单选题It is often more difficult______than to get financial support for scientific research.

单选题It would be surprising for ______ any objections to the proposal.

单选题People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation' s economy would bring about social chaos.

单选题One traditional justification for greater judicial deference to agencies on legal questions in the U. S. administrative regime is she expertise argument. This justification comports with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different branches of government and agencies' place in modern government. Agencies, in this view, are the technical experts that put into operation the policy judgments made by legislators. Indeed, technical expertise is the raison d’etre of agencies; by focusing on a particular regulatory field, or sector of the economy, agencies can do what Congress lacks the time and other institutional resources to do. Chevron VS National Resources, which presented the question whether the statutory term "stationary source" referred to an entire pollution-emitting plant or, rather, to every single smokestack within such a plant, supplies an apt example of when an agency's special technical expertise can aid statutory interpretation. According to the expertise argument, agencies are deemed to understand even the legal ramifications of the problems agencies are created to work on. Admittedly, the dichotomy between legal and factual questions may at times be difficult to maintain, but that observation argues as much in favor of as it does against Chevron deference. Agency expertise, however, is not the only common justification. Sometimes the doctrine is justified also on democratic grounds. According to the argument from democracy, it is agencies, not courts, that are answerable to both the executive and the legislative representatives of the citizenry. Because judges are not elected, while presidents and legislators are, and because agencies but not judges are accountable to the President and to Congress, judicial deference to agency decisions enhances the political legitimacy of the administrative regime. Finally, Chevron may be justified also in the name of administrative efficiency or coordination. Before Chevron, different federal courts in different jurisdictions could interpret the same statutory provision differently. Multiple interpretations by different federal courts would mean that the statute "said" different things in those different jurisdictions. Such confusion could be eliminated by appellate review, but agencies faced uncertainty pending review, and the possibility of different interpretations across different appellate circuits remained. Because multiple agencies do not typically interpret the same statutory language, however, Chevron deference allows the agency charged with administering a statute to interpret that statute. One agency, rather than many federal courts, now resolves ambiguities in the statute that the agency in question is charged to administer. Such interpretive streamlining not only reduces uncertainty but also promotes regulatory coordination. Once an agency has settled on a reasonable interpretation, it can act on the basis of that interpretation nationally.

单选题To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the cases on a map.

单选题Even after ten years her name conjures up such beautiful memories.

单选题Nothing is less sensible than the advice of the Duke of Cambridge who is to be reported to have said: "Any change, at any time, for any reason is to be {{U}}deplored{{/U}}."

单选题A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that【C1】______does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less【C2】______then, however, were the new, positive【C3】______that work against the digital divide. 【C4】______, there are reasons to be【C5】______. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more【C6】______, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential【C7】______there are. More and more【C8】______, afraid their countries will be left【C9】______, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be【C10】______together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will【C11】______rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for【C12】______world poverty that we've ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to【C13】______poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has【C14】______potential. To【C15】______advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices【C16】______respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an【C17】______of their sovereignty might well study the history of 【C18】______ (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is【C19】______America's Second Wave infrastructure—【C20】______roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.

单选题Professional archivists and librarians have(he resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in______ computers.(2006年北京大学考博试题)

单选题Our new firm______for a credible, aggressive individual with great skills to fill this position.(中国人民大学2008年试题)

单选题The travelers were ______ into silence by the sight of a distant mountain. A. enlivened B. awed C. forced D. frightened

单选题______ 2.6 million people starting diets on New Year's Day, research suggests that by the end of the week 92 percent of dieters gave up, shunning exercise and gorging on comfort food. A. In spite B. Although C. While D. Despite

单选题Several______for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers. A. systems B. sentences C. fallacies D. hypotheses

单选题I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ______. A. disapproval B. rejection C. refusal D. decline

单选题High-fructose corn syrup is easy for food and beverage makers to use, and has ______ the former leading sweetener: sucrose, or ordinary table sugar. A. edged out B. edged in C. edgedaway D. edged on

单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leif's return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companion sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1 "doegr" more than the last until Biarni comes to land directly in front of his father's house in the last- mentioned country. This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may he that the entire tale is But a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leif's visit to King Olaf and Biarni's to that king's predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were from different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was "level and covered with woods", and "there were small hillocks upon it'. Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally. And of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that "wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines". Additionally, if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it: "They found there hellus (large flat stones)." According to the Biarni narrative, however, "this land was high and mountainous." The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 "doegr" in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introduced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his father's home. But it should be recalled that Heriufsness lay below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators. I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leif's voyage contained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leif's voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be "probable" because it is incorporated into the narrative of a preferred authority, while Biarni's is "improbable" or even "impossible" because the document containing it has been condemned.

单选题Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn"t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don"t have unpredictable things, you don"t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method"—a substitute for imaginative thought. I"ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team".

单选题In the final paragraph, what does the author say about Margherita?

单选题She was an______writer because she persuaded a lot of people to see the truth of her ideas.

单选题My opinion is that the visiting Brazilian football team will______ Chinese football team 6-0.