单选题Now researchers are directing more attention to the social and cultural impetus that propelled university graduates into careers in management.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)

单选题Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero? Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people. A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and community who will listen. But a hew floes beyond mere fame. Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people. The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine, they experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? The answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant? Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. , we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks: It may be possible for largescale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.

单选题She finds it difficult to ______ her career ambition with her responsibility to her family.

单选题Since the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating effects of large-scale environmental pollution. Such pollution is generally the result of poor government planning in many developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialized countries which encourage a minority of the world"s population to squander the majority of its natural resources. While events such as the deforestation of the Amazon jungle or the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl continue to receive high...remembered that not all pollution is on this grand scale. A large proportion of the world"s pollution has its source much close to home. Avoiding pollution can be a fulltime job. Try not to inhale traffic fumes, keep away from chemical plants and building-sites; wear a mask when cycling. It is enough to make you want to stay at home. But that, according to a growing body of scientific evidence, would also be a bad idea. Research shows that levels of pollutants such as hazardous gases, particulate matter and other chemical "nasties" are usually higher indoors than out, even in the most polluted cities. Since the average American spends 18 hours indoors for every hour outside, it looks as though many environmentalists may be attacking the wrong target. The latest study, conducted by two environmental engineers, Richard Corsi and Cynthia Howard-Reed, of the University of Texas in Austin, and published in Environmental Science and Technology, suggests that it is the process of keeping clean that may be making indoor pollution worse. The researchers found that baths, showers, dishwashers and washing machines can all be significant sources of indoor pollution, because they extract trace amounts of chemicals from the water that they use and transfer them to the air. Nearly all public water supplies contain very low concentrations of toxic chemicals, most of them left over from the otherwise beneficial process of chlorination. In fact, in many cases, the degree of exposure to toxic chemicals in tap water by inhalation is comparable to the exposure that would result from drinking the stuff. This is significant because many people are so concerned about water-borne pollutants that they drink only bottled water, worldwide sales of which are forecast to reach $ 72 billion by next year. Dr. Corsi"s results suggest that they are being exposed to such pollutants any way simply by breathing at home. The aim of such research is not, however, to encourage the use of gas masks when unloading the washing. Instead, it is to bring a sense of perspective to the debate about pollution. According to Dr. Corsi, disproportionate effort is wasted campaigning against certain forms of outdoor pollution; when there is as much or more cause for concern indoors, fight under people"s noses. Using gas cookers or burning candles, for example, both result in indoor levels of carbon monoxide and particulate matter that are just as high as those to be found outside, amid heavy traffic. Overcrowded classrooms whose ventilation systems were designed for smaller numbers of children frequently contain levels of carbon dioxide that would be regarded as unaccepted on board a submarine. "New car smell" is the result of high levels of toxic chemicals, not cleanliness. Laser printers, computers, carpets and paints all contribute to the noxious indoor mix. The implications of indoor pollution for health are unclear. But before worrying about the problems caused by large-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale pollution at home and welcome international debate about this. Scientists investigating indoor pollution will gather next month in Edinburgh at the Indoor Air conference to discuss the problem. Perhaps unwisely, the meeting is being held indoors.

单选题One ______ to define a republic is if a government at least derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great body of the people.

单选题 Passage 2 There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that' we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upon the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their Study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only. Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?Comprehension Questions:

单选题 Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations, which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure. If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The unhappily married couple, in most cases, remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic "cement" holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain function society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, e. g. division of property, alimony, child support, and the social stigma attached to divorce. Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners social economic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form of government subsidized alimony payments, it reduces the institutional costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government subsidized alimony payments.

单选题The author tells us that

单选题An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of ______ that produces it.

单选题I would have come to see you had it been possible, but I ______ so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be

单选题Building this road will ______ the construction of ten bridges, and then the total cost reaches I million US dollars. A. evolve B. involve C. revolve D. devolve

单选题The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and ______.

单选题The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national ______.

单选题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} There have been three periods in the history of post-war broadcast interviewing. The first, "the age of respect", when it was an honour to have you, the interviewee, on the programme, lasted until the middle 50s. The second, "the age of supremacy", when politicians in particular looked upon the interviewers as rivals who made them feel uncomfortable by their knowledge and rigour of questioning, came to an end at the beginning of this decade. Now we are in "the age of evasion", when most prominent interviewees have acquired the art of seeming to answer a question whilst bypassing its essential thrust. Why should this be? From the complexity of causes responsible for the present commonplace interview form, a few are worth singling out, such as the revolt against rationality and the worship of feeling in its place. To the young of the 60s, the painstaking search for understanding of a given political problem may have appeared less fruitful and satisfying than the free expression of emotion which the same problem generated. Sooner or later, broadcasting was bound to reflect this. This bias against understanding has continued. To this we must add the professional causes that have played their part. The convention of the broadcast interview had undergone little change or radical development since its rise in the 50s. When a broadcasting form ceases to develop, its practitioners tend to take it for granted and are likely to say "how" rather than ask "why". Furthermore, these partly psychological, partly professional tendencies were greatly accelerated by the huge expansion of news and current affairs output over the last 15 years. When you had many, additional hours of current affairs broadcasting, interviewing turned out to be a far cheaper convention than straight reporting, which is costly in terms of permanent reporters and time preparation. The temptation to combine an expanded news and current affairs service with a relatively small additional financial expense by making the interview happen everywhere proved overwhelming. To be fair, there are compensating virtues in interviewing, such as immediacy and authority, yet in all honesty I must say that the spread of the interviewing arrangement has led to a corresponding diminution of quality broadcasting.

单选题It is wrong to ______ any one of the candidates at the moment, for one of them might turn out to be a dark horse in the general election. A. deny B. outshine C. belittle D. grudge

单选题He was______of having asked such a silly question.

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Most injures can be prevented, provided a parent goes about it the right way. Mr. Grant was a skilled and capable surgeon. His wife--intelligent, charming and a qualified nurse--had suggested they see me about their 16-month-old son, Neville. Mrs. Grant spoke first. "We're both professional people, and I guess we're supposed to know more than most people. It hurts us to admit our little Neville is such a problem." "He's all over the house, climbing, handling things he's not supposed to be touching," Mr. Grant interrupted, "and we're afraid he'll badly injure himself and it'll be our fault." "Does he have some understanding of the word ' no'," I asked… "That's just it, we can't be sure if he has or not. Sometimes he seems to understand, but at other times he just doesn't seem to mind when we say 'no'," the father replied. "Teaching a child the meaning of the word 'no' can be crucial in preventing accidents. Unless your Neville can understand the true meaning of 'no'--and only you two can teach it to him at this stage--there's bound to be trouble," I stated emphatically. Children between the age of one and two often injure themselves, sometimes quite seriously, if they've not been properly trained to respond to the word 'no'. It's only natural that our child, having only recently learned to move about, should want to explore and find out about this big, beautiful world around him. His sense of curiosity gets the better of him. To begin with, the fewer "no's" you tell your child, the better off things it will be. This can be done by thoughtfully removing from the room all those forbidden objects you suspect he'll reach for. You must be absolutely consistent. Be quick, alert, and fast-acting in preventing him from reaching for a forbidden object. Draw his attention, towards something else he can play with.