单选题The______ include paintings and photos showing the life of the people.

单选题The law prohibits occupancy by more than 250 persons in this area. A. forbids B. allows C. promises D. suggests

单选题Although it was his first experience as chairman, he ______ over the meeting with great skill. [A] presided [B] administered [C] mastered [D] executed

单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} Everything in today's world is going faster and faster, and television commercials are no exception. At the start of the television age the standard commercial lasted 60 seconds, but most of today's commercials are only half that length and many are even shorter. The 15-second commercial, introduced a few years ago as a way to cut skyrocketing advertising costs, may soon be the most common in the United States. (Our television-watching counterparts in Japan and Europe are already being treated to 7-second mini-commercials ! ) What stands behind the message that blips onto and off our television screens before we have time to get to the kitchen and hack? Months of planning; hundreds of interviews with potential users of the product; hours of writing; dozens of actors, directors, and technicians; days of filming; and hundreds of thousands of dollm's in payments to the television networks that will run the ad. Take for example a recent commercial for a certain brand of cough drops. The manufacturer of the cough drops spent four months trying to think of a way to boost sales. After several surveys of cough drop users, the company decided to market a strawberry-flavored lozenge. Further surveys identified tile typical users of the strawberry-flavored cough drop as persons between the ages of 15 and 30. This infforination was important in planning the content and style of the commercial (fast-paced and upbeat, with colorful graphics and lively music) and in determining when to air it (during situation comedies, prime-time dramas, and music specials). The creative team at the advertising agency that handled the cough drop company's account then took over. After hours of discussion and writing, they came up with six scripts, from which the client chose two. One involved a young woman pulling a strawberry out of a box of cough drops. The outline, or storyboard, for the commercial looked deceptively simple: four sketches and a few lines of 'voice-over.' Yet these few words and images (just enough to fill 15 seconds) had been carefully selected to convey crucial information about the product: its effectiveness in suppressing coughs and soothing sore throats, the absence of sugar, and its strawberry flavor. Turning this carefully calculated script into an effective commercial involved finding just the right actor: a young woman who would be attractive to the target audience and who could make her positive response to the cough drops look convincing. Forty-two actors were. auditioned; one was chosen. The actor wasn't the only element of the commercial that had to go through an audition. More than a hundred outfits were inspected before one was chosen for her to wear, and hundreds of strawberries had to be sorted through. The filming began at 9:30 one morning. "All" the actor had to do was to open a box of cough drops, pull out a strawberry and munch on it. Yet her movements and facial expressions had to be just right, and achieving that perfection took three hours and 72 shootings, or 'takes.' Even then—shooting completed—the job was far from done. Thousands of feet of film had to be reduced to a compact 45 feet of finished commercial. Using million-dollar, computerized equipment, the producer, writer, and art director selected the best two takes and mixed images and sound to produce a polished final product. The result? A simple, effortless-looking lisle film that shows none of the tremendous effort that went into producing it, but which should justify all of that time, creativity, and expense by boosting cough drop sales.

单选题Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope--that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers than by scientific method. When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War Ⅱ shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral. Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancer's latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier. Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.

单选题A full ______ of all the reasons for and against closing the railway has begun

单选题To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must ______ the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.

单选题In 1995 Martin Luther King, Jr. gained national ______ for his nonviolent methods used in a bus boycott in Montgomery.

单选题Despite so many auspicious indicators, the America depicted in political and intellectual debate is invariably a place we should be building starships to flee. To the left, the United States remains a land of racial repression, corporate oligarchy, and environmental decay; to the right, a country where all things pure are collapsing. Such views hold considerable sway. Whitman's The Optimism Gap reports that 1996 polls showed that only 15 percent of Americans believe the country is getting better. In similar polls, about half said the nation is worse off compared to how it was when their parents were growing up, and 60 percent believed the United States in which their children dwell will be worse still. Though most Americans are today healthier, better housed, better fed, better paid, better educated, better defended, more free, and diverted by a cornucopia of new entertainment products and services, somehow they've managed to convince themselves their parents had it better during the Dust Bowl. As Robert Samuelson noted in his skillful book, the revolution of rising expectations has taken on a life of its own: "There can never be enough prosperity." Polls now suggest that, regardless of how much money an American has, he or she believes that twice as much is required. Samuelson further contends that one reason for all the unfocused anxiety is that the media have gotten so much better at emphasizing things to worry about. Tropical storms that might hit the United States get more network coverage than any favorable turn of events. Television crime coverage, especially, now seems itched to cause civic fright, while movies and network entertainment programming depict violence as far more pervasive than it actually is. As Christopher Jencks, a professor of government at Harvard University. Notes: "When I was growing up there was violence on TV, but it was cowboys having shootouts. I never worried that rustlers world come over the hill into my neighborhood. Now the violence on television is presented as if it's about to get you personally. Every screen you look, at home or in theaters, has something disastrous on it. No wonder people think the country is out of control."Conservative thinkers and politicians seem distressed by the contemporary milieu in part because Americans are more or less willingly adopting gender equality and cultural openness, including a culture in which minority writing and art are being admitted to the canon. The political and academic left can't stand the contemporary milieu in part because class war, economic breakdown, and environmental calamity seem less and less likely. "The left elites talk with obsessive negativism about the religious right because it's one of the few things they can find to still get upset about," notes Orlando Patterson of Harvard. "The right elite is similarly obsessive about the supposed culture war, when all the evidence is that the United States is becoming ever more tolerant and ever more at peace with diversity./

单选题Living in poverty, John sold for 500 dollars the ______ of his mother's first work which made her famous.(2004年上海理工大学考博试题)

单选题The London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sportsship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an " ethics champion" for future Games. The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow's sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest. Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full. Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games. In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010. But McCarthy also defended the commission's role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue. "What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog's examination of Dow Chemical's current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that. " said McCarthy. "As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms. " The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that "good press" has been made to wands many of Locog's sustainability target, but that "major challenges" remain. In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical. " We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they're not going to do it through renewable energy," said McCarthy. "There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven't done it. "

单选题Being afraid of the enemy's attack, he ______ motionless in the grass for half an hour. A. lie B. lay C. laid D. lied

单选题Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected ______ the unconscious ______ their psychology. No one can shield himself ______ such an influence. A. on...by...at B. by... for...in C. from...in...on D. through...with...from

单选题In order to answer the question: "which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics?" we have to emphasize on the study of

单选题The author is primarily concentrated on ______.

单选题The plan for the new office tower went ahead ____________ of local opposition.

单选题By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular______children as Coca-Cola. A. for B. in C. to D. with

单选题 Would you stoop to pick up a found penny? If you believe in the value of money or the possibility of luck, you would. Unless, of course, you're a teenager. When Nuveen Investments asked 1000 kids age 12 to 17 to name the sum they would bother to pick up, 58 percent said a dollar or more. "Some won't give pocket space to coins even if they're already in hand," says Neale Godfrey author of Money Doesn't Grow on Trees. Many high schoolers throw away the changes. As one boy explained to her, "what am I going to do with it?" The cavalier attitude is making some parents rethink the allowance tradition. The weekly stipend is meant to help kids learn about money, but some experts say too much cash--easily handed out in these flush times--and too few obligations can lead to a fiscally irresponsible future. Many kids have a "lack of understanding (of) how hard it is to earn money," says Godfrey. "That is not OK." Allowances, done right, are a way to teach children to plan ahead and choose wisely, to balance saving spending investing, and even philanthropy. Doing it right means deciding ahead of time how much to give and how often to give it. And it re- quires determining what the child's responsibilities will be. "About 50 percent of children between 12 and 18 get an allowance or cash from their parents," says a survey conducted in 1997 by Ohio State university for the U. S Labor Department. The median amount they got was a $ 50 a week. Nationally speaking, about 10 million kids receive a total of around $ 1 billion every week. The problem with a parental open-wallet policy, says Godfrey: "If you're always given money, why would it have any value to you?" Earned money is spent more wisely, she says. "You're teaching them that there is not an entitlement program in life. The way you get it is you earn it." Godfrey thinks an allowance should be chore-based, and she divides work into two categories: citizen-of-the-household chores .and work-for-pay chores. "The punishment for not doing your workfor-pay chores is you don't get paid." Other experts including Jayne Pearl, author of Kids and Money, believe that every family member is entitled to a small piece of the financial pie and that it shouldn't be tied to work. Doing so "complicates things unnecessarily and imbues allowance with power struggles and control is- sues," says Pearl. "I think of an allowance as learning capital...They have to have some money to practise with." "For many kids 3 is a good time to begin getting all allowance," experts say. This sounds early, but it's then that children start understanding the notion of exchanging coins for, say, candy. Deciding how much to give can be tough. "If the parents can afford it, I have them pay their age per week," says Godfrey. "A 3-year-old gets $3." Sound like a lot for a little person? Godfrey's plan takes 10 percent off the top for charity. The remainder is divided into thirds and put into jars. The quick-cash jar "is for instant gratification". This spend--as they choose money--means that candy bars, cards, and other impulse buys are no longer paid for by Mom and Dad, which causes kids to curb many impulses. The second jar is for medium-term savings, meant to be spent on medium-ticket luxuries like in-line skates or a CD player. The final jar is invested for the long term, such as for college.

单选题Our social behavior is ______.