单选题Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven utility. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense, society must get even. This can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract the denial and restore the self has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The exaction of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his true. Modem jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminal who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him, If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.

单选题Through this passage, the author wants to ______.

单选题The first old "horseless carriage" of the 1880s may have been worthy of a snicker or two, but not the cars of today. The progress that has been made over the last one hundred years has been phenomenal. In fact, much progress was made in the first twenty years—in 1903, cars could travel at 70 miles per hour. The major change from the old cars to today is the expense. Whereas cars were once a luxury that only the very wealthy could afford, today, people of all income levels own cars. In fact, there are so many cars that if they were to line up end to end, they would touch the moon. Cars are used for everyday transportation for millions of people, for recreation, and for work. Many people's jobs depend on cars—police officers, health care workers, and taxi drivers all rely on automobiles. One thing that hasn't changed is how cars are powered. The first cars ran on gas and diesel fuel just as the most modern ones do. The new cars, however, are much more fuel efficient and much research is devoted to saving fuel and finding new sources of energy for cars.

单选题A membership card______the holder to use the club's facilities for a period of twelve months. A. approves B. authorizes C. rectifies D. endows

单选题We couldn't really afford to buy a house so we got it on martgage purchase and paid monthly ______.

单选题Unfortunately most of the science fiction films of the 1970s were not much influenced by 2001 A Space Odyssey. Skillfully directed by Stanley Kubrick, 2001. which appeared in 1968, set new standards for science fiction films. During the next decade, every one of the dozens of science fiction movies released was compared to 2001 , and all but a few were found sadly lacking. Admittedly, Kubrick had one of the largest budgets ever for a film of this kind, but, in my opinion, much of the movie's power and appeal was achieved through relatively inexpensive means. For example, the musical score, which was adapted in large part from well-known classical compositions, was reinforced by the use of almost kaleidoscopic visual effects, especially during the space travel sequences. Spectacular camera work was edited to correspond precisely to the ebb and flow of the music. After 2001, the dominant theme of science fiction films shifted from the adventures of space travel to the problems created on earth by man's mismanagement of the natural environment and the abuse of technology by a totalitarian state. Overpopulation and the accompanying' shortages of food prompt the state to impose extraordinary controls on its citizens. No fewer than twenty-nine films were made around this theme in the years between 1970 and 1977, including Survivors and Chronicles. In the opinion of this reviewer, until Star Wars was released in 1977, science fiction films were reduced to shallow symbolism disguising to a greater or lesser degree a series of repetitive plots. But Star Wars was different. It offered us a return to imaginative voyages in space and confrontation with intelligent life on other planets. Unlike the other science fiction films of the decade, Star Wars presented technology as having solved rather than aggravated ecological problems. The special effects created to simulate space vehicles hurtling through the blackness of the universe were reminiscent of the artistic standards set by 2001.

单选题The primary objective of Basic Econometrics is to provide an elementary but an Ucomprehensive/U introduction to the art and science of econometrics.

单选题The fundamental distinction between a constitution and ordinary laws is similar to that between laws in general and their application by the courts to a particular case: as in deciding concrete cases the judge is bound by the more general principles of the constitution. The justification for these distinctions is also similar in both cases; as a judicial decision is regarded as just only if it in conformity with a general law, so particular laws are regarded as just only if they conform to more general principles. And as they want to prevent the judge from infringing the law for some particular reason, so we also want to prevent the legislature from infringing certain general principles for the sake of temporary and immediate aims. All men in the pursuit of immediate aims are apt—or, because of the limitation of their intellect, in fact bound—to violate rules of conduct which they would nevertheless wish to see generally observed. Because of the restricted capacity of our minds, our immediate purposes will always loom large, and we will tend to sacrifice long-term advantages to them. In individual as in social conduct we can therefore approach a measure of rationality or consistency in making particular decisions only by submitting to general principles, irrespective of momentary needs. Legislation can no more dispense with guidance by principles than any other human activity if it is to take account of effects in the aggregate. A legislature, like an individual, will be more reluctant to take certain measures for an important immediate aim if this requires the explicit repudiation of principles formally announced. To break a particular obligation or a promise is a different matter from explicitly stating that contracts or promises may be broken whenever such and such general conditions occur. Making a law retroactive or by law conferring privileges or imposing punishments on individuals is a different matter from rescinding the principle that this should never be done. And a legislature's infringing rights of property or the freedom of speech in order to achieve some great objective is quite a different thing from its having to state the general conditions under which such rights can be infringed. The stating of those conditions under which such actions by the legislature are legitimate would probably have beneficial effects, even if only the legislature itself were required to state them, much as the judge is required to state the principles on which he proceeds. But it will clearly be more effective if only another body has the power to modify these basic principles, especially if the procedure of this body is lengthy and thus allows time for the importance of the particular objective that has given rise to the demand for modification to be seen in the proper proportion. It is worth noting here that, in general, constitutional conventions or similar bodies set up to lay down the most general principles of government are regarded as competent to do only this, and not to pass any particular laws. The expression "appeal from the people drunk to the people sober", which is often used in this connection, stresses only one aspect of a much wider problem and, by the levity of its phrasing, has probably done to veil than to clarify the very important issues involved. The problem is not merely one of giving time for passions to cool, thought this on occasion may be very important, as that of taking into account man's general inability to consider explicitly all the probable effects of a particular measure and his dependence on generalizations or principles if he is to fit his individual decisions into a coherent whole. It is "impossible for men to consult their interest in so effectual a manner, as by an universal and inflexible observance of rules of justice," It needs hardly be pointed out that a constitutional system does not involve an absolute limitation of the will of the people but merely a subordination of immediate objectives to long-term ones. In effect this means a limitation of the means available to a temporary majority for the achievement of particular objectives by general principles laid down by another majority for a long period in advance. Or, to put it differently, it means that the agreement to submit to the will of the temporary majority on particular issues is based on the understanding that the majority will abide by more general principles laid down beforehand by a more comprehensive body. This division of authority implies more than may at first be apparent. It implies a recognition of limits to the power of deliberate reason and a preference for reliance on proved principles over ad hoc solutions; furthermore, it implies that the hierarchy of rules does not necessarily end with the explicitly stated rules of constitutional law. Like the forces governing the individual mind, the forces making for social order are a multilevel affair, and even constitutions are based on, or presuppose, an underlying agreement on more fundamental principles—principles which may never have been explicitly expressed, yet which make possible and precede the consent and the written fundamental laws. We must not believe that, because we have learned to make laws deliberately, all laws must be deliberately made by some human agency, share common beliefs which make discussion and persuasion possible and to which the articulated rules conform in order to be accepted as legitimate.

单选题Passage 2 In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? The evidence shows that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important. There is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modem factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus, although freedom of choice may be important, usually very little can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much a worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the produce Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than a large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker's contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we make their jobs more interesting, they will want neither more money nor shorter working hours.

单选题Browse one of the websites that hosts them, like You Tube or Google Vides.and you'll see drunken karaoke, babies being born, plane crashes, freakish sports accidents and far, far stranger things.

单选题The Untied States and Canada are lands of ______ except for the Indians, who are the only tree natives.

单选题You would be ______ a risk to let your child go to school by himself.

单选题Whether one is a romanticist, a rationalist, a classicist, or one in the______hold of naturalism, he accepts words describing each as holding the same range of meaning for all views, even including that of existentialism.

单选题An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.

单选题He set the engine of the car ______.

单选题The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned ______ "man's best friend".

单选题Educational policies made______the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.

单选题The guards were accused of______ the prisoners in order to make them confess.

单选题Individuals have Uapplied/U "positive thinking" either Uto/U particular external circum-stances or to some particular habit or character defect.

单选题Please don't ______ too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right. A. hesitate B. finger C. retain D. dwell