大力发展全科医生培训工作势在必行。全科医生在社区卫生服务中的功能包括治疗、保健、预防、护理、健康调查、咨询及健康教育等。虽然我国全科医学(general family medicine)已经得到了普及和发展，但其教育与培训的总体水平还存在一些问题。本文就全科医生的培养和今后的发展做一浅析。 全科医生需具备的基本素质 全科医生需要较全面的知识。某些严重疾病的早期症状可能比较轻微，与一些常见、多发病表现并无太大区别。这就要求全科医生从众多的疾病中筛选可能的情况，因此要求全科医生临床学科知识面要广。社区卫生工作中，一名合格的全科医生，也应是一名出色的社会工作者。全科医生服务的对象是社区内的居民，而且有可能需要长期面对，因此要求全科医生要有良好的人际关系、协调能力和高度的工作热情，并与患者建立一种亲密而长期的友情，成为病人家庭的良师益友，而且要具有良好的职业道德。 目前全科医生存在的问题 全科医生工作热情不高。一方面与专业医生相比，收入与社会地位存在差距；另一方面工作环境较艰苦，医疗设备落后，导致全科医生的工作热情和人员稳定性不高。合格的全科医生人员不多。由于全科医学专业在我国发展历史较短，很多医学院校近年刚开设全科医学的专业。全科医生实际工作能力与居民的要求还有距离，同时社区工作也是在逐渐摸索、完善过程中，因此社区卫生服务的工作开展仍不太理想。 解决的方法与思考 制定全科医学相关领域的政策和规划、社区卫生服务发展策略和相关人力资源政策，特别是推动全科医学毕业生致力于社区群众服务的激励机制等，促使全科医疗得到健康持续的发展。以全科医生岗位培训为重点，低年资的全科医生要进行专科轮转，至少3年，掌握专科学校的基本理论和基本技能；高年资的全科医生可通过远程教育，参加各省、市中心培训机构组织临床技能培训，逐步提高技术水平。各省、市可以根据实际需要，增加一些社区工作急需的培训内容。对部分基础较好的医生进行重点培养，然后由这些合格的全科医生再去培养更多的全科医生，促进全科医生的全面提高，进而提高防治社区常见疾病、解决社区健康问题的能力，达到全科医生的岗位要求。

作文题 Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 环境污染与肺癌 近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学(epidemiology)调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。城市居民癌症和心血管疾病的发病率明显高于农村居民。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，所以容易被人们所忽视。往往病发之日，尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。 肺及呼吸道是一个开放器官，与外界直接接触，外界很多致癌因素都可以导致肺癌。环境污染就是导致肺癌的一个重要原因。 环境污染中最为重要的就是大气污染。大气污染的许多学者惊奇地发现，近50年来，随着工业和经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高，肺癌的发病率也显著提高，特别是世界经济发达地区的患者成倍地增加。例如，美国的病人在50年中，男性增加了18倍，女性增加了6倍。每4名癌症死亡病例中，就有1名是肺癌患者；每100名死亡病人中，有5名死于肺癌。就我国情况看，也有明显增加的趋势。上海市卢湾区1971年比1952年死亡率增长9.65倍；北京城区1975年比1958年死亡率增长2.5倍。从全国恶性肿瘤排列顺序来看，肺癌占第5位；每100名癌症病人中，大约有8名是肺癌。 肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，据WHO统计，每年全球估计有120万以上新发肺癌病例，死亡约110万人，平均每隔30s就有人死于肺癌。近年来，我国肺癌发病率及死亡率亦不断上升。国内外流行病学研究报告称，大气污染易诱发肺癌而使死亡率增高。 在公认的大气污染物中，颗粒物与人群健康效应终点的流行病学联系最为密切。把颗粒物对健康的危害做定量评价，近年来已成为WHO、欧盟等国际机构关注的热点之一。美国规定可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的日均值及年均值分别为0.15与0.05 mg/m3，我国1996年颁布的GB3095—1996规定PM10的二级标准为日均值为0.15 mg/m3，年均值为0.10mg/m3。1997年，美国国家环境保护局(EPA)率先推出PM2.5标准，严格规定日均值为0.065mg/m3，年均值为0.015mg/m3。 PM10与PM2.5都可增加患肺癌的危险。美国的研究表明，硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氢离子、元素碳、二次有机化合物及过渡金属都富集在细颗粒物上，而Ca、Al、Mg、Fe等元素则主要富集在粗颗粒物上，它们对人体的影响不同。PM2.5对人体的危害比PM10大，已成为环境空气控制政策的新目标。随着交通的发展、机动车辆的增加、环境的日益破坏，PM2.5污染越来越严重。研究发现，大气中PM2.5在总悬浮颗粒物中的比率逐年增加，沉积在下呼吸道的96%颗粒物是PM2.5。城市大气中PM2.5主要来自于交通废气排放(18%～54%)及气溶胶二次污染(30%～41%)。 综上，我们可以看出环境污染与我们的健康有着重要的关系。我们必须全力以赴保护环境，因为保护环境就是保护自己!

作文题 Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 水果是否可吃可不吃 水果含有人体必需而又不能自身合成的矿物质，具有强抗氧化作用、防止细胞衰老的维生素以及可以明显降低血液中胆固醇浓度的可溶性纤维等，对人体健康十分有益。但中国人特别是男性，经常吃水果的比例很低。20世纪80年代，我在美国分析了美国100万人十年追踪研究的资料，发现不吃或很少吃水果的人群，肺癌死亡率为吃水果人群的1.75倍。而且从45岁到74岁的每个5岁年龄组均表现出类似的结果，说明这种因果关系非常可靠。美国有句谚语：“一天一个苹果，不用看医生。”说明他们很早就总结出了水果对疾病的预防作用。世界卫生组织近年来提出了“天天五蔬果”的口号。其含义是，为保障健康，最好每天吃够五种蔬菜和五种水果。近年来美国哈佛大学的一些研究表明，多进食水果和蔬菜还可降低中风和冠心病的发病危险。 那么，到底水果中的什么成分起到了这样的作用?是不是维生素?服用市售维生素制剂是否可起到相同的作用?我又进一步分析了肺癌死亡与服用维生素制剂的关系。结果发现，经常服用维生素并不能起到类似的保护作用。再专门分析重度吸烟者肺癌死亡率与进食水果和服用维生素制剂的关系。发现水果仍然起到保护作用，而维生素却没有。该分析研究的结论是，人工合成的维生素不能替代水果对肺癌死亡的预防作用，后来的一些研究也得出了同样的结论。对此，营养免疫学家的解释是：天然植物中的维生素并不是单独起作用，而是与其他维生素和营养素相互联合一起工作。一种维生素补充的过多或不足，均会影响和削弱其他营养素或维生素的作用。由于化学合成的维生素是与其他维生素和营养素分离的，复方的各成分间的比例也与天然的不尽相同，所以它们不能产生与天然物质中所含的维生素一样的功效。有些国外的专家把这种现象戏称为“人造的不如神造的”。另外，蔬菜水果中还可能含有些尚未被人类认识的生理活性物质。目前，天然食物的抗氧化作用已成为一个重要的研究领域，各国营养学家正在进行研究开发。研究已证实，有些蔬菜水果具有强抗氧化作用，如大蒜、胡萝卜、柿子、柑橘、猕猴桃等能提高体内超氧化物岐(质)化酶(SOD)的活性，起到延缓衰老的作用。 综上所述，在日常生活中，水果应作为每日膳食的重要组成部分，绝不是可有可无的东西。对一般人群来说，维生素制剂绝不能也不应当代替日常对水果、蔬菜的进食。另外，过多地服用维生素制剂还可能导致一些副作用，有的甚至非常严重。如服用过量维生素D会导致软组织钙化，对肾脏和心血管系统造成损伤；长期服用维生素E易导致血栓等。在病态情况下，由于体内某些维生素的大量消耗或吸收合成转化不良，打破了其正常平衡，则必须适当补给。如发热、手术、患心肌梗死等疾病时需补充维生素C；肝肾功能不良时需补充维生素D等。但这些均需在医生的指导下进行。