单选题Modern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick"s central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace"s theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science. The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, developed his Scala Naturae , or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the "crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists. Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages—the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600"s calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher"s calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher"s book, History of the World . The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of Bibles. Ussher"s ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked apple carts of church and state. Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "troth". Ussher"s ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5,000 years old. Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci (painter of the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa , architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as the Father of modem geology, developed the Theory of Uniformitarianism, the basis of modem geology and paleontology. According to Hutton"s work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5,000 years old.

单选题In ancient mythology there were no impassable______separating the divine from the human beings.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)

单选题His parents were once well-off but they lost all their money.

单选题We were frightened by the______ of the crowd.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)

单选题There can be few who would knowingly eon done waste, whether of energy, of manpower or of financial assets. So why does our educational system make so little provision for those who, given the opportunity, could best help society achieve its objectives and expand its horizons? Support programmes have long been established for children with learning difficulties and under-achievers. People argue that the resources are inadequate to meet the existing need and that greater efforts must be made, but at least the problem is being faced. At the opposite end of the ability scale is a group of children which one would logically expect to offer the greatest challenge and yield the greatest rewards, both for the children themselves and for society as a whole. Sadly, special provisions in this area are few and far between. Regional and district child guidance departments are all too conscious of the fact that some 2 per cent of the school population falls within the "gifted" category. Many have ready prepared lists of children in their areas who have high ability, in the hope of a positive programme of action being initiated at national or regional level. Lack of funds cannot be held wholly responsible for the seeming indifference to the problem. People think a "gifted" child has enough good fortune to be gifted and needs no further help. But such children are not always the happy and fulfilled young people one might expect. Classmates' derision, mental boredom and frustration are not easy to live with, at best creating apathy and resignation, at worst invoking a rebellious response in the form of anti-social behaviour. Potential ability does not blossom without help and encouragement. All great artists and nusieians have needed to be taught the techniques of their craft and to explore the work of others, before embarking on their own creations. It has been said that a masterpiece is made up of 10 per cent genius and 90 per cent hard work. The power of concentration of these children and their capacity for work is extremely high and their thirst for wider experience apparently insatiable. With judicious handling they can produce amazing results in a short period of time. It is said that many children of high intelligence do not allow themselves to be "discovered" — for fear of becoming an outcast. Rather than risk losing their friends because of their high ability, they often conceal their potential talents.

单选题Which conclusion is best supported by information in the passage?

单选题Although the government still enjoys a high level of public support, the crime problem has stirred political ______ and suspicions. A. substance B. antagonisms C. dimension D possession

单选题The majority of people, about nine out of ten, are right-handed. (71) until recently, people who were left-handed were considered (72) , and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands. Today left-handedness is generally (73) , but it is still a disadvantage in a world (74) most people are right-handed. For example, most tools and implements are still (75) for right-handed people. In sports (76) contrast, doing things with the left hand or foot is often an advantage. Throwing, kicking, punching or batting from the " (77) " side may result in throwing (78) many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with the (79) of players who are right-handed. This is why, in many (80) at a professional level, a (81) proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole. The word "right" in many languages means "correct" or is (82) with lawfulness, whereas the words associated (83) "left", such as "sinister", generally have (84) associations. Moreover, among a number of primitive peoples, there is (85) close association between death and the left hand. In the past, in (86) Western societies, children were often forced to use their right hands, especially to write with. In some cases the left hand was (87) behind the child's back so that it could not be used. If, in the future, they are allowed to choose, (88) will certainly be more left-handers, and probably (89) people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their (90) hand.

单选题With tears in her eyes, the champion was oblivious to the cheering in the stands.

单选题In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species. And, as already noted, they are born cultureless. Therefore, an infant Homo sapiens must learn a very great deal and acquire a vast number of conditioned reflexes and habit patterns in order to live effectively, not only in society but in a particular kind of sociocultural system, be it Tibetan, Eskimo, or French. This process, taken as a whole, is called socialization (occasionally, enculturation)—the making of a social being out of one that was at birth wholly individualistic and egoistic. Education in its broadest sense may properly be regarded as the process by which the culture of a sociocultural system is impressed or imposed upon the plastic, receptive infant. It is this process that makes continuity of culture possible. Education, formal and informal, is the specific means of socialization. By informal education is meant the way a child learns to adapt his behaviour to that of others, to be like others, to become a member of a group. By formal education is meant the intentional and more or less systematic effort to affect the behaviour of others by transmitting elements of culture to them, be it knowledge or belief, patterns of behaviour, or ideals and values. These attempts may be overt or covert. The teacher may make his purpose apparent, even emphatic, to the learner. But much education is effected in an unobtrusive way, without teacher or learner being aware that culture is being transmitted. Thus, in myths and tales, certain characters are presented as heroes or villains, certain traits are extolled, others are deplored or denounced. The impressionable child acquires ideals and values, an image of the good or the bad. The growing child is immersed in the fountain of informal education constantly, the formal education tends to be periodic. Many sociocultural systems distinguish rather sharply a series of stages in the education and development of full-fledged men and women. First there is infancy, during which perhaps the most profound and enduring influences of a person's life are brought to bear. Weaning ushers in a new stage, that of childhood, during which boys and girls become distinguished from each other. Puberty rites transform children into men and women. These rites vary enormously in emphasis and content. Sometimes they include whipping, isolation, scarification, or circumcision. Very often the ritual is accompanied by explicit instruction in the mythology and lore of the tribe and in ethical codes. Such rituals as confirmation and Bar Mitzvahin modern Western culture belong to the category of puberty rites. With marriage come instruction and admonition, appropriate to the occasion, from eider relatives and, in more advanced cultures, from priests. In some sociocuhural systems men may become members of associations or sodalities: men's clubs, warrior societies, secret societies of magic or medicine. In some cases it is said that in passing through initiation rites a person is "born again." Women also may belong to sodalities, and in some instances they may become members of secret, magical societies along with men.

单选题Our manager is so______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)

单选题If you couldn't attend either of the concerts and are ______ gnashing your teeth at having missed out, don't despair.

单选题The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net ______ to charitable activities in the county. A. expenses B. revenues C. budgets D. payments

单选题Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations to address the political and legislative threats______evolution.

单选题Now let"s begin with question Number 1.

单选题Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomics—all of ______ provide significant benefits for human health—would not be possible without the underlying knowledge of evolution.

单选题Your improper words will give ______ to doubts concerning your true intentions.

单选题It is less common to find sharks in ______.

单选题Mary was very annoyed that her secretary did not meet her deadlines, and she warned her that her laziness and ______ could result in her dismissal.

单选题Anatomists generally maintain that the human heart is nearest ______ .